高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)外刊改編語(yǔ)法填空題百日Day+15+ Day+16

原創(chuàng)外刊改編語(yǔ)法填空題打卡Day15Wenowknowwhywemessupwhenthestakesarehigh The

prospect

ofarewardusuallymotivatesustoperformbetter,butaparticularlybigonecanhavetheoppositeeffect——likelosingatapenaltyshoot-out.Now,researchershaveidentifiedapotentialbrain

mechanism

thatmaycauseusto

choke

underpressure. In2021,AdamSmoulderatCarnegieMellonUniversity,Pennsylvania,andhiscolleaguesshowedthatnon-human

primates

canalsofailtocarryoutataskwhenitseeminglymatters_____1______(much).Theresearcherstrainedthreerhesusmonkeystoperformadifficultreachingtaskinreturn_____2______areward——sugarywater——andfoundthattheyperformedworstwhentherewardwasmost

plentiful. Tobetterunderstandwhythishappens,thesameresearcherstrainedadifferentgroupofrhesusmonkeystoreachforasmallmovingtarget,whichrequiredfastand

accuratemovements,inexchangefordifferentquantitiesofsugarywater.Theyusedmicroelectrodestorecordtheactivityof

neurons

intheanimals’motorcortex,thebrainregion_____3______plansand

executes

movements. Theteamfoundthatindividualcellsinthisregionweresensitivetothesizeoftheexpectedrewardand“tuned”theirresponsesaccordingly–increasingtheiractivityin

anticipation

oflargerrewardsanddecreasingit_____4______theyexpectedsmallerones.Whenlookingatthe

coordinated

activityoftheregion’scells,theresearchersalsofoundneural“signatures”forplannedmovements,witheachofthemonkeys’upcomingreachesbeingassociatedwithadistinctpatternofneuralactivitythat

corresponded

toplanningtheexecutionofthemovement. Butwhenthemonkeysexpecteda

jackpot

reward,thedifferencebetweenthesignaturesforeachplannedreachmovementdecreaseddramatically.Themovementplanninginformationthatwas

encoded

inthecellpopulationbrokedown,makingthepatternsthat_____5______(associate)witheachpossiblemovementharderto

distinguish

fromoneanother.Thissuggeststhatreward-relatedinformation

interacts

withtheformationofmotorcommandsignalsinthemotorcortex,saytheresearchers. Theanticipationofarewardthereforeappears_____6______(boost)ourmotorplanningsothatweexecutethebestpossiblemovementtoachievethisprize,buttheexpectationofahugerewardseemsto

interfere

withthisprocess,making_____7______hardertoselectthebestmotorcommand._____8______(consequence),themovementmaynotbeprepared,orexecuted,aswellasitcouldbe. Whythisoccurs,however,isunclear.“We’dreallylovetofindoutifit’sthe

dopamine

—aneurotransmitter_____9______(involve)in

pleasurable

rewardsandmotivation—systemgoing

haywire

thatthrowsthemotorcortexoffbalanceatthekeymoment,”saysstudyauthorAaronBatistaattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Theresearchersexpectthat_____10______similar

neurologicalmechanismoccursinpeople.“Monkeyschokeunderpressureinwayssimilartohowhumansdo,andthe

cerebralcortices

ofmonkeysandhumansaresimilar,”saysBatista. Withfurtherresearch,theresultsmaypointtowaysthatwecouldonedaywarnpeopleiftheymaybeabouttounderperformwhilestressed,hesays.“Itis

tantalising

tothinkthatifwecouldeventuallyfindsomesignatureof(chokingunderpressureusing)mobileimaging,wecouldinformpeopleofwhetherornottheyarelikelytochoke,”saysBatista.Wenowknowwhywemessupwhenthestakesarehigh The

prospect

ofarewardusuallymotivatesustoperformbetter,butaparticularlybigonecanhavetheoppositeeffect——likelosingatapenaltyshoot-out.Now,researchershaveidentifiedapotentialbrain

mechanism

thatmaycauseusto

choke

underpressure. In2021,AdamSmoulderatCarnegieMellonUniversity,Pennsylvania,andhiscolleaguesshowedthatnon-human

