英國歷史文化概況UNIT 1 Origin and History

OriginandHistoryUnit1CONTENTSTeachingAimsTextATextBSupplementaryReadingTEACHINGAIMS:Afterstudyingthisunit,youarerequiredto:HaveageneralideaoforiginandhistoryoftheUK.2.Understandtheoriginandhistory.3.Masterthedifficultwordsandexpressions.TextA

TheOriginandHistoryoftheUKTextAPreview:TextAReadingComprehension:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.JuliusCaesaroftheRomanRepubliconceattemptedtoinvadein55BC;althoughlargelyunsuccessful,hemanagedtosetupaclientking.()2.Christianitywasfirstintroducedaround43ADbytheRomans.()3.TheNormanconquestofEnglandaccomplishedbyanarmyledbyDukeWilliamofNormandyoccurredin1066,whichhadaprofoundandpermanenteffectontheEnglishlanguage.()TextAReadingComprehension:4.TheBlackDeathepidemichitEngland,startingin1348,iteventuallykilleduptotwothirdsofEngland'sinhabitants.()5.Overissuesrelatingtodivorce,HenryVIIIbrokefromcommunionwiththeCatholicChurchproclaimedhimselftheheadoftheChurchofEngland.()6.DuringtheElizabethanperiod,anEnglishfleetdefeatedaninvadingDutchArmada.()7.ItwasnowconstitutionallyestablishedthatKingandParliamentshouldruletogether,andKinghavetherealpower.()TextAReadingComprehension:8.IndustrialRevolutionwasaperiodofprofoundchangeinthesocioeconomicandculturalconditionsofEngland.()9.AlthoughNapoleonplannedtoinvadeEngland,itfailedandfosteredaconceptofaunitednationalBritishpeople,sharedwiththeScotsandWelsh.()10.IntheWorldWarI,theUnitedKingdomwasaspartoftheAllies,whileinWorldWarII,itwasnot.()TextANotes:1.TheNormanconquestofEnglandbeganon28September1066withtheinvasionofEnglandbyWilliam,DukeofNormandy,whobecameknownasWilliamtheConquerorafterhisvictoryattheBattleofHastingson14October1066,defeatingthekingHaroldIIofEngland.TheNormanconquestwasapivotaleventinEnglishhistory.Itlargelyremovedthenativerulingclass,replacingitwithaforeign,French-speakingmonarchy,aristocracy,andclericalhierarchy.This,inturn,broughtaboutatransformationoftheEnglishlanguageandthecultureofEnglandinaneweraoftenreferredtoasNormanEngland.TextANotes:2.TheHouseofPlantagenetwasaroyalhousefoundedbyGeoffreyVofAnjou,fatherofHenryIIofEngland.PlantagenetkingsfirstruledtheKingdomofEnglandinthe12thcentury.TheirpaternalancestorsoriginatedintheFrenchprovinceofGatinaisandgainedtheCountyofAnjouthroughmarriageduringthe11thcentury.Thedynastyaccumulatedseveralotherholdings,buildingtheAngevinEmpirewhichatitspeakstretchedfromthePyreneestoIrelandandtheborderwithScotland.TextANotes:3.TheHundredYears’Warwasaseriesofwarswagedfrom1337to1453bytheHouseofValoisandtheHouseofPlantagenet,alsoknownastheHouseofAnjou,fortheFrenchthrone,whichhadbecomevacantupontheextinctionoftheseniorCapetianlineofFrenchkings.TheHouseofValoisclaimedthetitleofKingofFrance,whilethePlantagenetsclaimedthethronesofbothFranceandEngland.ThePlantagenetkingswerethe12th-centuryrulersofthekingdomofEngland,andhadtheirrootsintheFrenchregionsofAnjouandNormandy.TextANotes:4.TheWarsoftheRoseswereaseriesofdynasticcivilwarsforthethroneofEnglandfoughtbetweensupportersoftworivalbranchesoftheroyalHouseofPlantagenet:thehousesofLancasterandYork(the"red"andthe"white"rose,respectively).Theywerefoughtinseveralsporadicepisodesbetween1455and1485,althoughtherewasrelatedfightingbothbeforeandafterthisperiod.ThefinalvictorywenttoarelativelyremoteLancastrianclaimant,HenryTudor,whodefeatedthelastYorkistkingRichardIIIandmarriedEdwardIV’sdaughterElizabethofYorktounitethetwohouses.TheHouseofTudorsubsequentlyruledEnglandandWalesfor117years.TextANotes:5.OliverCromwell(克倫威爾)(25April1599–3September1658)wasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderwhooverthrewtheEnglishmonarchyandtemporarilyturnedEnglandintoarepublicanCommonwealth,andruledEngland,Scotlandand

Ireland.

