英語(yǔ)閱讀綜合

EDM閱讀理解及口語(yǔ)交際講解及練習(xí)資料

AspectsofReadingComprehension

閱讀理解測(cè)試的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和閱讀技能

語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)：

1）豐富的詞匯基礎(chǔ)，即詞匯量，詞義及詞的搭配關(guān)系

2）扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

3）充分的語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)（能在語(yǔ)篇層面上把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格，

作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度等）。

閱讀技能：

I）掌握文章的主旨和大意的方法和能力；

2）辨別說(shuō)明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力和方法；

3）既理解字面意思，也能根據(jù)材料進(jìn)行初步的判斷和推理的方法和能力：

4）既理解個(gè)別句子的意思，也能理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系的方法和能力；

閱讀理解測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)在于：

1）掌握文章的主旨和大意；（veryimportant）

2）把握與主旨和大意相關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)；

3）依據(jù)事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)做出合理推斷：

4）根據(jù)上下文判斷詞匯、句子含義：

一、如何找準(zhǔn)中心議題

常見(jiàn)的有關(guān)文章中心思想的問(wèn)題有：

I）Thispassageisabout.

2）Themainidea/subject/topicofthepassageis.

3）Thepurposeofthispassageis.

4）Thebesttitleforthispassageis.

5）Thepassagemainlydiscusses.

6）Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith.

請(qǐng)看下例：

例一

Thehumanskindoesnot*breathe\Theporesoftheepidermis（表皮）serveasoutletsforperspiration（汗）andoilfromtheglands

（腺體）.Thepublicisbombardedwithmisinformationaboutskin,sometimesmerelyfbrthepurposeofsellinglotions（洗滌劑），

potions（藥水）andallsortsofsupposedlymagicalpreparations.Breathingisafunctionoftherespiratorysystemandnotoftheskin.

Bewareofcosmeticsthatpurportedly（有意圖地）aidtheskininbreathing.

A）Thehumanskindoesnottbreathe,.

B）Lotionscanaidtheskininbreathing.

C）Theporesoftheskinserveasoutletsforperspirationandoilfromglands.

D）Theskinisapartoftherespiratorysystem.

答案解釋?zhuān)?/p>

此題正確答案應(yīng)為A）。本段的中心議題是Mieskin，。作者想闡述的中心是theskindoesn't"breathe，。本段的第一句是文章的

主瓢句。B）是作者提醒讀者要注意的錯(cuò)誤信息。C）是支撐主題的細(xì)節(jié)。D）顯然是錯(cuò)誤的。

例二

Thepopularideaofsnowisthatitconsistsoffrozenraindrops.Thisisnotthecase.Itistruethatsometimesraindropsfreezein

theirpassagefromthemothercloudtotheearth.Suchfrozenraindropsarecalledsleet(凍雨)orhail.Butsnowissomething

different.Itismadeupofwatervapor(水蒸汽)particlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystals(晶體)，withoutfirstpassing

throughtheliquidstate.Suchcrystalscanformonlywhenthedewpointisbelow0°Celsius.

A)SnowisapopularideaaccordingtoCelsius.

B)Snowismadeupoffrozenraindrops.

C)Snowiswatervaporparticlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystalswithoutfirstpassingthroughtheliquidsate.

D)Raindropsfreezeintheirpassagefromthemothercloudtotheearth.

答案解釋?zhuān)?/p>

正確答案應(yīng)為C)。本段的中心議題是“snow”作者在駁斥了對(duì)“snow”的錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)后，提出了正確的看法，這便是作

者想要講述的耳口，心,思想：'Snowiswatervaporparticlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystalswithoutfirstpassingthroughthe

liquidstate/這一“主題可在文章中的第五句找到。A)和B)是錯(cuò)誤的。D)講的是與‘sleet'和'hail'相關(guān)的信息,與‘snow’無(wú)

關(guān)。

例三

Sincethebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,theworldpopulationhasmorethantripled.Whilemostofthephenomenal(非凡

的)growthisattributedtomodemmedicine,betterfaminerelief,andmoresanitarylivingconditions,onefactorisusuallyignored.

Therehasbeenmorefoodbecauseduringmostofthetwentiethcentury,andbetween1935-1965inparticular,thefarmersofthe

worldhaveenjoyedauniquelyfavorablewarm,wet,andstableclimate.

A)Worldpopulationhasincreasedmorethanthreetimes.

B)Weshouldnotignoretheimportantfactor.

C)Worldpopulationhastripledinthe20thCenturyduetomodemmedicine,betterfaminerelief,moresanitarylivingconditions,

andmoreavailablefood.

D)Duringmostofthe20thcenturythefarmersoftheworldhaveenjoyedauniquelyfavorablewarm,wet,andstableclimate.