primates

canalsofailtocarryoutataskwhenitseeminglymattersmost(much).Theresearcherstrainedthreerhesusmonkeystoperformadifficultreachingtaskinreturnforareward——sugarywater——andfoundthattheyperformedworstwhentherewardwasmost

plentiful. Tobetterunderstandwhythishappens,thesameresearcherstrainedadifferentgroupofrhesusmonkeystoreachforasmallmovingtarget,whichrequiredfastand

accuratemovements,inexchangefordifferentquantitiesofsugarywater.Theyusedmicroelectrodestorecordtheactivityof

neurons

intheanimals’motorcortex,thebrainregionwhich/thatplansand

executes

movements. Theteamfoundthatindividualcellsinthisregionweresensitivetothesizeoftheexpectedrewardand“tuned”theirresponsesaccordingly–increasingtheiractivityin

anticipation

oflargerrewardsanddecreasingitwhentheyexpectedsmallerones.Whenlookingatthe

coordinated

activityoftheregion’scells,theresearchersalsofoundneural“signatures”forplannedmovements,witheachofthemonkeys’upcomingreachesbeingassociatedwithadistinctpatternofneuralactivitythat

corresponded

toplanningtheexecutionofthemovement. Butwhenthemonkeysexpecteda

jackpot

reward,thedifferencebetweenthesignaturesforeachplannedreachmovementdecreaseddramatically.Themovementplanninginformationthatwas

encoded

inthecellpopulationbrokedown,makingthepatternsthatwereassociated(associate)witheachpossiblemovementharderto

distinguish

fromoneanother.Thissuggeststhatreward-relatedinformation

interacts

withtheformationofmotorcommandsignalsinthemotorcortex,saytheresearchers. Theanticipationofarewardthereforeappearstoboost(boost)ourmotorplanningsothatweexecutethebestpossiblemovementtoachievethisprize,buttheexpectationofahugerewardseemsto

interfere

withthisprocess,makingithardertoselectthebestmotorcommand.Consequently(consequence),themovementmaynotbeprepared,orexecuted,aswellasitcouldbe. Whythisoccurs,however,isunclear.“We’dreallylovetofindoutifit’sthe

dopamine

—aneurotransmitterinvolved(involve)in

pleasurable

rewardsandmotivation—systemgoing

haywire

thatthrowsthemotorcortexoffbalanceatthekeymoment,”saysstudyauthorAaronBatistaattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Theresearchersexpectthatasimilar

neurologicalmechanismoccursinpeople.“Monkeyschokeunderpressureinwayssimilartohowhumansdo,andthe

cerebralcortices

ofmonkeysandhumansaresimilar,”saysBatista. Withfurtherresearch,theresultsmaypointtowaysthatwecouldonedaywarnpeopleiftheymaybeabouttounderperformwhilestressed,hesays.“Itis

