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1/1VentilatedImprovedPitLatrines通風(fēng)改良坑式廁所設(shè)計建造3environment;suchimportantfactorsruralareas.-25-\s-,aIaestheeT’cconsiderationmaywellprovetobeoneofthe-moreaffectingtocalacceptanceandsustaineduseoflatrirksinI.:-..*-26-1..WORKINGDRAWINGS.ANNEXI*Page1of9LItmThisAnnexcontainseightworkingdrawings.DrawingZVIP/s)lshowsthegeneralarrangementoftheferrocementandbrickspiraldesigns;drawingzVIPIOZgivesthecoverslabandpitliningdetailsforbothnorth-openingandsouth-openingversionsofthesedesigns;anddrawingZVIP/O3detailsthe*spiralgeometryandroofslabfortheselatrinesandalsotheplywoodtgmpl,,dte*usedtomarkoutthefirstcourseofthebrickdesign.ThesuperstructuremoldfortheferrocementspiralVIPlatrineisshownindrawingZVIP/O$,anddetailsofthebrickarchdesign(whichobviatestheneed.foraconcretecoverslab)aregivenindrawingZVIP/O5.ThsygeneralarrangementofthemudandawattleruralVIPlatrineisshownindrawingZVIP/O6,andtheZVIP/O7drawinggivesthecoverslabandpit.details.forth.eru-rallatrine.Thef-in-a1ZVIP/08detailstheasbestoscement;PVC,drawing----...:;*brickandtenderedreedventpipes.,,,1....*I.I.,*-.%.-27-,e2169Glassflyscreen225#r-lglue!topipewithepoxyresin,FordeiailsofroofslabseedrawingZVIP403.PipetietosuperstructureII-VentpipeinkalIdia.146x1900longSeedq.ZVIPI08detail(a),(b)and(c)III.I+IFordetailsofspiralgeometryseeII3drawingZVIP103-,I--=---.-,_--_--_.-1IAt--d.9--Ground.levelFordetailsofpitcollarandliningseedrawingZVIPIOZc0A75mortarbaseappliedaftersuperstructurerun-intosquathole1ZIMBABWEAiVIPtATFINESit.FERROCEflENTANDBRICKSRIRALLATRINEGeneralArrangement1.DimensionsinmmDrg.No.ZvlP/01COVERSLABFORNORTHOPENINGSUPERSTRUCrURECOVERSLABFORSOUTHOPE(JINGSUPERSTRUCTURE.s?e-UMOPlntor-rbgionalProjectINT/BI/CM725n.cemmltmortarltntn9toa!leastlmdepthZHBABWCANVIPLATRINES1L1FERROCEHENTANDBRICKSPIRALLATRINESSECTIONA-APITCOLLARAND~IN,I~IGDETAILSSWATHOLEDETAIL-CoverSlab,PitCollarand,LiningDefailsiDimensionsinmmbrq.No.zvIP/o2-ISPIRALGEOVETRY(radialdimensionstoINNERwallofsupcrstru+rr-..PLYW600TEMPLATE-Ikrfirstcourseofbricksuperstructure)at.ROOFSLABDETAIL\1OOmrradinkntforACVentpip(N.qminplatrineINLOR:1.S@mlmdiiiacmsodby1OOlrmtoUUWSOmowrhanpforfrmcmuntsuperotructumIby12Smforbrickslgerstructunli2Slabthickness2S.ruithqnplrIaym38anchickrnmeshr~infrrcrmrnt.3Stmiphtsecttonfromouhrrdpeofend5196Omradiwtotangentpintwith%Ommradius-.IUUDPInto-rogholProjectlNT/Bl/047ZIMBABWEANVIPLA-TRW,JESFERROCEtlENTANDBRICKSPIRALLATRINES:SpiralCedmctry,TemplateandRoofSlabDetailsDimensionsinmmIorg.No.ZVIP103.,,.2..eiI.*.II-l15001i-de--Step(singlecourserl.,.:,L.\I3,.;,D.PLANOFBRltFARCHCOVERSLAB.