CromwellwasoneofthecommandersoftheNewModelArmywhichdefeatedtheroyalistsintheEnglishCivilWar.AftertheexecutionofKingCharlesIin1649,Cromwelldominatedtheshort-livedCommonwealthofEngland,conqueredIrelandandScotland,andruledasLordProtectorfrom1653untilhisdeathin1658.TextANotes:6.TheVictorianeraoftheUnitedKingdomwastheperiodofQueenVictoria’sreignfrom20June1837untilherdeathon22January1901.ItwasalongperiodofprosperityfortheBritishpeople.Theeraisoftencharacterizedasalongperiodofpeace,knownasthePaxBritannica,andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation,temporarilydisruptedbytheCrimeanWar,althoughBritainwasatwareveryyearduringthistime.Towardstheendofthe19thcentury,thepoliciesofNewImperialismledtoincreasingcolonialconflictsandeventuallytheAnglo-ZanzibarWarandtheBoerWar.Domestically,theagendawasincreasinglyliberalwithanumberofshiftsinthedirectionofgradualpoliticalreformandthewideningofthevotingfranchise.TextANewWordsandExpressions:JuliusCaesaroftheRomanRepublicattemptedtoinvadetwicein55BC.RomanmilitarywithdrawalsleftBritainopentoinvasionbypagan,seafaringwarriorsfromnorth-westerncontinentalEurope,chieflytheAngles,SaxonsandJuteswhohadlongraidedthecoastsoftheRomanprovinceandnowbegantosettle.TextANewWordsandExpressions:3.accession[?k'se??n]n.增加；就職；到達(dá)