答案解釋?zhuān)?/p>

正確答案為C)。短文的中心議題是，worldpopulation，，文中論述了世界人口迅速增長(zhǎng)及其原因，但文中并無(wú)直接說(shuō)明中心思

想的主題句。選擇項(xiàng)C)較好地總結(jié)了文章的大意；A)僅是大意的?部分；B)項(xiàng)含義模糊不清；D)是支撐文章主題的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)

容。

注意：

1.要注意區(qū)分文章中那些最根本和最具有概括力的信息，這種信息應(yīng)包括其它信息的共性。

2.中心議題應(yīng)恰如其分地概括內(nèi)容，不能太窄，也不能太寬。如：MyStudent'sLife;OnStudents.

3.要從全文結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)尋找答案。找出主題句(概括性強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，多數(shù)不是長(zhǎng)句、難句)。

4.方法：避開(kāi)細(xì)節(jié)，難詞，放在最后做。

Exercise：Choosethemostgeneralsentence.

1.(A)Thespeakerrelatedanumberofamusingstories,whichwerewelltoldaswellasintrinsically(內(nèi)在的)comical.

(B)Thetalkcoveredeveryaspectofthesubjectandincludedexamplesfromotherrelatedfields.

(C)Allofthoseattendingthelecturefeltthattheylearnedsomethingnewandinterestingfromthespeaker.

(D)Thelecturewaswide-ranging,amusing,andinformative.

2.(A)Undoubtedly,themostimportantdecisionwastheoneconcerningtherebuildingoftheOtterCreekbridge.

(B)Therewassomeoppositiontotheproposaltoincreasethebudgetforlawenforcement,butiteventuallypassed.

(C)Attheirlastmeetingthisyear,thetowncouncilmadeanumberoflong-awaiteddecisions.

(D)Afewmemberswantedtoearmark(指定用途)extrafundsfornextyear'stownfestival,butamajorityfeltthatthelimited

resourcesavailableshouldbeusedforother,morepressingneeds.

二、如何抓住闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)

事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)主要指闡述文章主旨的具體事例。只有通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀某些段落，才能獲得這些具體的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)'這部分既

涉及對(duì)單詞、短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確理解，也關(guān)系到對(duì)整句、整段和全文的綜合理解。理解的質(zhì)量取決于考生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的深度和廣度。

具體地講，它涉及到英語(yǔ)閱讀技能的三個(gè)基本要素(即詞匯、理解、速度)所達(dá)到的程度。

涉及事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)類(lèi)的問(wèn)題，■般都是針對(duì)某個(gè)特定的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，常常含有what,where,why,when,which,who,how等

以w/h-開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)詞，此類(lèi)題型多種多樣，幾乎沒(méi)有固定的模式。

在文章中，作者總是耍通過(guò)許多具體內(nèi)容(Details)來(lái)說(shuō)明、解釋、證明或分析文章的主題思想。在通讀全文、掌握了文

章主題思想的基礎(chǔ)上，讀者還應(yīng)該能抓住闡述和發(fā)展主題思想的主要事實(shí)，或者按要求找出特定細(xì)節(jié)'這是通過(guò)閱讀獲取信

息的重要能力。

在通讀全文的過(guò)程中，我們要特別注意涉及who,what,when,where,how和why等問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容。在有此類(lèi)內(nèi)容的地方要

作一標(biāo)記，以便在回答問(wèn)題時(shí)迅速查找。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀理解測(cè)試中要求找出主要事實(shí)或特定細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題，在文章中均可找到回答。但是，需要注意的是，這些

問(wèn)題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話(huà)，而是使用同義的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。因此，在回答此類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，首先要認(rèn)真審題，看

清問(wèn)題提問(wèn)的究竟是什么。然后，根據(jù)所涉及到的問(wèn)題，快速掃視到文章中相應(yīng)的部分，找到與答題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞或短

語(yǔ)，再細(xì)讀一、兩遍。在確信理解了原文的基礎(chǔ)上，來(lái)確定正確答案。在查到關(guān)鍵句下面應(yīng)劃線，以引起注意，便于參考與

復(fù)杳。此外，如果回答此類(lèi)問(wèn)題需要讀者具有一定的背景知識(shí)，那也只是最基本的常識(shí)。因此，切勿脫離文中內(nèi)容而根據(jù)自

己的主觀想像或其它來(lái)源的知識(shí)來(lái)選擇答案。

在回答此類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：

一、當(dāng)問(wèn)及時(shí)間、距離以及其它用數(shù)字表示的細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，需要進(jìn)行計(jì)算方能得出答案。此時(shí)要把計(jì)算過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單列出，不可隨

意心算一下即確定答案。

例一：

The50-starflagoftheUnitedSlateswasraisedforthefirstlimeofficiallyonJuly4,1960,atFortMcHenryinBaltimore.The

50thstarhadbeenaddedforHawaii,ayearearlierthe49th,forAlaska.Beforethat,nostarhadbeenaddedsince1912,whenNew

MexicoandArizonawereadmittedtotheUnion.