tantalising

tothinkthatifwecouldeventuallyfindsomesignatureof(chokingunderpressureusing)mobileimaging,wecouldinformpeopleofwhetherornottheyarelikelytochoke,”saysBatista. 我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)在重要的時(shí)刻會(huì)失誤？ 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，期待獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)會(huì)激勵(lì)我們表現(xiàn)得更好，但過(guò)大的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相反的效果——比如在點(diǎn)球大戰(zhàn)中失利?，F(xiàn)在，研究人員已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種可能導(dǎo)致我們?cè)趬毫ο掳l(fā)揮失常的潛在腦機(jī)制。 2021年，賓夕法尼亞州卡耐基梅隆大學(xué)的亞當(dāng)·斯莫爾德和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，非人類靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物也可能在看似最重要的任務(wù)中失敗。研究人員訓(xùn)練了三只恒河猴，讓它們完成一項(xiàng)困難的伸手動(dòng)作，以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)——含糖水。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)最多時(shí)，它們的表現(xiàn)最差。 為了更好地理解為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況，同樣的研究人員訓(xùn)練了另一組恒河猴去觸碰一個(gè)小型移動(dòng)目標(biāo)，這需要快速準(zhǔn)確的動(dòng)作，并以不同量的含糖水作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。他們使用微電極來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)動(dòng)物運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層神經(jīng)元的活動(dòng)，這個(gè)腦區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)規(guī)劃和執(zhí)行動(dòng)作。 研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)腦區(qū)的部分細(xì)胞對(duì)預(yù)期獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的大小很敏感，并相應(yīng)地地“調(diào)整”它們的反應(yīng)——預(yù)期獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)越大，活動(dòng)就越增加；預(yù)期獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)越小，活動(dòng)就越減少。當(dāng)觀察到這個(gè)腦區(qū)細(xì)胞的協(xié)調(diào)活動(dòng)時(shí)，研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)了計(jì)劃動(dòng)作的神經(jīng)“特征”，每只猴子即將伸手的動(dòng)作都對(duì)應(yīng)著一種獨(dú)特的神經(jīng)活動(dòng)模式，這對(duì)應(yīng)于計(jì)劃執(zhí)行動(dòng)作。 但是，當(dāng)猴子期待獲得頭獎(jiǎng)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)時(shí)，計(jì)劃不同伸手動(dòng)作的神經(jīng)活動(dòng)模式之間的差異顯著減少。神經(jīng)細(xì)胞群中編碼的動(dòng)作計(jì)劃信息被破壞了，導(dǎo)致與各種可能動(dòng)作相關(guān)的模式更難以區(qū)分。研究人員指出，這表明與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)相關(guān)的信息與大腦運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層中的運(yùn)動(dòng)指令信號(hào)的形成發(fā)生了相互作用。 因此，對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的期待似乎可以增強(qiáng)我們的動(dòng)作規(guī)劃，使我們執(zhí)行最佳動(dòng)作以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，但是，對(duì)巨大獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的期望似乎會(huì)干擾這個(gè)過(guò)程，讓我們難以選擇最佳的動(dòng)作命令。所以，這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好，或者沒(méi)有執(zhí)行好。 這種情況為什么會(huì)發(fā)生還不清楚。研究報(bào)告的作者之一、匹茲堡大學(xué)的亞倫·巴蒂斯塔表示：“我們非常想知道，是否是多巴胺系統(tǒng)（一種與愉悅獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和動(dòng)作有關(guān)的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)）失控了，導(dǎo)致在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻運(yùn)動(dòng)皮層的平衡被打破了”。研究人員認(rèn)為人類身上也有類似的神經(jīng)機(jī)制。巴蒂斯塔表示：“猴子在壓力下也會(huì)像人類一樣發(fā)揮失常，猴子和人類的大腦皮層相似”。 他說(shuō)，通過(guò)進(jìn)一步的研究，這些結(jié)果可能會(huì)指出一些方法，讓我們有朝一日能夠在人們壓力下可能表現(xiàn)不佳之前提醒他們。巴蒂斯塔說(shuō)：“如果我們能夠最終利用移動(dòng)成像技術(shù)找到壓力下失誤的某種標(biāo)志，那就太令人心動(dòng)了。這樣我們就能告訴人們他們是否有可能會(huì)失誤”。生詞積累prospectn.展望；前景；希望；前途mechanismn.機(jī)制；機(jī)械裝置；方法；機(jī)件chokev.（因緊張等而）失敗，失靈，失去作用；阻塞；哽噎plentifuladj.大量的；眾多的；充足的；豐富的executev.執(zhí)行；實(shí)施；實(shí)行；處死anticipationn.預(yù)期；期望；預(yù)計(jì)；預(yù)料coordinatev.協(xié)調(diào)；使協(xié)調(diào)；使相配合encodev.把…譯成電碼（或密碼）；把…編碼；把…譯成外語(yǔ)interactv.相互作用；交流；相互影響；溝通interferev.干涉；干預(yù)；介入tantalizingadj.挑逗性的；逗引性的；原創(chuàng)外刊改編語(yǔ)法填空題打卡Day16 TheNursingWorkforceNeedsMoreMen Inlessthantwoyears,theUScouldfaceashortageofupto450,000nurses.Thehealth-caresystemwon’tbeabletofillthisgapwithhalfthepotentialworkforce

onthesidelines:Moremustbedoneto

recruit

menintonursing. Currently,

nurses______1______(comprise)

about12%ofmen,upfromlessthan3%in1970.Boostingtheirnumberwouldnotonlyeaseshortages,______2______offerapathwaytogoodjobsfora