vt.登記入冊(cè)O(shè)verthefollowingcenturiesthisprocessofpoliticalconsolidationcontinuedandthenativeroyaldynastywasrestoredwiththeaccessionofEdwardtheConfessorin1042.在幾百年間政治整合過程一直持續(xù)，直到1042年隨著懺悔者愛德華的就職外鄉(xiāng)王朝才得以恢復(fù)。4.succession[s?k'se??n]n.連續(xù)；繼位；繼承權(quán)；輪栽AdisputeoverthesuccessiontoEdwardledtotheNormanconquestofEnglandin1066,accomplishedbyanarmyledbyDukeWilliamofNormandy.TextANewWordsandExpressions:5.dispossession[,disp?'ze??n]n.剝奪；驅(qū)逐；強(qiáng)占不動(dòng)產(chǎn)6.elite[ei'li:t]n.精英；精華；中堅(jiān)分子7.aristocracy[,?ri'st?kr?si]n.貴族；貴族統(tǒng)治；上層社會(huì)；貴族政治ThisconquestledtothealmosttotaldispossessionoftheEnglisheliteanditsreplacementbyanewFrench-speakingaristocracy,whosespeechhadaprofoundandpermanenteffectontheEnglishlanguage.此次征服導(dǎo)致了英語的精華幾乎完全剝奪，取而代之的是一種新的講法語的貴族統(tǒng)治，而這種統(tǒng)治對(duì)英語語言造成了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。TextANewWordsandExpressions:8.monarch['m?n?k]n.君主，帝王；最高統(tǒng)治者9.reign[rein]vi.統(tǒng)治；支配；盛行；君臨n.統(tǒng)治；統(tǒng)治時(shí)期；支配Theyreignedforthreecenturies,provingnotedmonarchssuchasRichardI,EdwardI,EdwardIIIandHenryV.他們統(tǒng)治了三個(gè)世紀(jì)，證實(shí)了像查理一世、愛德華三世和亨利五世這些著名的君主。10.sovereign['s?v?rin]adj.至高無上的；有主權(quán)的；n.君主；獨(dú)立國；最高統(tǒng)治者Theperiodsawchangesintradeandlegislation,includingthesigningoftheMagnaCarta,anEnglishlegalcharterusedtolimitthesovereign'spowersbylawandprotecttheprivilegesoffreemen.這一期間貿(mào)易和法律都發(fā)生了變化，包括大憲章的簽署，這是一部用法律來限制君主權(quán)力和保護(hù)自由民特權(quán)的英國法律章程。TextANewWordsandExpressions:11.monasticism[m?'n?stisiz?m]n.修道院生活；禁欲主義；出家；隱修制度12.patronage['p?tr?nid?]n.贊助；光臨；任免權(quán)Catholicmonasticismflourished,providingphilosophersandtheuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgewerefoundedwithroyalpatronage.天主教修道蓬勃開展，為哲學(xué)家以及牛津劍橋大學(xué)的建立提供了皇家贊助。TextANewWordsandExpressions:13.fief[fi:f]n.封地，采邑thePrincipalityofWalesbecameaPlantagenetfiefduringthe13thcenturyandtheLordshipofIrelandwasgiftedtotheEnglishmonarchybythePope.在13世紀(jì)威爾士公國成為了金雀花封地，愛爾蘭的統(tǒng)治權(quán)也被教皇賦予了英國君主立憲制。14.epidemic[,epi'demik]adj.流行的；傳染性的n.傳染?。涣餍胁?；風(fēng)氣等的流行TheBlackDeathepidemichitEngland,startingin1348,iteventuallykilleduptohalfofEngland'sinhabitants.黑死病于1348年盛行英格蘭，最終害死了一半的英國居民。TextANewWordsandExpressions:15.assert[?'s?:t]vt.維護(hù)，堅(jiān)持；斷言；主張；聲稱16.supremacy[sju'prem?si]n.霸權(quán)；至高無上；主權(quán)；最高地位TheformerbroughtthecountrybacktoCatholicism,whilethelaterbrokefromitagain,moreforcefullyassertingthesupremacyofAnglicanism.前者讓國家重新歸于天主教，而后者那么再一次突破，更加強(qiáng)有力地維護(hù)著英國國教的至高至上。TextANewWordsandExpressions:17.respectively[ri'spektivli]adv.分別地；各自地，單獨(dú)地18.dub[d?b]vt.配音；輕點(diǎn)；打擊；授予稱號(hào)n.笨蛋；鼓聲ForinstanceatManchesterandBirmingham,dubbed"WarehouseCity"and"WorkshopoftheWorld"respectively.例如，曼徹斯特和伯明翰就分別被授予了“倉庫城〞和“世界工廠〞的稱號(hào)。19.restoration[,rest?'rei??n]n.恢復(fù)；復(fù)位；王政復(fù)辟；歸還AfterCromwell'sdeath,andhissonRichard'sresignationasLordProtector,CharlesIIwasinvitedtoreturnasmonarchin1660withtheRestoration.在克倫威爾去世以及作為君主護(hù)衛(wèi)者的其子理查德的放棄之后，查理二世應(yīng)邀于1660年以君主的身份復(fù)位。TextANewWordsandExpressions:20.suspend[s?'spend]vt.延緩，推遲；使暫停；使懸浮vi.懸浮；[體]禁賽AmongthestatutessetdownwerethatthelawcouldonlybemadebyParliamentandcouldnotbesuspendedbytheKing,andtheKingcouldnotimposetaxesorraiseanarmywithoutpriorapprovalbyParliament.21.gut[ɡ?t]n.內(nèi)臟；腸子；劇情；膽量；海峽vt.取出內(nèi)臟adj.簡(jiǎn)單的；本質(zhì)的，根本的TheGreatFireofLondonin1666guttedtheCityofLondonbutitwasrebuiltshortlyafterwards.TextANewWordsandExpressions:22.initiative[i'ni?i?tiv]n.主動(dòng)權(quán)；首創(chuàng)精神adj.主動(dòng)的；自發(fā)的；起始的AspartoftheUnitedKingdom,theareajoinedacommonmarketinitiativecalledtheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywhichbecametheEuropeanUnion.作為英國的一局部，該地區(qū)參加了一個(gè)起初稱為歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體，后來成為了歐盟的共同市場(chǎng)。23.innovation[,in?u'vei??n]n.創(chuàng)新，革新；新方法UnderthenewlyformedKingdomofGreatBritain,outputfromtheRoyalSocietyandotherEnglishinitiativescombinedwiththeScottishEnlightenmenttocreateinnovationsinscienceandengineering.在新成立的大不列顛王國下，皇家學(xué)會(huì)和其他舉措也蘇格蘭啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)造了在科學(xué)和工程方面的革新。TextANewWordsandExpressions:24.metropolitan[,metr?'p?lit?n]adj.大都市的；宗主國的；大主教轄區(qū)的25.prestigious[pre'stid??s]adj.有名望的；享有聲望的LondonbecamethelargestandmostpopulousmetropolitanareaintheworldduringtheVictorianera,andtradewithintheBritishEmpire—aswellasthestandingoftheBritishmilitaryandnavy—wasprestigious.26.decolonization[di:,k?l?nai'zei??n]n.非殖民地化，