Question:In1912,beforeJuly4,theU.S.flaghad.

A)47starsB)20starsC)46starsD)48stars

答案解釋?zhuān)?/p>

問(wèn)題提問(wèn)的是1921年7月4日以前的情況。由于新瑞西哥和利亞里桑那于1912年7月4日加入聯(lián)邦，國(guó)旗上星的數(shù)

目正確答案為(C)。

二、當(dāng)問(wèn)題要求對(duì)某一事實(shí)作出正誤判斷或詢(xún)問(wèn)文中是否提到某一事實(shí)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)先把所給的選擇項(xiàng)大體上看一下，做到心

中有數(shù)。然后，根據(jù)選擇項(xiàng)中提供的線索，迅速找到文章相應(yīng)的部分，細(xì)讀一下有關(guān)內(nèi)容。與文中內(nèi)容一致的即可肯定，不

一致的即可否定。注意，在回答NotTrue之類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，必須逐項(xiàng)找出須肯定的內(nèi)容，方可確定要否定的內(nèi)容。切勿一遇到

自己認(rèn)為不正確的內(nèi)容，便匆忙答題，不再去考慮其它選擇項(xiàng)，這樣常常會(huì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。

盡管這類(lèi)問(wèn)題涉及的是細(xì)節(jié)，我們也不可忽視文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。正確的答案與文章的中心思想往往吻合一致。因此，

回答這類(lèi)問(wèn)題時(shí)，也必須以文章的中心為前提，與中心思想?致的可能是正確答案，反之可能是錯(cuò)誤答案。

例二：

Onewordthatsumsupouragebetterthananyother?-whether*,ourage"is"thetechnologicalage“ofwesterncountriesorthe

''modernizingage"ofChina-isthewordCHNGE.Buthaschangenotalwaysbeenpresent?Morethanjustchange.Itis

unprecedentedchange.Insuchaworld,readingprovidesthebesttoolwehaveforkeepingupandforavoidingfutureshockina

worldcontinuallybeingremade.

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

(A)WesterncountriesandChinaarebeingremade.

(B)Readingwillhelpusunderstandourage.

(C)Tliepresentageandfutureworldarecontinuallychanging.

(D)Readingisthebesttoolprovidedbyourage.

答案解釋?zhuān)?/p>

(A),(B),(C)項(xiàng)均與文章中心的意義?致，(D)不符。因?yàn)槲恼轮姓f(shuō)的是：“Readingservesasthebesttoolforus."(對(duì)我們來(lái)

說(shuō)，閱讀可以作為一個(gè)最好的工具。)；而不是如選擇項(xiàng)(D)所表示的那樣："Readingisthebesttoolprovidedbyourage.”閱讀

是由我們時(shí)代所提供的最好的工具。)o所以，我們將答案確定為(D)。

三、文章中，為避免重復(fù)提及某些詞或短語(yǔ)，作者常常用代詞(ReferenceWords)來(lái)代替。在尋找細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，讀者須準(zhǔn)確?致關(guān)

系以及語(yǔ)義關(guān)系等確定所指代的內(nèi)容。

例三：

Thebasketballteamneverlackedvociferoussupporters,buttheyrarelyrespondedtothisshowofenthusiasm.

文中黑體詞they若是指高聲呼叫的支持者，則與后面的意思(對(duì)這種熱情很少作出響應(yīng))不合。因此they只能指環(huán)境球隊(duì)

隊(duì)員。

例四：

ScottFitzgerald,whofirstintroducedhimtoapublisher,wasoneofthefewcontemporarywritersthatHemingwaydidnotturn

against.

文中黑體him若指的是主語(yǔ)ScotFitsgerald,則應(yīng)該用反身代詞himself,而不能用him,因此這里只能指后文的Hemingway.