(1500-ICementmwhvFinishhslabtop\Archsupportrhuttcrlnp:il50,r-1700rmaat,dIrcolrwdr(12-11mm*Vwithtrrn6rrf-wstiffmenofsaplingsat3Wrn~cantusIyhuttqriag~~n~ertiatlwcehrtruciiee1Pithadvi.thcercntmorhr+o,lmdepthSECTIONA-ASUBSTRUCTUREDETAILSdI.cUnDpIntw-mqionalProject1NT/6l~lb42.’-ZIM’BABWEANVIPLATRINESBRICKAFCHSPlkALLATRINE,[CoyerSlabandSubstructureDetailsI,IDimcnsipnsinmm1Dq.No.ZvIP,105I.r:Bii/I/-32---.--...__dFlyen280#\III-FordetailsofIIspiralgeometryUCdrawingZVlPlO7Topcovertimber-soilandcementmortarfinish,YiII1I\;;1;Fordetailsoftimberjjjjbaseandliningsee2e\-.drawingZVlPlO7cI?11500x600(Rectangularpit$0II37II8IIm_b0AFordrainagecoverexposedtimber,UNDPbW-ionalir~jutUW8IKM7withsoilandplantgrass..0BRoofdetails-Straworgrassthatch/ZIMBABWEeNVIPLAT,RINESon30dia.gumpolestructurewithfivecircularties.Gumpolescutto1200length.~tlUD:AND.WATTLESPIRALLATRINEGeneralArrangementDimensions.inmm_Org.No.ZVlPlg6.a*n.IMIRTHOPENIHGSUPERSTRUCTUREd39015003aSECTIONA-ASOUTHOPfNlNGSUPERSTi?UCTURE.~1001timberlogsSECTIONb-lva.~..IlJWDPMor-raqiomlPmjeciINT/81/0471ZlPlBABWE~NVIPLATRINESIMU0A;WWATTLESPIRALLATRINESCrSlabandPitDetail;_IDimensionsinwIDQNO.ZVIPIO7I.wI!,1t.b,III1trBrickspiralUNDPlntwrqimolProjactINT/81/047formsonesideofventZIMBABWEANVIPLATRINESANNEXIIrPage1of4./--_.-e-iS%HEDULE*OF,MATERIAL$1.*FerrocementsiiralVIPlatrineItemNo.-4._--r-~._,-,,L1nDescription;QtyUnitRate.1‘.Amou’nt/.a/iI/!ida-,3@16.500102I\.Cement550kgRiversandc+/‘213m3(‘11.607.60,030405Pitsandc/AggregateCiS.mmdiaSteelbar(6mmdiall/31ill3Tl/5m325m0.092.257.082.36.12.502.5006070838unChickinwiren\d6m1.257.5050No.0.063.0016.06l.Q+.~*0.7O/kg1.056.301511.26*\126.302.53ca1’No.09Wire(8swg)\15.mG.1011Bitumasticpaint(black)iSuperstructur’emoldf/1liter*1/50No.\TOTALZ.s-62.61-IalQuantitiesforhouseholdunit(pitdiameter,=1.5ml.;idPricesinApril1981Zimbabweandollars.(Z$1=US$1.52);Orbuilder’ssand(1m3required)./*:A.\I..‘;Ifthesuperstructureisbuiltinbrickwork,afurther400bricksarerequired’(L6coursesof20bricks);iftheventpipeismadeinbrickwork,anadditionaL,,bricksareneededbricks).--+--$1.Asbestoscementventpipe{seetext,paragraph21).ThestandardPVCventpip-ecosts$16.50witha3.4mmwallthicknessandA$13.50witha2.6mmwallthickness.PI\Themoldcanbeusedfor50latrines.6,’‘rI-2336-ANNE%IIPage2of4.2.i.~Ruralndandvattle(orthatch)VIPlatrineItemDescriptionNo.dQ~YUnit-,RateAmount.b/tJ.-;Cr:*01Cementrl150kg-3.303,.30cl255mgalvan’isedwire0.5kg1060.53(18swg)-II03*Flyscreen1No.0.13%0.13,,‘(300mmx300mlli)0420nails.(lOOmm0.25kg1.020.25’0506.20nails(15Ohmm)‘!0.5kg)1.02Bitumasticpaint(black)0.5literi.260.51I0.63.,:_.TOTAL*zs5r35Itemslistedarethosenotfreelyavailableinrural;areas.