殖民地自治化Followingthewar,theBritishEmpireexperiencedrapiddecolonization,andtherewasaspeedingupoftechnologicalinnovations.TextANewWordsandExpressions:27.subcontinent[,s?b'k?ntin?nt]n.次大陸Sincethe20thcenturytherehasbeensignificantpopulationmovementtoEngland,mostlyfromotherpartsoftheBritishIsles,butalsofromtheCommonwealth,particularlytheIndiansubcontinent.20世紀(jì)以來就出現(xiàn)了顯著的前往英國的人口運(yùn)動(dòng)，其中大局部是來自英倫三島的其他部位，但也有英聯(lián)邦國家的，尤其是印度次大陸的。28.jurisdiction[,d?u?ris'dik??n]n.司法權(quán)，審判權(quán)，管轄權(quán)；

權(quán)限，權(quán)力EnglandandWalescontinuedtoexistasajurisdictionwithintheUnitedKingdom.英格蘭和威爾士作為聯(lián)合王國系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的權(quán)限繼續(xù)存在。TextANewWordsandExpressions:29.patriotism['p?tri?tiz?m]n.愛國主義；愛國心，愛國精神DevolutionhasstimulatedagreateremphasisonamoreEnglish-specificidentityandpatriotism.權(quán)力下放更加刺激了人們對(duì)英語具體身份以及愛國主義的注重。30.referendum[,ref?'rend?m]n.公民投票權(quán)；外交官請(qǐng)示書ThereisnodevolvedEnglishgovernment,butanattempttocreateasimilarsystemonasub-regionalbasiswasrejectedbyreferendum.英國政府沒有下放權(quán)力，但其企圖在次區(qū)域的根底上建立一個(gè)類似系統(tǒng)的想法通過公民投票被否決了。TEXTAAssignment:FinishtherestofexercisesofTextAPreviewTextBTextB