三、如何推理與判斷

在閱讀中，人們首先理解的是語(yǔ)言的字面意義。然而\語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容常常超過(guò)其字面意義。這就需要我們掌握邏輯

判斷和推理的方法，根據(jù)事物發(fā)展的自然規(guī)律以及語(yǔ)言本身的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，從一定的文字符號(hào)中獲得盡可能多的信息。

有時(shí)，作者在文中并未把需要讀者理解的所有意思宜接表達(dá)出來(lái)，而期待讀者能領(lǐng)悟文章的內(nèi)在含義，即從字里行間來(lái)

體會(huì)他想表達(dá)的意思。由丁?有的意思文中沒(méi)有宜接說(shuō)明，讀者必須根據(jù)文中所陳述內(nèi)容的邏輯發(fā)展，卜.下文的聯(lián)貫以及文中

有關(guān)部分的暗示，作出判斷或進(jìn)行推理。

在閱讀中，有時(shí)要求我們對(duì)文章中闡述的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，按照邏輯發(fā)展的規(guī)律，進(jìn)行分析和概括，并以此為依據(jù)得出合手

邏輯的結(jié)論。我們將這個(gè)過(guò)程稱(chēng)作“判斷為了對(duì)所讀材料作出正確的判斷，以得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，我們必須仔細(xì)地閱

讀，準(zhǔn)確地掌握事實(shí)，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的分析和思考。

一、推理一般可分為簡(jiǎn)單推理和復(fù)雜推理

簡(jiǎn)單推理：

Thesalesmanputthekeyintheignition,buttheenginewouldnotstart.Hehadtobeintheairinhalfanhourinordertoarrive

intimeforthemeeting.Hisbonuswouldbeloweredifhelostthisaccount.

1)Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanwas.

A)inhisofficeB)inthefactory

C)inthecarD)inthewarehouse

2)Whatwasthemangoingtodoinhalfanhour?

A)Tomeethiscustomer.B)lbcatchabus.

C)lbattendameeting.D)lbcatchaplane

復(fù)雜推理

我們可以從以下幾方面入手：

1.了解文章的主旨；

2.分辨文章表達(dá)的主要思想和次要思想；

3.尋找文章的邏輯思路：

4.核對(duì)問(wèn)題中各項(xiàng)選擇與文章中有關(guān)詞句的聯(lián)系。

例一：

Themaleandfemalemosquitoesmakeanoddcouple.Thefemaleisavampireandlivesonblood.Themaleisavegetarian

thatsipsnectarandplantjuices.Femalesofdifferentspecieschoosedifferenthostsonwhichtodine.Somefeedexclusivelyoncattle,

horses,birds,andotherwarm-bloodedcreatures.Somefavorcold-bloodedanimals.Stillotherspreferman.

Whilethefemales5menuvaries,herbiteremainsthesame.Shedriveshersharptubularsnoutthroughtheskin,injectsafluid

tokeepthebloodfromthickening,anddrinksherfill,whichtakesaminuteorless.Itisthefluidsheinjectsthatcarriesdisease.After

herbloodmeal,sherestswhilehereggsdevelop.Shethenlooksfbramoistorfloodedplacetolaythem.

根據(jù)文中themaleisavegetarianthatsipsnectarandplantjuice我們可以得出結(jié)論：雄蚊相結(jié)地說(shuō)對(duì)人類(lèi)無(wú)害。根據(jù)文中

Thefemaleisavampireandlivesonblood.Somefeedonwarm-bloodedcreatures.Somefavourcold-bloodedanimals.Stillothers

preferman.我們可以得出結(jié)論：雌蚊對(duì)多數(shù)動(dòng)物構(gòu)成威脅?？v觀全文，我們可以作出判斷：“蚊子應(yīng)該被消滅。”

二、推理就是以已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù)，來(lái)獲得不知的信息。在閱讀中，我們要善于利用文章中明確表示的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)行正確的

推理，以挖掘作者的隱含意思。要求進(jìn)行推理的問(wèn)題，在文中均找不到直接答案。如果問(wèn)題要求理解某句或段的含蓄意義，

我們必須在文中找到所涉及的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，仔細(xì)閱讀一至兩遍，吃透意思，并以此為根據(jù)，進(jìn)行推理判斷的內(nèi)容涉及全文，則

必須在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文邏輯發(fā)展過(guò)程的基礎(chǔ)，才能進(jìn)行正確的推理判斷。答題時(shí)，還應(yīng)認(rèn)真審題，特別要注意

原文中的意思在題目中的表達(dá)形式，準(zhǔn)確理解題意和要求。

例二：

TlictelephonerangandIpickeditupandthevoicesaid,“Blackpartytonight.^^Rightthen,Iknewsummerhadarrived.There

isnobodywhoenjoyssummermorethanNorthDakotans,possiblybecauseittakessuchalongtimegettinghere.Weemergefrom

ourcocoonsintothesunandreadytogo.Wetaketosummerlikeachorusgirltakestodiamonds.Wefloodtotheparksandthe

swimmingpoolsandthegolfcoursesandthehikingtrailsandthelakes.\buaskadozenNorthDakotanswhatsummermeansto

themandyouwillgetadozendifferentanswers.

