初升高英語無憂銜接及新課預(yù)習(xí)（全國）銜接點18 閱讀理解（原卷版）

銜接點18閱讀理解（初高考點差異及銜接）初中要求會以“社會服務(wù)與人際溝通”“科學(xué)與技術(shù)”“人與自我”范疇。結(jié)合社會熱點、模范人物的事跡、等素材考查對語篇理解能力和分析判斷能力。閱讀理解題通?？煞诸悶椤凹?xì)節(jié)理解題”“主旨大意題”“詞義猜測題”與“推理判斷題”。不同的考查目的，會有不同的設(shè)題特點，可使用不同的解題技巧。高中要求閱讀理解文本主要為說明文、應(yīng)用文和記敘文。從題型數(shù)量來看,閱讀理解第一節(jié)試題類型以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主,設(shè)有6~10題;其次是推理判斷題,設(shè)有3~6題;最后是主旨大意題(段落主旨和文章主旨)和推測詞義題(猜測詞義和代詞指代),分別設(shè)有1~2題。同時,從各題型在各體裁文本的分布來看,A篇主要以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主,大部分試題可以在某一個段落中直接找到與選項對應(yīng)的詞或句子。B篇、C篇和D篇文本難度提高,注重考查學(xué)生的高階思維,以邏輯推理為主,具有良好的區(qū)分度,需要考生依據(jù)文本主旨大意和相關(guān)段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷?！境踔虚喿x理解考點聚焦】一．細(xì)節(jié)理解題方法一：排除干擾項法NowyourkidscantrythesedevicesatthesmarthomeshowinourcommunitysciencecenterfromAugust1sttoAugust14th…OpeningHours:1：00p．m.—9：00p．m.,fromTuesdaytoSunday,closedonMonday.()Whencanavisitorenterthesciencecenter?OnMondaymorning. B.OnSundaymorning.C.OnMondayafternoon. D.OnSundayafternoon.方法二：同義轉(zhuǎn)換法Forsafety,youmustuseournewbasketsonly.Abasketalonecosts5yuan.Itholdsabout2kgofstrawberriesandabasketofstrawberriesispricedat50yuanintotal.()Thefarmprovidesnewbaskets________.tocutdownthecost B.toprotecttheenvironmentC.tokeepcustomerssafe D.tocarrymorestrawberries方法三：細(xì)節(jié)推敲法Prettycool,right?It'snotsurprisingthatpeopleinothercitieshavegotintouchwithLaura,hopingthatshecouldhelpdevelopsimilarprojectsfortheircommunities.()PeopleinothercitieswouldlikeLaurato________.findatruckdriver B.visittheircommunitiesC.giveawayfoodtothem D.helpdevelopprojectslikehers二．推理判斷題方法一：針對文章段落內(nèi)容的判斷ForJerry,thiskindofadventureismostsatisfying.“Suchadventureshadmadeusseelifeinadifferentway.Now,beingthebestclimberisn'timportantforme.Whatmattersisdoingsomethinghelpfulwhileclimbingthemountains.Thereisstillmuchmorewecando，”Jerrysaidtoanewspaper.()Jerry'sandhisfriends'adventureshavechanged________．theirhobbies B.theirfriendshipC.theirunderstandingoflife D.theirlivingconditions方法二：針對文章來源的判斷Weareknownforourdeliciousstrawberries.Weinviteyoutovisitthefarmandenjoyourfreshproductsandgreatfarmingexperiences.We'lltryourbesttocreateasafeopen-airenvironmentforourcustomers…()Theinstructionsaremostprobablyfrom________.afarmowner B.ateacherC.anewsreporter D.acustomer方法三：針對文章讀者的判斷Bullying(欺凌)canhappentoanyone.Agreatmanychildrenaroundtheworldarebulliedeveryyear,buttherearethingsthatcanbedonetohelp…Whatcanyoudo?Ifsomeoneisnotkindtoyou,tellanadultthatyouknowandlike.Forexample,talktoaparentorateacher.()Thispassageismainlywrittenfor________.teachers B.parentsC.children D.thepolice方法四：針對文章目的的判斷Inourdailylife,robotsareoftenfoundtodoworkthatistoodangerous,boring,difficult,ordirty.Andweoftenseekidsplaywithtoyrobots.Butwhatexactlyisarobot?Therearesomeimportantcharacteristics(特征)thatarobotmusthave.Thesecharacteristicsmighthelpyoutodecidewhatisandwhatisnotarobot.()Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.Tohelppeopleunderstandwhatarobotis. B.Totellwhatarobotcandoinourlife.C.Todescribethemovementofarobot. D.Tointroducethehistoryofrobots.