ElizabethIofEnglandTextBPreview:TextBReadingComprehension:Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothepassage.1.ElizabethwasthefifthandlastmonarchoftheTudordynasty.()2.ItwasexpectedthatElizabethwouldmarry,butdespiteseveralpetitionsfromparliamentandnumerouscourtships,sheeverdid.()3.ItwastheheightoftheEnglishRenaissanceandsawthefloweringofEnglishpoetry,musicandliterature.()TextBReadingComprehension:4.AnattemptbyPhilipIIofSpaintoinvadeEnglandwiththeSpanishArmadain1688wasfamouslydefeated.()5.SomehistoriansdepictElizabethasabad-temperedruler,whoenjoyedmorethanhergreatdecision.()6.TheElizabethanAgeisviewedsohighlybecauseofthe7.periodsneitherbeforenorafter.7.Francewasembroiledinitsownreligiousbattlesthatwouldonlybesettledin1598withtheEdictofNantes.()TextBReadingComprehension:8.Elizabeth’sreignisfamousforthedefeatoftheArmada,andforsuccessfulraidsagainsttheSpanish.()9.UnderElizabeth,thenationgainedanewself-confidenceandsenseofsovereignty,asChristendomfragmented.()10.Althoughsomehistorianshavecalledherlucky,ElizabethIdidnotbelievethatGodwasalwaysprotectingher.()TextBNotes:1.TheTudordynastyorHouseofTudorwasaEuropeanroyalhouseofWelshoriginthatruledtheKingdomofEnglandanditsrealms,includingtheLordshipofIreland,latertheKingdomofIreland,from1485until1603.ItsfirstmonarchwasHenryTudor,adescendantthroughhismotherofalegitimizedbranchoftheEnglishroyalHouseofLancaster.TheTudorfamilyrosetopowerinthewakeoftheWarsoftheRoses,whichlefttheHouseofLancaster,towhichtheTudorswerealigned,extirpated.TextBNotes:2.TheSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandisatitleheldbytheBritishmonarchswhichsignifiestheirtitularleadershipovertheChurchofEngland.Eventhoughthemonarch’sauthorityovertheChurchofEnglandisnotstrong,thepositionisstillveryrelevanttothechurchandismostlyobservedinasymboliccapacity.TheSupremeGovernorformallyappointshigh-rankingmembersofthechurchontheadviceofthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom,whoisinturnadvisedbychurchleaders.TextBNotes:3.TheChurchofEnglandistheofficiallyestablishedChristianchurchinEnglandandtheMotherChurchoftheworldwideAnglicanCommunion.ThechurchconsidersitselfwithinthetraditionofWesternChristianityinEnglandanddatesitsformalhistoryfromStAugustineofCanterbury’smissionin597.TextBNotes:4.WilliamShakespeare(莎士比亞)(baptized26April1564;died23April1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld’spre-eminentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland’snationalpoetandthe“BardofAvon〞.Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaboration,consistofabout38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.HisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywrightTextBNotes:5.ChristopherMarlowe(馬洛)(baptized26February1564;died30May1593)wasanEnglishdramatist,poetandtranslatoroftheElizabethanera.AstheforemostElizabethantragedian,nexttoWilliamShakespeare,heisknownforhisblankverse,hisoverreachingprotagonists,andhismysteriousdeath.TextBNotes:6.FrancisBacon(培根)(22January1561–9April1626)wasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandpioneerofthescientificmethod.HeservedbothasAttorneyGeneralandLordChancellorofEngland.Althoughhispoliticalcareerendedindisgrace,heremainedextremelyinfluentialthroughhisworks,especiallyasphilosophicaladvocateandpractitionerofthescientificmethodduringthescientificrevolution.TextBNewWordsandExpressions:1.regnant['reɡn?nt]adj.統(tǒng)治的；占優(yōu)勢(shì)的；

流行的，廣泛的ElizabethIwasqueenregnantofEnglandandIrelandfrom17November1558untilherdeath.伊麗莎白一世于1558年11月17直至去世，任英格蘭和愛爾蘭女王2.bequeath[bi'kwi:e]vt.遺贈(zèng)；把…遺贈(zèng)給；把…傳下去Herhalf-brother,EdwardVI,bequeathedthecrowntoLadyJaneGrey,cuttinghishalf-sistersoutofthesuccession.Hiswillwassetaside.她同父異母的兄弟愛德華六世切斷了其妹的繼承權(quán)而把王冠遺贈(zèng)予簡(jiǎn)格雷夫人。而他的遺囑被駁回。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:3.execute['eksikju:t]vt.實(shí)行；執(zhí)行；處死LadyJaneGreywasexecuted,andin1558ElizabethsucceededtheCatholicMaryI,duringwhosereignshehadbeenimprisonedfornearlyayearonsuspicionofsupportingProtestantrebels.4.motto['m?t?u]n.座右銘，格言；箴言O(shè)neofhermottoeswas“videoettaceo“(〞Isee,andsaynothing〞).她的座右銘是“明察無言〞〔直譯：“我觀看，但我沉默〞〕。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:5.reign[rein]vi.統(tǒng)治；支配；盛行；君臨，n.統(tǒng)治；統(tǒng)治時(shí)期；支配TheElizabethanerawasatimeassociatedwithQueenElizabethI’sreignandisoftenconsideredtobethegoldenageinEnglishhistory.7.realm[relm]n.領(lǐng)域，范圍；王國Myreignhathbeenpeaceable,andmyrealmareceptacletothyafflictedChurch.我的統(tǒng)治已是和平安定的，我的王國是你受難教徒的避難所。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:8.petition[pi'ti??n]n.請(qǐng)?jiān)?；祈求；[法]訴狀，vi.請(qǐng)?jiān)?；?qǐng)求，