根據(jù)文中RightthenIknewsummerhadarrived,我們可以推斷theblockparty通常是夏季舉行的活動(dòng),這表明'夏天來(lái)臨了

根據(jù)文中...thereisnobodywhoenjoyssummermorethantheNorthDakotans.Summertakessuchalongtimegettinghere.我們

可以推斷出這里的冬天是漫長(zhǎng)而枯燥無(wú)味的。根據(jù)文中Wefloodtotheparksandtheswimmingpoolsandthegolfcoursesand

thehikingtrailsandthelakes.我們還可以推斷出當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藗兎浅Ｏ矚g戶(hù)外活動(dòng)。

例三：

Likeotheropinionsaboutthesituation.Burke'spredictably,andsensibly,forecastsariseinunemploymentamongtheyoung.

從此句我們可以推斷出：1)說(shuō)話(huà)者同意Burke的關(guān)于年青人失業(yè)現(xiàn)象要增多的看法(根據(jù)predictably,andsensibly);2)Burke

不是唯一持這種看法的人(根據(jù)likeotheropinions...).

例四：

In1980,Canadaannouncedstrictadditionallimitsonownershipofenergycompaniesbyforeigninstitutionsandindividuals.

Sincethesemaynolongerownmorethan50percentofsuchcompanies,sourcesofcapitalforthesecorporationsarenowsharply

restricted.

(A)Before1980,foreignerswereallowedtoownamajorityofsharesinCanadianenergycompanies.

(B)Canada's1980limitationsonenergy-companyownershiphavecausedsomeproblemstortheseenterprises.

(C)After198(),foreignersmaynotownamajorityshareinaCanadiancompany.

(D)Before1980,therewerenolimitationsonforeignindividualsowningCanadianenergycompanies.

三、預(yù)測(cè)

預(yù)測(cè)根據(jù)上文中已出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言信息，預(yù)測(cè)卜.文即將出現(xiàn)的信息，這也是我們必須掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能。也就是說(shuō)，在

理解已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)隨之可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)的信息，作出初步推測(cè)。(這?推測(cè)，在進(jìn)?步閱讀過(guò)程中可能人被肯定、修改

或否定)。例如，當(dāng)我們讀到Thoughprogressonthesubwayhasnotactuallystopped…(雖然修建地鐵的工程尚未完全停止)。

我們根據(jù)Though所引出的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的意義，應(yīng)能推測(cè)到Somethingiswrongwiththeproject/修建工程出了問(wèn)題。)：同

時(shí)從notactually中推測(cè)到Progressonthesubjecthasalmoststopped.(工程似、乎12t經(jīng)停止了。)據(jù)此預(yù)測(cè)，下文可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)it

islikelythatthecompletionoftheprojectwillbedelayed(這項(xiàng)工程的竣工很可能要推遲)，卻不可能出現(xiàn)iheprojectwillbe

completedaheadoftime(工程將提前完成)。

若下文與預(yù)測(cè)一致或基本一致，則證明自己對(duì)上文理解正確，可以繼續(xù)閱讀；若不一致，則說(shuō)明對(duì)已讀信息的理解有

偏差，或這里有特殊含義，需要調(diào)整自己思路，或應(yīng)給予特別的注意。

通常，我們可以借助丁語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、常用句型進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)：通過(guò)標(biāo)題或主題句進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)：結(jié)合自己的背景知識(shí)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)；

根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志的提示詞或者聯(lián)接上下文的承接手段(TransitionalDevices)來(lái)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)等等。

同樣，我們也可根據(jù)所給的某一段文章的內(nèi)容，來(lái)推測(cè)上文討論提什么話(huà)題，或已經(jīng)談到過(guò)什么事情。以“though

progressonthesubwayhasnotactuallystopped,itislikelythatthecompletionoftheprojectwillbedelayed.”為例J。根據(jù)i亥七U歷(提

供的信息，我們可以推測(cè)到上文討論的內(nèi)容可能是“strikeshaveseverelyhamperedtheproject.''(罷工已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響了工程的

進(jìn)展）；而不同意給工人增工資。

例五：

Directions:Choosetheitemwhichbestdescribeswhatcameimmediatelybeforethestatementgiven.

(A)Whythepositionishazardous.

(B)Howtomakenecessaryrepairs.

(C)Inwhatcircumstancesstayinginthecarmightbeagoodidea.

(D)Inwhatcases,however,itisbesttogetoutofthecarmended.

...Inmostcases,however,itisbesttogetoutofthecarandmakenecessaryrepairsquicklysothatyoucanmoveawayfromyour

hazardousposition.