三．詞義猜測題方法一：語境推斷法AlthoughJerryhadachievedgreatsuccess,hedidn'tfeelfulfilled.Heaskedhimself,“Isitenoughtoclimbthehighestmountains?AmIdoingsomethinghelpful?HowcanIturnmyadventuresintosomethingthatcanhelptheworld？”()Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fulfilled”inParagraph2mean?A.Satisfied. B.Lonely. C.Patient. D.Worried.方法二：定義法IntelligenceArobotneedssomekindof“smarts”.Aprogrammeristhepersonwhogivestherobotits“smarts”.Therobotwillhavetohaveacertainwaytoreceivetheprogramsothatitknowswhatitistodo.()TheChinesemeaningof“Intelligence”inthelastparagraphis________.A.能源 B.勤奮 C.智能 D.外觀方法三：構(gòu)詞法However,from2012to2016,poaching(偷獵)andillegaltradeintheelephantsincreasedrapidly.Eighty-threeelephantswerelostin2015alone,andanotherfifty-oneelephantswerekilledin2016.“Ifthissituationgoeson,alltheGourmaelephantswillbekilledby2020，”saidamemberofMEP.()Whatdoestheword“illegal”inParagraph4meaninChinese?A.公平的 B.虧損的 C.非法的 D.合理的方法四：通過生活常識猜測詞義Lisaletthehairdressertrimherhairabitbecauseitgrewtoolong.Whatdoestheword“trim”meaninChinese?方法五：通過列舉事例猜測詞義MynameisTom.Iwanttojoinaclubinmyschool.I'mnotfamous(著名的)now,butmaybelcanbefamoussomeday.Ican'tsingordanceoract,butIcandomanyotherthings.Icanplaythreekindsofinstruments:theguitar,theviolinandthedrums.thinkIcanbeinthemusicclub.MaybeIcanbeafamousmusician.liketoreadstorybooksand|canwritestories.MaybeIcanbeafamouswriterlikesportstoo,butlamnotgoodatsports.CanIjoinyou?What'sthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“instruments”inChinese?A.樂譜 B.樂器 C.樂章 D.琴四．主旨大意題第一步：定位主題句，弄懂文章中心思想。方法一：開門見山：主題句出現(xiàn)在文首，這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是為了開門見山，先提出主題，然后圍繞主題用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋、論證或發(fā)展主題思想。方法二：藏頭露尾：主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾，這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往是先闡述細(xì)節(jié)，然后歸納要點，得出結(jié)論，概括主題。方法三：臥虎藏龍：主題句隱含在全文中，沒有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的文章，要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析、概括、推導(dǎo)出文章的主題。具體方法是：明確各個段落的內(nèi)容以及它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系，尋找核心詞和高頻詞，然后加以歸納形成主題。第二步：比對選項，排除干擾項。主旨大意題的正確選項需要具有概括性，不能以偏概全或是泛泛而談；選擇文章最佳標(biāo)題，要注意標(biāo)題需具有概括性、針對性和醒目性，標(biāo)題要囊括文章的主要內(nèi)容，指向文章的主要特點。WhenLaurasawherschooldininghallthrowawayfoodthatwasnoteatenatalleveryday,shecameupwithanidea.Shestartedaprojecttohelpherschooldininghalltogiveawayuneatenfoodtohomelessshelters(庇護(hù)所)inhercommunity.Inthepastthreeyears,thesameprojecthasspreadtootherschoolsandsomefastfoodrestaurantsthroughoutthecity.TheprojectiscalledFeed&Find,andhasalreadyfedthousandsofpeopleinhercity．Howdoesitwork?Throughanapp,Feed&Findmatcheslocalhomelessshelterswithschooldininghallsandrestaurantsthathaveuneatenfoodtoprovide…Still,thisprojectisacleverwaytohelpsolvetheproblemoffoodwasteandithelpsthoseinneed．()Whichcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?ADiningGuideApp B.AFoodSharingProjectC.ADrivingServiceApp D.AFoodSafetyProject分類訓(xùn)練一應(yīng)用文Whenit'shotoutsideandwehavetogoout,surelywewanttokeepcool.Wecanputonhats,wearlightclothing,orstayatacoolplace.However,nothingcanbeatagoodfan.NowI'llshowyouhowtomakeagoodDIY(DoItYourself)paperfan.WhattopreparePleasepreparetwopiecesofpaper.Allpaperwillwork,butyourDIYfancanbeusedforalongtimewithquality(優(yōu)質(zhì)的)paper.Thengetglue,twosticks,etc.HowtomakeaDIYfanThefirststepistodrawpicturesonthepaper.Justdrawanythingyoulike.Thenextstepistofoldup(折疊)thepaper.Thengluethetwopiecesoffoldedpapertogether.Afterthat,paintthesticks.Thefinalstepistogluethesticksontothefoldedpaper.Andeverythingisdone.Ifyoulookatyourwatch,youwillbesurprised:ittakeslessthan15minutestomakeagoodpaperfan.Thenyoucanfolditupanddropitinyourbag.Whenyouareoutintheheatnexttime,justtakeitoutandenjoythegentlewind.1.Whichisthebestwaytokeepcoolaccordingtoparagraph1?A.Puttingonhats. B.Usingagoodfan.C.Wearinglightclothing. D.Stayingatacoolplace.2.Whyisqualitypaperagoodchoicetomakeafan?A.Itislight. B.Itiscolorful.C.Itlastslong. D.Itlooksbeautiful.3.Whatisthesecondstepofmakingapaperfan?A.Paintingthesticks. B.Drawingpicturesonthepaper.C.Foldingupthepaper. D.Gluingthesticksontothefoldedpaper.4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecantellthatmakingapaperfanis.

A.quick B.difficult C.boring D.strange5.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Tosellpaperfans. B.Toshowhowtosavetime.C.Toshareafunstory. D.Toteachhowtomakepaperfans.分類訓(xùn)練二記敘文Comeon,Amy.YoumustTRYHARDER.Amytoldherselfsilently.Shewasinherclass'sSecond-Day-of-SchoolGamewithherteammates,whomsheonlymetyesterday.Thiswasherfirstchancetomakenewfriends,andshewasnervous.SofarAmyhadn'tgivenanyusefulsuggestions—afterall,shewastotallynewtothistown.Luckily,nooneseemedtocareaboutit.Thisrelaxedheralot.SincetheBlueTeamleftthepark,theyhadworkedoutthefirsttwoclues(線索)andhadbeentothepostoffice.Nowtheywereinfrontofthecinema.Henrywasreadingaloudthethirdclue:Gotoourtownfounder'slastrestingplace.IknowTHISONE!Amythought,excited.“Tothecemetery(墓地),”Cindysaid.“No,wait!”Amysaid.“I'vereadaboutit.Thefounderwasburiednearthelibrary.”“Wow.I'vewalkedbyeveryday,”Tylersaid.“Neverknewthat!”“Goodjob!Thatwillsavevaluabletime,”CindysmiledatAmy.“Westillneedtohurry,”Tylerreminded,pointingtotheYellowTeamcomingnear.“Iknowashortcut!”Henrysuggested.“Followme!”Noonemoved.“No,seriously,”Henrysaid.“YouknowI'malwaysrunninglate.Iknoweveryshortcutintown.”Theothersfinallyagreed.Afewsharpturns,andtheywerethere!ThistimeAmyreadthecluealoud:Nowgototheplacewherethefootballisrunningaround!“Thefootballstadium!”Theycalledouttogetherandstartedtorun....Nowthey'dgotthefinalclue:Lookwhereyou'vebeen,andseewhereyouare.Useyourmapwiselyandyou'llbeastar!Lookingcloselyatthemap,everyonethoughthard.“Aha!Astar!”Cindysuddenlybrokethesilence.Shequicklytookoutapencil.Astheywatchedherdrawinglinesonthemap,everyoneunderstood.Theybeganrunningbacktowheretheystarted.Theywerecloserandcloser,andfinallycrossedthefinishline—justonestepbehindtheRedTeam!“So...close...”Tyermadeaface,andtheyalllaughedtogether.