vt.請(qǐng)?jiān)?；?qǐng)求；懇求9.courtship['k?:t?ip]n.求愛；求婚；求愛期ItwasexpectedthatElizabethwouldmarry,butdespiteseveral

petitionsfromparliamentandnumerouscourtships,she

neverdid.據(jù)估計(jì)伊麗莎白會(huì)結(jié)婚的，但盡管有幾次來自議會(huì)和眾多的求愛請(qǐng)?jiān)?，她從沒有過。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:Asshegrewolder,Elizabethbecamefamousforhervirginity,andacultgrewuparoundher,whichwascelebratedintheportraits,pageants,andliteratureoftheday.隨著年紀(jì)的增長，伊麗莎白以其童真著名，一種頌揚(yáng)于肖像、歷史劇以及文學(xué)作品的崇拜圍繞她形成了。12.sibling['sibli?]n.兄弟姊妹；民族成員Ingovernment,Elizabethwasmoremoderatethanherfatherandsiblings.在治理方面，伊麗莎白比其父親和兄弟姐妹們更為溫和穩(wěn)健。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:13.expedition[,ekspi'di??n]n.遠(yuǎn)征；探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)；迅速AnattemptbyPhilipIIofSpaintoinvadeEnglandwiththeSpanishArmadain1588wasfamouslydefeated,butthetideofwarturnedagainstEnglandwithanunsuccessfulexpeditiontoPortugalandtheAzores,theDrake-NorrisExpeditionof1589.14.assessment[?'sesm?nt]n.評(píng)定；估價(jià)Somehistoriansaremorereservedintheirassessment.一些歷史學(xué)家對(duì)其評(píng)估有所保存。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:15.depict[di'pikt]vt.描述；描畫TheydepictElizabethasashort-tempered,sometimesindecisiveruler,whoenjoyedmorethanhershareofluck.他們將伊麗莎白描繪成一個(gè)脾氣暴躁、有時(shí)優(yōu)柔寡斷，更多時(shí)候享有其好運(yùn)的統(tǒng)治者。16.rebellion[ri'belj?n]n.叛亂；對(duì)抗；謀反；不服從ThereafterSpainprovidedsomesupportforIrishCatholicsinadebilitatingrebellionagainstEnglishrule,andSpanishnavalandlandforcesinflictedaseriesofreversalsagainstEnglishoffensives.此后西班牙在愛爾蘭天主教徒對(duì)英格蘭統(tǒng)治進(jìn)行衰弱叛亂的時(shí)候?yàn)槠涮峁┝艘恍┲С?，于是西班牙海軍和陸軍部?duì)對(duì)英國的進(jìn)攻造成了一系列的形勢(shì)逆轉(zhuǎn)。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:17.charismatic[,k?riz'm?tik]adj.超凡魅力的；神賜能力的18.dogged['d?gid]adj.頑強(qiáng)的；頑固的，vt.跟蹤；尾隨19.ramshackle['r?m,??kl]adj.搖晃的；放縱的20.jeopardize['d?ep?daiz]vt.危害；使陷危地；使受危困Elizabethisacknowledgedasacharismaticperformerandadoggedsurvivor,inanagewhengovernmentwasramshackleandlimitedandwhenmonarchsinneighboringcountriesfacedinternalproblemsthatjeopardizedtheirthrones.在政府能力有限搖搖欲墜，在鄰國君主面臨危及自己王位的內(nèi)部問題的這樣一時(shí)代，伊麗莎白是被公認(rèn)的一位有著超凡魅力的執(zhí)行者，是一位堅(jiān)強(qiáng)頑固的幸存者。TextBNewWordsandExpressions:21.engulf[in'ɡ?lf]vt.吞沒；吞食，狼吞虎咽ItwasabriefperiodoflargelyinternalpeacebetweentheEnglishReformationandthebattlesbetweenProtestantsandCatholicsandthebattlesbetweenparliamentandthemonarchythatengulfedtheseventeenthcentury.22.embroil[im'br?il]vt.使卷入；使混亂Francewasembroiledinitsownreligiousbattlesthatwouldonlybesettledin1598withtheEdictofNantes.TextBNewWordsandExpressions:23.mistress['mistris]n.