本題中，however表明前面所述部分的內(nèi)容必定是與后文中的內(nèi)容相對(duì)立的。(A),(B),(D)

項(xiàng)都不能表現(xiàn)這種語(yǔ)義上的連貫，正確的答案是(C)。

注意事項(xiàng)：

1)從已知信息入手去分析、歸納出未知信息，不能隨意脫離文章內(nèi)容而代之以主觀想像。

2)注意題目中的要求，注意關(guān)鍵詞、時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣。如問(wèn)題中出現(xiàn)suggest,infer,refer,imply,conclude等詞時(shí)，應(yīng)排除文

章中明白陳述的內(nèi)容。

3)推理應(yīng)符合情理，既應(yīng)避免文章中現(xiàn)成的句子，也要避免絕對(duì)化。

4)因果關(guān)系的題應(yīng)找出最根本的原因。

5)推斷寫(xiě)作目的應(yīng)在全文中尋找線索。

6)推斷前面的段落應(yīng)根據(jù)主旨及段首內(nèi)容推斷，段后內(nèi)容根據(jù)結(jié)論及結(jié)尾段內(nèi)容推斷；來(lái)源應(yīng)從主旨、文體、讀者對(duì)象(內(nèi)

容和用詞)來(lái)考慮。

Exercises

I.Choosetheitemwhichbestdescribeswhatcameimmediatelybeforeorafterthegivensentence.

1.(A)SomethingaboutBinta'sresponsibilities.

(B)SomethingaboutBintabeingtypicalforagirlofherageinKano.

(C)SomethingaboutNigeria.

(D)SomethingaboutlifeinKano.

...Binta'smanyresponsibilitiesaretypicalforagirlherageinKano,Nigeria.

2.(A)AnaccountofwhyStratfordisfamous.

(B)AnaccountofwhyShakespeare'sworks.

(C)AnaccountofShakespeare^death,withreferencetohisbirth.

(D)AnaccountofShakespeare'sdailyroutine.

…ThusdidShakespearebeginandendhisdaysinStratford.

3.(A)Adescriptionofcentralizationatsometimeinthepast.

(B)Adescriptionofmoderngrowth.

(C)Adescriptionofpresentdaycentralization.

(D)Alistingofthecausesofurbangrowth.

...Suchcentralizationhadlongsincevanishedasaresultofurbangrowth.

4.Thestudentwasconfused,notbecauseofihecontentofthelecture,butbecauseofthespeaker'sstyleofdelivery...

(A)Adescriptionofthelecturer'swayofspeaking.

(B)Asummaryofwhatthespeakersaid.

(C)Adescriptionofthecourse.

(D)Anexplanationofwhythecontentwasconfusing.

5.EventhoughmostAmericansareupsetbytherisingcostoffossilfuels,fewarewillingtomakeadjustmentsintheirlifestylesto

makethemlessnecessary...

(A)Adescriptionofadjustmentswhichmightbemade.

(B)Anexplanationofwhypricesoffossilfuelsarerising.

(C)Anexplanationofwhatitis

(D)Anaccountofwhyfossilfuelsarenecessary.

II.Choosethestatement(s)whichcandefinitelybeinferredfromeachofthesentencesbelow.(Note:numberofinferencesthatcan

bedrawnwillvaryfromitemtoitem.)

1.ChayefskythenmovedintotelevisionwritingandburstonthescenewiththemuchpraisedMarty;whentheshowwasturnedinto

amovie,itwonChayefskyhisfirstAcademyAward.

(A)Martybecameatelevisionshowafteritssuccessasafilm.

(B)ChayefskywonmorethanoneAcademyAward.

(C)Chayefskybeganhiscareerasatelevisionwriter.

(D)ChayefskywasnotknownasatelevisionwriterbeforeMarty.

2.Krill,whicharethemaindietofwhaleshavebeencited(弓Iffl)asoneoftheworld'sbiggestuncxploitedfoodresources.

(A)Whaleseatmorekrillthananythingelse.

(B)Theworldhasanumberofunexploitedfoodresources.

(C)Whalesareoneoftheworld'sbiggestunexploitedfoodresources.

(D)Thewriterbelievesthatkrillconstituteoneoftheworld?sbiggestunexploitedfoodresources.

3.M.F.K.Fisher,authoroffourteenbooks,statesthatshedoesnotusuallyliketoreadwhatshehaswritten,butthatshedoeslike

herownACordialWater.Thisbookaboutfolkmedicineisacollectionofodd,oldrecipes(處方)fbrmedicinesforpeopleaswell

asanimals.Ithaslongbeenoutofprint,butapaperbackeditionisbeingconsidered.

(A)M.F.Kfisher'sbookswereoutofprintwhenhisparagraphwaswritten.

(B)ACordialWaterhasnotappearedinapaperbackedition.

(C)Generallyspeaking,Fisherdoesnotlikereading.

(D)Fisher'sbooksareaboutfolkmedicine.