“Nicejob,newgirl,”CindygaveAmyahigh-five.“Thatwasreallyfun,”saidHenry.“Ihopewe'llbeonthesameteamsoon.”“Me,too,”Amyagreed,smiling.1.WhatdoesthebeginningofthestorytellusaboutAmy?A.Shedidn'twanttoplaythegame. B.Shewasanewstudentinherclass.C.ShewasamemberoftheRedTeam. D.Shedidn'tunderstandthegamerules.2.WhydidtheteamletHenryleadthewayatlast?A.Heranfastestintheteam. B.Theydidn'tknowtheway.C.Theytrustedhisrichexperience. D.Hewasbestatplayingthegame.3.Wherewasthefinishlineofthegame?A.Inthepark. B.Nexttothepostoffice.C.Infrontofthecinema. D.Outsidethelibrary.4.WhydidAmysmileattheendofthestory?A.Herteamcameinfirst. B.Shewasacceptedasafriend.C.Shenolongerfeltnervous. D.Therewouldbeagamesoon.分類訓(xùn)練三說明文Someanimalscaneasilyfindtheirwayhomeafteralongjourney.Howdotheymakeit?Scientificresearchshowsthattheyarebornwithcertainunusualabilitiesfordirection.Acertainkindofant,forexample,cancounttheirstepstoavoidgettinglost.Theycangoasfaras110metresandbringfoodhome.Theseantsliveintheopendesert(沙漠),sotheyhavenothingtoguidethemalongtheway.It'slikesomeonewalkingsixkilometresthroughadarkforest.Somefishhaveanunbelievablesenseofsmell.Theycansmellevenasingledropoftheirhomewaterinalargeseaarea.Someseabirdshaveasimilarability.Theyareabletomakeasmellmapoftheirflyingarea.Someanimalscansensetheearth'smagneticfield(磁場),whilehumanscan't.Thismagneticfieldguidesacertainkindoffishwhentheyswimalongwaytoaplaceandthenback.Howcanthiskindoffishdothat?Itisstillamystery.Scientistshavenogoodanswersyet.However,animalswithsuchunusualabilitiesstillhavedifficultydealingwithenvironmentalchangescausedbyhumanactivities.Forexample,manybirdsdependonstarsfordirection,buttheygetlosteasilyatnightwhencitylightsarekeptonallnight.Tosolvethisproblem,wecansimplyturnoffsomelightsatnight.Clearly,onesmallactofhumansmaymeanalottoanimals.1.Whereisthispassagemostprobablyfrom?A.Astorybook. B.Anartmagazine.C.Aguidebook. D.Asciencemagazine.2.Howcanacertainkindofantfindtheirway?A.Byimaginingtheway. B.Bycountingtheirsteps.C.Bybringingfoodtogether. D.Bywalkingthroughaforest.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mystery”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Secret. B.Choice. C.Reason. D.Feeling.4.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Tohelpanimals. B.Totravelatnight.C.Tokeepcitylightson. D.Todevelopunusualabilities.5.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Birds'SenseofLight B.Fish'sSenseofSmellC.Animals'SenseofDirection D.Animals'SenseofMagneticField【高中閱讀理解考點聚焦】考綱解讀閱讀理解文本主要為說明文、應(yīng)用文和記敘文。從題型數(shù)量來看,閱讀理解第一節(jié)試題類型以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主,設(shè)有6~10題;其次是推理判斷題,設(shè)有3~6題;最后是主旨大意題(段落主旨和文章主旨)和推測詞義題(猜測詞義和代詞指代),分別設(shè)有1~2題。同時,從各題型在各體裁文本的分布來看,A篇主要以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主,大部分試題可以在某一個段落中直接找到與選項對應(yīng)的詞或句子。B篇、C篇和D篇文本難度提高,注重考查學(xué)生的高階思維,以邏輯推理為主,具有良好的區(qū)分度,需要考生依據(jù)文本主旨大意和相關(guān)段落內(nèi)容進(jìn)行合理推斷。考點清單a注重觀察和研究閱讀文本的特點,合理推斷試題答案各體裁文章特點不一,考生要注意觀察各體裁文本的不同特點,在此基礎(chǔ)上對試題答案進(jìn)行推斷。