-Eac.hhouseholdisassumedtobeabletoprovidelocalbuildingmaterials(timber,termiteyhillsoil,thatch,reeds,forventpipeetc)...PricesinApril1981Zimbabweandollars(Z$1=U8$1.52).Ifthes.uperstructu?eismadeentirelyfromthatch,only25kgofc$mentarerequired.r.-37-3.MixDetails‘,;0ANNEXII.Page3of4L4Forconvenientreferencedetails,ofthemixesofthecementmortarilwusedforvariouspurposesinVIPlatrineconstructionaregivenbelow.InZimbabwe,largegalvaniz,edbucketsareusedtomeasureouttherequired:;quantitiesofcementandsand;onebucket(bkt)bontainsapproximately25.kg.,.L;.ofcement.Mixdetailsareasfollows:..*(aPitcollarand\liningdownto1m:1bktcement,5bktssand.(b)Pitliningfrom1mdownto3m:1bktcement,gbktssand..(c)Coyerslab:2bktscement,4bktsriversand,8bkts18mmaggregate.-,.Y-1(d)Superstructure:forboth.ferrocementandbrickdesigns,3bkts1cement,8bktsriversand,7bktspitsand..*(e)Roof:1bktcement,3_..(fCoverslab.benching:bktsriversand.1bktcement,3bktsriversand.4._LahrSchedule,~.,BInZimbabweonebuilder!andtwolaborersgenerallyworl?tothefallowingworkschedulefortheconstructionofoneferrocemenfVIP+latrine(excludingexcavation):*...nfCastslabandroof;laybrcollar,;plastercollarandp*twall.I:Day1/c,(Day2Otherwork).I.s--iDay3Erectsuperstructuremoldandcoverwithchickenwire,;moveslabontocollar;plastermold...(Day4Otherwork).8/A.\Day5Removemold;placeroofandventpipesinposition;cementbenching,1tocoverslab;touchup.c--.Thescheduleforthebrickdesign(withconcretecoverslab)issimilarexceptthattheworkspec,ifiedabovef,orday5canbedoneonday4.Fortheruralmudandwattledesign,theschedulefor3laborersis(excluding--..-excavation)isasfollows:Day1Placelogsanderecttimtiersuperstructure.*.p-.a,.-..-Day2Applicationofanthillsoiltoslabandsuperstru,cture....,,.Da;3!Makeroofandventpipe;plasteronehalfcircumference*ofventpiie;4:?..secondapplicationofsniltoslabandsuperstructure.~.-.r1ANNEXIIDay4Fitroofandventpipe;plasterotherhalf.,circumferenceofventpipeandcoverslab.Day5Paintcoverslabwithblackbitumqsticpaint;applylogsandplantwithgratis.1tsoilovereposed.lw54!:,a,x;a.6,.-__--.*~~~-_.-..-.---.C~-ANNEXIII?.Page1of12__-....._-.-..~..--_.._.,_~~-.-t-.._.-.-..-MOSQUITOCONTROLDATARecentexperimentsinZimbabwehaveshownthatmosquitobreedinginwet.pitscanbesubstantiallyreducedbytheaddit?onof1kg’of4-6mm,I(diameterexpandedpolystyreneballs,thusc.onfirmingtheworkof‘Reiter1_/.TheresultsobtainedinZimbabweareasfollows:_-..rr’,I_i-5/-rPNumberofmosquitoestrappedduring,A’II.-‘.Daysl-7a/_I.Days8-14Days15-21I3\CONTROLPITS‘(nopolystyrenebalis)Pit1Pit2.-.EXPERIMENTALPITS(withpolystyreneballs).Pit3,.1283.I551164Pit-4Polys’tyrenebaday:8.11swereaddedtotheexperimentalpitsatthestartof.