4.Perhapsthebiggestdifferencebetweenyoungadultsoftheeightiesandthoseoftheseventiesistheirattitudetowardparentsand

grandparents.Accordingtosurveysofhighschoolseniorsbyafederalagency,theproportionofseniorswhoconsiderlivingclose

toparentsandrelativesveryimportanthasnearlydoubled,risingfrom8percentin1972to14percentin1980.Similarly,increases

aredisplayedinanothersurvey,inwhich71percentofthehighschoolstudentssaidtheyagreedwiththeirparentsaboutwhatthey

shoulddowiththeirlives,and75percentagreedwiththeirparents,values.

(A)Accordingtothefederalagencystudy,mosthighschoolseniorsnowconsiderlivingclosetoparentsandrelativesvery

important.

(B)Accordingtooneofthestudiesmentioned,morestudentsagreewiththeirparents'valuesthanwiththeirparents,viewsabout

whattheyshoulddowiththeirlives.

(C)The75percentmentionedishigherthanthecorrespondingfigurefortheseventies.

(D)Accordingtoastudy,86percentofhighschoolseniorsconsiderlivingclosetoparentsandrelativesunimportant.

5.Ybungchildrenincertainsocietiescalltheirmotherandtheirauntsbythesamename,properlyignoringthedifferencesand

noticingthesimilarities.Inallsocieties,whenthereistroubleinthefamily,anauntmaytemporarilytakethemother^role,fbr

whichchildrenthusrescuedextendlifetimethanks.

(A)Accordingtothewriter,auntsplayavaluableroleinallsocieties.

(B)Therearemoresimilaritiesthandifferencesbetweenmothersandauntsinsomesocieties.

(C)Tlicauthorapprovesofthepracticeofyoungchildrenincertainsocietiescallingthemotherandauntbythesamename.

(D)Youngchildreninallsocietiesadoptthesamepracticestowardstheiraunts.

IllReadingcomprehensions

PassageOne

TheNewWorldtowhichColumbuscameattheendofthefifteenthcenturywasnot,aswearetemptedtobelieve,awholly

savageanduntamedplace.ThepeoplelackedsomeofthebasicsofEuropeancivilization,itistrue.Forinstance,horseswere

unknowntothem,andtheyhadneverdiscoveredtheuseofthewheel.Butthereweremanyaccomplishmentstooffset氐銷(xiāo)、補(bǔ)償)

suchhandicaps.Inthepoliticaldomain(領(lǐng)域)theseoriginalAmericans,asearlyasthetenthcentury,werebuildingmightyempires;

and,intherealmofintellectualachievement,theydevelopedacosmographic(宇宙志f向)sciencedealingwiththeconstitutionofthe

wholeorderofnaturethatwasfarsuperiortothatofEurope.

Itwouldbeamistake,however,tobelievethattheNewWorld,asawhole,wasanoasisofcivilizationintheEuropeansenseof

theterm.Americahadmanyfaces,andtoitsconquerorsitofferedavarietyofaspects.ChristopherColumbus,whenhewentashore

ontheislandofSanSalvador—oneoftheBahamas—wasgreetedbytheLucas,anagriculturalandartisticpeoplewhotypifiedthe

knoblesavage'ofpopularlegend.TheSpaniards,ontheotherhand,wereshortlytomeetacompletelydifferentsortofnative:the

ferociouscannibalsfortheCaribbean.Suchdiversityisreflectedinthehistoryofthepre-ColumbianNewWorld,ahistoryso

complexthatithastakenhistoriansalmostfivecenturiesofstudyinordertodisengage。說(shuō)離)itsmainlines.

1.WecaninferfromthepassagethatbeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

(A)therewerenowagonspulledbyhorses

(B)animalswerenotusedtocarryloads

(C)politicalsystemswereveryelementary

(D)theoriesonthenatureoftheuniversewereunknown

2.ItcanbejudgedfromthepassagethatthenativeslivingintheBahamaswhenColumbusarrivedwere.

(A)ferocious,head-huntingcannibals

(B)sophisticatedandaccomplishedpoliticians

(C)examplesoftheEuropeanconceptoftheidealprimitiveman

(D)legendarypeoplelikesavagebeastsandkilledforsport

3.TheauthorprobablyfeelsthatthepeopleinAmerica.

(A)hadavarietyoffacialcharacteristics

(B)camefrommanydifferentracialbackgrounds

(C)weresometimessavagebutwishedtobecivilized

(D)wereatvariouslevelsofculturaldevelopments

4.Theauthorsuggeststhatpre-Columbianhistory.