例如應(yīng)用文的寫作目的多出現(xiàn)在文章開頭,偶爾也會出現(xiàn)在文章結(jié)尾;科普說明文的第一段多說明文章主旨——研究發(fā)現(xiàn);議論文的每段第一句話多為主題句,其他句子多為細(xì)節(jié)句。b培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣,確保閱讀理解的有效性每篇文章的3~4個試題均圍繞文章主旨設(shè)計,所以不管文章是否有主旨大意題,考生都要善于歸納總結(jié),分析每篇文章的主旨大意和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,對細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題的選項進(jìn)行個性化標(biāo)記,例如畫下劃線、畫圈等,便于匹配題干和文本相關(guān)的句子或段落,通過對四個選項的對比分析找到答案。同時,C篇和D篇詞匯量較大,含有較多的長難句,考生要能快速識別關(guān)鍵信息,培養(yǎng)化繁為簡的能力,畫出長難句的主干成分,簡化復(fù)合句,快速準(zhǔn)確地理解文本信息,準(zhǔn)確解答試題。c選用恰當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x理解做題方法,提高閱讀理解解題的準(zhǔn)確率閱讀理解第一節(jié)有兩種解題方法,各有利弊,考生可依據(jù)個人習(xí)慣和認(rèn)知特點選擇使用。第一種方法:瀏覽問題——有目的地閱讀文本——解答問題,這種方法閱讀速度較快,但是準(zhǔn)確率較低。第二種方法:快速瀏覽文本——瀏覽問題——再讀文本——解答問題,這種方法解題時準(zhǔn)確率較高,但是解題速度較第一種緩慢。d依據(jù)個人水平,確定四篇文章的做題順序和數(shù)量考生要依據(jù)個人英語水平和認(rèn)知特點確定閱讀理解第一節(jié)四篇文章的做題順序,可以按照四篇閱讀理解的排列順序做題,即ABCD。但是如果熟悉C篇和D篇的知識背景,也可以優(yōu)先做C篇和D篇。同時考生也要根據(jù)個人英語水平,敢于“取舍”。基礎(chǔ)薄弱的學(xué)生可選取2~3篇文章重點突擊,確保準(zhǔn)確率,對于難度較大的文章要敢于取舍。一PrinceWilliam,secondinlinetotheBritishthrone,gavehisfirstTEDTalkonSaturdaytolaunchhisEarthshotPrize,acompetitionthatwillawardfive￡1millionprizemoneyeveryyearforthenextdecadetothosewhocancomeupwithsolutionstoenvironmentalproblems.Anyperson,groupororganizationaroundtheworldisqualified,andanysuggestioniswelcome,solongasitisapplicableglobally.Itcouldbeanewtechnology,anewapproach,anewgovernmentalpolicyoranyotherideastowardfiveenvironmentalgoals-fixingtheclimate,purifyingtheair,protectingnature,cleaningoceansandhandlingwaste."Earthshot"wasinspiredbyJohnF.Kennedy's"Moonshot,"anambitious1961missiontogetamanonthemoonwithinadecade.ThepurposeoftheprizeispartlytoarouseexcitementandofferwhatPrinceWilliamcalled“abitofcatalyst,abitofhope,abitofpositivity"atatimewhentheworldneeds.Themoneywillcomefromdonorsaroundtheworld.Theprizecommitteeincludesmanycelebrities.PrinceWilliamhasenvironmentalactivisminhisblueblood.Bothhisgrandfather,andhisfatherPrinceCharleswereactiveenvironmentalists.PrinceWilliamacknowledgedhisheritagebysayinghehadalwayslistened,learnedandbelievedwhattheyweresayingabouttheenvironment.Besidesspeakingwisewords,healsoputsforwardagoodprize.OveramillionpoundsissignificantlymorethanaNobelPrizeandshouldinspiresomeseriousandcreativethinkingaboutthedifficultiesofPlanetEarth.UnliketheNobelPrizemoney,theEarthshotmoneyissupposedtobespentonthewinningproject.“Ifweachievethesegoals,by2030ourliveswon'tbeworse,andwewon'thavetosacrificeeverythingweenjoy.Instead,thewaywelivewillbehealthier,cleaner,smarter,andbetterforallofus,"hesaid.1.WhatcanbelearnedaboutTheEarthshotPrize?A.ItwillbeawardedtoBritons. B.Itaimstosolvesocialproblems.C.Itisnamedafteramoonmission. D.Itoffers￡50millionintotal.2.Apersoncanwintheprizefor_________.A.amethodtomonitorsealevels BanewtechnologytoforecasttheweatherC.anewapproachtorecyclingthewaste D.alocalgovernmentpolicytobanfishing3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"catalyst"inparagraph3mean?A.Encouragement. B.Alarm. C.Challenge. D.Surprise.