-11P.Reiter,Expandedpolystyrene.balls:anide?’formo_s.!4uiFocontrol,AnnalsofTropJcalMedicineanhiaraqitoltigy,72(6);59,5-519~6~--1-97.8-~.--*,,-.-f.--.-4o-‘ANNEXIV,.‘‘Page1’of2=-.---BIBLIOGRAPHY.PublicationsbytheBlairResearchLaboratory1,,1.4P.R,Morgan(1977).Thepitlatrine-revived.‘Central,African‘~JournalofMedicine,23,(1),-l-4...2.P.R.MorganandVide-V.Clark-e(1978).Specializeddevelopmentsofipitlatrines.GIn:Sanitation.in,DevelopingCountries(Ed.A.Pacey),pp.lOO-‘104.‘Jc$nWiley:Chichester.r.\3.P.R.Morgan(1979).Aventilatedpitprivy.AppropriateTechnology,.a.6(3),10-11.‘..3_WorldBankSeriesAppropriateTechooloforWaterSupplyandSanitationr’JI1(Vol1)TechnicalandEcoiomicOptions,byJohn‘M.Ralbermatten,DeAnne‘S.:JuliusandCharlesG.Gunnerson(acondensationo,fAppropriateSanjta-‘tionAlternatives:ATechnicalandEconomicAppraisal,TheJohns’I_HopkinsUniversityPress:BaltimoreandLondon,1982)..m(Volla)ASummaryofTechnicaland’EconomicOptions,byJohnM.Kalbermatten,DeAnneS.JuliusandCharlesG.Gunnerson.,,(Vollb)SanitationAlternativesfortiw-IncomeCommunities:ABriefIn.-‘.~I5(Vol2)duction,byD.DuncanMara.---.--.~~APlanner’sGuide,-byJohnM.Kalbermatten,DeAnneS.Julius,Charles.G.GunnersonandD.DuncanMara(acondensationofAppropriateSanitaT-tionAlternatives:APlanningandDesignManual,TheJohnsHopkins,Unive’rsityPress:BaltimoreandLondon,s1982)..:(Vol3)(Vol4)(Vol5)HealthAspectsofExcretaand.SullageManagement-_AState-of-t-he-ArtReview,byRichard+G.Feachemi-emDatiddSr-Bra-~~~~’~~~dB-CTarelick,andD.DuncanMara(acondensationofSanitationand-Disease:H’lthAspectsofExcretaandWastewaterManagement,forthcoming.JohnWileyhSons,Ltd.:Sussex,England)..~~_-~_.~__~_~_--~-~~~---~~Low-Cost$TechnologyOptionsforSanitation-AState-of-the-ArtReviewandAnnotatedBibliography,byWitoldRybczynski,ChongrakPolprasertandMichaelMcGarry(available,asajoint’p#$cation,‘from’theiInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada).~~-~-.~bDSocioculturals,AspectsofWaterSupplyandExcretaDisposalbyMary~~,,,,,_?,,,,,,/,,,.,,,,~,~~/I,..,ElmendorfandPatriciaBuckles.\.’~~-.~-~~0c141-iANNqxIVPage2of2...~(vol6)CountryStudiesinSanitationAlternatives,byRichardA.Ghlthaus(ed.)(forthcoming).pt(Vol7)AlternativeSanitationTechnologiesforUrbanAreasin.Africa,byRichardG.=Fnachem,D.DuncanMaraandKenneth0.Iwugo(forthcoming).3.(vol8)SevenCaseStudiesofRuralandUrbanFringeAreas‘inLatinAmerica,’byMaryElmendorf(ed.)(forthcoming).9(Vol9)DesignofLow-CostWaterDistributionSystems,’Section1byDonaldT;.‘.,.Lauria,PeterJ.Kolsky~andRichard?j.Middleton;Section2byKeith4‘-Demke.andDonaldT.Lauria;andSection3byPaulV.Hebert=.(forthcoming).(Vol10)Night-soil
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