(A)iscenteredonthepastfivecenturies

(B)hasbeenachallengetoscholars

(C)reflectsasinglelineofdevelopment

(D)hasbeenstudiedindepthonlyrecently

PassageTwo

Onephaseofthebusinesscycleistheexpansionphase.Thisphaseisatwo-fbldone,includingrecoveryandprosperity.Duringthe

recoveryperiodthereisever-growingexpansionofexistingfacilities,andnewfacilitiesforproductionarecreated.Morebusinesses

arecreatedandolderonesexpanded.Improvementsofvariouskindsaremade.Thereisanever-increasingoptimismaboutthefuture

ofeconomicgrowth.Muchcapitalisinvestedinmachineryor'heavy'industry.Morelaborisemployed.Morerawmaterialsare

requiied.Asonepartoftheeconomydevelops,otherpartsarcaffected.Forexample,agreatexpansioninautomobilesresultsinan

expansionofthesteel,glass,andrubberindustries.Roadsarerequired;thusthecementandmachineryindustriesarestimulated.

Demandforlaborandmaterialsresultsingreaterprosperityforworkersandsuppliersofrawmaterials,includingfarmers.This

increasespurchasingpowerandthevolumeofgoodsboughtandsold.Thusprosperityisdiffused(擴(kuò)散)amongthevarious

segmentsofthepopulation.Thisprosperityperiodmaycontinuetoriseandrisewithoutanapparentend.However,atimecomes

whenthisphasereachesapeakandstopsspiralingupwards.Thisistheendoftheexpansionphase.

1.Wemayassumethatinthenextparagraphthewriterwilldiscuss.

(A)cyclicalindustries(B)therecoveryperiod

(C)uniondemands(D)therecessionperiod

2.Prosperityinoneindustry.

(A)reflectsitselfinmanyotherindustries

(B)willhelpallsegmentsofsocietyexceptthefarmers

(C)willaffectthesteelindustry

(D)willspiralupwardsasever

3.Whichofthefollowingindustrieswillprobablybeagoodindicatorofaperiodofexpansion?

(A)Toys.(B)Machinetools.(C)Foodstuffs.(D)Farming.

4.Itcanbeinferredthatduringtheperiodofprosperity,peoplewillregardthefuture.

(A)cautiously(B)confidently(C)feasibly(D)promptly

四、如何得出正確的結(jié)論

細(xì)心的讀者不僅能理解作者直接表達(dá)的思想，而且能認(rèn)真分析所讀材料，對(duì)一知信息進(jìn)行加工，從而根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容

得出自己的結(jié)論。要得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，可以從以下兒方面入手：

1.通讀整篇文章，抓住中心思想；

2.確定理解問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞，再找出這些詞在文中的位置；

3.分析并理解文中帶有關(guān)鍵詞的句子，從而得出適當(dāng)?shù)慕Y(jié)論；

4.務(wù)求自己所選的答案在文中得到印證，做到有根有據(jù)。

要求讀者得出正確結(jié)論的題目，通常以下列形式出現(xiàn)：

1)Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat.

2)Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.

3)Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnabout.

4)Whichofthefollowingcanweleastlikelyconcludeabout.

5)Onemayaswellconcludefromthepassagethat.

6)Whatdoestheauthorconcludeabout?

五、如何使用信號(hào)詞理解文意

信號(hào)詞是一些具有指示意義的標(biāo)志詞，它們可以幫助讀者悟出生詞的意思，理解相關(guān)句子的含義，從而增強(qiáng)閱讀效果。

學(xué)會(huì)如何使用信號(hào)詞是提高閱讀能力的重要技巧之一。

常見(jiàn)的信號(hào)詞一般可分為以下五大類(lèi)：

1.表示定義的，如namely,thatistosay,itiscalled,itconsistsof.Itrefersto,itisknownas,itisdefinedas等。

2.表示舉例的，如forexample,forinstance,suchas,like,especially等。

3.表示對(duì)比的，如but,however,yet,unlike,while,whereas,although,bycontrast,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,ratherthan,

instead(of),comparedwith,incomparisonwith等。

4.表示重述的，如or,namely,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,toputitanotherway等。

5.表示因果的，如so,thus,therefore,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,inthisway等。

要求讀者利用信號(hào)詞來(lái)理解文字內(nèi)容的題目，通常以下列形式出現(xiàn)(其中l(wèi)inex也可以是paragraphxx或sentencexofparagraph

x)：

1)Whichofthefollowingisnearestinmeaningtoxinlinex?

2)Inlinex,thewordxcouldbestbreplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

3)Inlinex,xisclosestinmeaningto.

4)Inlinex,xcouldbecorrectlyreplacedby.

5)Thewordxinlinexisclosestinmeaningto.

6)Inlinex,thewordxcanbedefinedas.

例

Undernormalconditionstheactofcommunicationrequiresthepresenceofatleast