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.EarthshotPrizeequalsNobelPrize.B.PlanetEarthwillbecleanedby2030.C.PrinceWilliamonlytalksthetalk.D.PrinceWilliamisinfluencedbyhisfamily.二“Thepastisadifferentcountry,theydothingsdifferentlythere,”L.P.Hartleywroteinoneofhisbest-knownnovels,TheGo-Between.TotheBritishnovelist,thepastwasirrelevant.AndoneofmyAsianstudentsoncetoldme“Ihavenointerestinthepast.I’monlyinterestedinthepresentandthefuture.”Ihavetodisagree.“Thepast”isaveryinterestingcountry,andthemoreweknowaboutit,themorewewillbeabletounderstandthepresentandthus,prepareourselvesforthefuture.Anidealplace,asIseeit,thatcanallowustolookbackonthepastisthemuseum.Iprefertovisitmuseumsasifyouaresittinginthesameroomwithsomeofthegreatestmeninhistory.Whilenomuseumscanclaimtoofferacompletepictureofhumanhistory,thelessonswecanlearnfromtheeventsandwondersofthepastareofgreatvalue.Thankstomoderntechnology,museumsarebeingtransformedfromplacesoflookingandlearningtospacesofparticipationandinteraction.Alargenumberofimmersive(沉浸式)multi-mediadisplays,whichallowvisitorstoengagewithitsexhibitsduringtheirvisit,playabigpartattheShanghaiNaturalHistoryMuseum.Theriseintechnologyhasalsomademuseumsmoreaccessiblethanever.SincetheoutbreakofCOVID-19,traditionalmuseumshavestartedtothinkoutsideoftheboxinordertocreatenewwaysforvisitorstoexperiencetheircollectionsonline.Itisdefinitelygoodnewsforthosewhoarefascinatedbymuseumsbutarestrugglingtoactuallygothere.However,youshouldn’texpecttogetthesameexperiencethatanin-personvisitwouldprovide,atleast,thatis,fornow.InternationalMuseumDayisobservedonMay18everyyear.Thisisaquickreminderthatyoushouldalwayssparesometimetovisitmuseumsandappreciatethe“must-see‘em’”thingsthatareanimportantpartoftheculturalheritageofhumankind.1.Whatdoesthewriterthinkof“thepast”?A.Different. B.Unrelated. C.Significant. D.Understandable.2.Whyisthemuseumanidealplacetolookbackonthepast?A.It’swherethegreatmindsoncesat.B.It’swheretolearnandreflect.C.It’swheretolearnaboutpreviousevents.D.It’swheretoappreciateancientwonders.3.Whatdoes“outsideoftheboxway”inparagraph4referto?A.Allowingmorein-personvisits. B.Showingacompletepictureofhistory.C.Addingmulti-mediadisplays. D.Offeringonlineexhibits.4.Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TechnologyRevivesMuseums B.ObserveInternationalMuseumDayC.MuseumsAre“Must-see‘ems’” D.VisitMuseumsIn-personorOnline三Millionsoftonsofelectronicwaste,knownase-waste,isproducedeveryear.In2016,theworld’spopulationmake49milliontonsofelectronicwaste.Ithasbeencalculatedthattherewillbemorethan60milliontonsby2021.Theamountofelectronicwasteisgrowingsorapidlythatithasbecomeaglobalproblemthatneedstobeaddressed.Whatiscausingtheupsurge(激增)ine-waste?Technologyisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadcoveringalmosteveryaspectofourlives.Meanwhile,thelifespanofdevicesisgettingshorter—manyproductswillbethrownawayoncetheirbatteries(電池)die,tobereplacedbynewdevices.Companiesupdatethedesignorsoftwaresoquicklyanditisusuallycheaperandeasiertobuyanewproductthantorepairanoldone.Sincepricesarefalling,electronicdevicesareindemandaroundtheworld.Asmorepeoplebuyelectronicequipment,manufacturers(制造商)arebeginningtofaceshortagesoftherawmaterialneededtomaketheirproducts,sorecyclingandreusingmaterialsfromdiscarded(廢棄的)productsandwastemakeseconomicandenvironmentalsense.Recyclinge-wasteispracticedbothformallyandinformally.Formale-wasterecyclingusuallyinvolvestakingaparttheelectronics,separatingandsortingthroughthematerialsandcleaningthem.Companiesmustobeyhealthandsafetyrulestoreducethehealthandenvironmentalharmofhandlinge-wastebyusingpollution-controltechnologies.Allthismakesformalrecyclingexpensive.Withtheamountofe-wastegrowingaroundtheworld,recyclingalonewillnotbeenoughtohandletheproblem.Inordertoreducee-waste,manufacturersneedtodesignelectronicsthataresafer,andmoredurable(耐用的)repairable.Asacustomer,you’dbettergetouroldproductrepairedifpossibleandbuyanewdeviceonlywhenyoureallyneed.1.Theunderlinedword“addressed”inparagraph1canbereplacedby_________.A.reduced B.changedC.controlled D.solved2.Whatisparagraph2mainlybout?A.Theproblemscausedbytheupsurgeine-waste.B.Thereasonsfore-waste’ssharpincreasing.C.Thebadeffectofupdatingdevices.D.Thecausesofdevices’pricedropping.3.Whatmakesrecyclinge-wastemeaningfulaccordingtothetext?A.Improvingthequalityofe-devices.B.Loweringthecostsoftechnologyinnovation.C.Relievingcompanies’lackingrawmaterials.D.Increasingthevarietyofelectronicproducts.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoconveyinthelastparagraph?A.Recyclingistheonlywaytoreducee-waste.B.Companiesshouldbemainlyresponsibleforreducinge-waste.C.Repairingadeviceisbetterthanbuyinganewone.D.Everyoneshouldtakeactiontoreducee-waste.四Researcherssaythattheyhaveunderstoodthemeaningofgesturesthatwildmonkeysusetocommunicate.Theysaythatwildmonkeyscancommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha“vocabulary”of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofmonkeysinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000hoursofrecordingsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentional(有意識的)communicationtohavebeenrecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandmonkeys,shesaid,haveasystemofcommunicationwithwhichtheysentamessagetoanothergroupmemberonpurpose.Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatotheranimalscanunderstandcomplex(復(fù)雜的)informationfromtheirpartners’call,theydonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.“Theyaretheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect,”sheadded.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,meaning“Climbonme.”Thelittlemonkeyimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmother’sbackandtheytravelofftogether.”Theimportantmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspeciesouttherethatcancommunicateinameaningfulway,sothat’snotuniquetohumans.”saidDr.Hobaiter.Dr.SusanneShultz,abiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere“alittledisappointing”.“Thelimited‘vocabulary’ofthegesturessuggestseitherthatthemonkeyshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationbiddenintheirgesturesandresponses.”shesaid.“Inaddition,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalscommunicatewiththeirnonverballanguages,So,itseemsthatdifferencestillremainsbetweenhumanlanguageandmonkeys’nonverbalcommunication.”1.AccordingtoDrHobaiter,onlymonkeys’andhumanscan______.A.memorizespecificwordsB.understandcomplexinformationC.usevoicestocommunicateD.communicatemessagesonpurpose2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They”inparagraph3referto?A.Calls B.Gestures. C.Messages. D.Voices.3.WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A.Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlycarriedout.B.Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C.Theevidencewasreliablebuttheconclusionisn’tnew.D.Theresultwasdisappointingandthemethodswerewrong.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Thecommunicationskillsusedbyanimals.B.Thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdom.C.Astudyonmonkeys’communicationgestures.D.Abreakthroughinstudyingmonkeys’behaviors.一．應(yīng)用文Letter1Yourarticle(November)mentionedadoctor'svisitfor“heatandcompression”treatment.Iboughtaninexpensivemicrowaveablemoist?heateyecompressonlineanduseitforseveralminutesatbedtimetohelpopentheoilglands.Plus,thewarmthandritualhelpmerelaxandfallasleep.Nomoremessywashclothcompressesforme!—JulieEvansMinneapolis,MinnesotaLetter2TheQualityInninKodak,Tennessee,turningintoashelterduringahistoricwinterstormshowedsomuchkindnessthatIreadthestorytwice(November).ForSeanPateltoopenhishoteltolocalsinneedduringthestormandpoweroutage,atChristmastimeandforjust$25(thelowestpricethecorporateregulationswouldallow),waspriceless.ThetownisabetterplacebecauseofPatelandhisstaff.—AnnetteWolfeShelton,ConnecticutLetter3Yousuggestedusingtoothpickstoraiseapotlidandpreventthepotfromboilingover(October).Ipreventboiloversbyjustlayingawoodenspoonovertheopenpot.Thespoonwillpopmostofthebubblesoncontact—hasn'tfailedmeyet!—PamSnellgroveLaGrange,GeorgiaLetter4Thestoryaboutasnorkeler,CarterViss,wholosthisarmaftergettinghitbyaspeedboat(October)andthenforgavethedriver,wasamongthemostcompellingI'veeverread.Herewasastoryofhealthandloss,seaandshore,healingandthehopetogetoutofdarknessintolight.Simplymarvelous!—LeanderJonesNorthport,Alabama1.WhichofthefollowinghighlightsLetter1?A.Wefoundafix. B.Dealingwithaneyeproblem.C.Runoverbyaspeedboat. D.Youhavetoreadittwice.2.Whoforgavethedriverafteranaccident?A.AnnetteWolfe. B.PamSnellgrove.C.CarterViss. D.LeanderJones.3.Whatdothesefourlettershaveincommon?A.Theyarenotesaboutpastissues. B.Theygiveadviceonhowtoread.C.Theyareremarksonhumanvirtues. D.Theyofferinformationabouthealth.二ThingstoDowithKidsinSanFranciscoExploratoriumTheExploratoriumisa21st?centurylearninglab.Ittakesthebestpartofahands?onchildren'smuseumandmixesitwithrealscience,exploration,andadventure.Itisafunandinterestingplaceforchildrenandadultsalike.IwouldnotrecommendtheExploratoriumforchildrenunderage5.PalaceofFineArtsThePalaceofFineArtsisagreatplacetovisitwhenthewe