demographic

thathasbeenexitingtheworkforceinalarmingnumbersinrecentyears.Employmentgrowthinsometraditionallymalesectors,suchasmanufacturing,hasallbut

vanished. Yetmentraditionallyhaven’tenterednursingbecause,muchliketeaching,it’s

stigmatizedasafemaleprofession—theterm“malenurse”isacaseinpoint.Meninnursingtendtobecareer-switchers,andoftenincludeformermembersofthe

military,policeofficersandfirefighters.______3______short,theyaremainlycivic-minded

workersdrawntothesix-figuresalaries,careerprogressionandflexibleschedules,withtheaddedbonusofnothavingtositbehindadesk. Recruitingmoreofthemcouldhave

pronounced

benefits.Ampleresearchsuggeststhat______4______(diverse)inthehealth-careworkforceimprovescare.Studieshaveshownthatvisitsarelongerandpatientsaremoresatisfiedwhentheysharethesameraceor

ethnicity

astheirprovider,whichcanhavea

cascade

ofpositive______5______(effect)includingimprovedcommunication,deepertrustandstricter

adherence

tomedicaladvice.Evidencethatpatientsprefersame-genderprovidersisalsostartingtoemerge. Theneedsamongthepatientpopulationcan’tbe

overstated.NativeAmerican,BlackandHispanicmenexperiencedthebiggestdeclinesinlifeexpectancyduringthepandemicandremainamongtheleastrepresenteddemographicsinthenursingworkforce.Maleschoolnurses(andteachers)arealsoatthefrontlinesofa

burgeoning

teenmental-healthcrisis:Adolescentboysarebothlesslikelytoseektreatmentand______6______(likely)todieby

suicide.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhaslongidentifiedtheneedforgender-specificcareforteenboys,______7______mighthaveahardertime

______8______(confide)

inwomen. Althoughaddressingthenursingshortagehasstrong

bipartisan

support,increasingmalerepresentationhasbeenlargelyabsentfromdiscussions.That’samistake.Tostart,lawmakersshouldfollowthetestedmodelofencouragingwomeninSTEM.Recentlegislation,forexample,directedtheNationalScienceFoundationtochannelmoreofitsK-12fundingto

elementary

andpre-K-agestudentstoencourageSTEMcareersearlierinthe

pipeline. Somenursingschoolsengagemiddle-andhigh-schoolersintheircommunitiestoreduce

stigma

andhighlightnursingasaviablecareerpath;theyshouldmakeeveryefforttoincludemalefacultyandnursingstudentsas

rolemodels.Althoughitmightprovepolitically

unpalatable,targetingscholarshipfundingandloan-forgivenessprogramstomalenursingstudentswouldalsomakesense. Ofcourse,menaren’t

immune

tothebroaderforcesdrivingthenursingshortage.Inparticular,nursingschoolsaresoresource-strappedthattheyturnthousandsofqualified______9______(apply)awayeachyear.Stateandfederaleffortstoboostthenumberofnursing

instructors,increase

stipends

(andforgiveloans)fordoctoralstudents,andbroadenaccesstotrainingfacilities(inpersonoronline)need______10______(accelerate). Yetarenewedfocusonrecruitingmencanonlyhelp.Bringingmento

parity

inthefieldwouldaddsome3.5millionnursestoday.Hittingevenafractionofthatfigurewouldbeasignificant

milestone

andimprovethelivesofmillionsofAmericans.It’salong-terminvestmenttheindustrycanjustify.TheNursingWorkforceNeedsMoreMen Inlessthantwoyears,theUScouldfaceashortageofupto450,000nurses.Thehealth-caresystemwon’tbeabletofillthisgapwithhalfthepotentialworkforce

onthesidelines:Moremustbedoneto

recruit

menintonursing. Currently,

nursesarecomprised(comprise)

about12%ofmen,upfromlessthan3%in1970.Boostingtheirnumberwouldnotonlyeaseshortages,butofferapathwaytogoodjobsfora

demographic

thathasbeenexitingtheworkforceinalarmingnumbersinrecentyears.Employmentgrowthinsometraditionallymalesectors,suchasmanufacturing,hasallbut

vanished. Yetmentraditionallyhaven’tenterednursingbecause,muchliketeaching,it’s

stigmatizedasafemaleprofession—theterm“malenurse”isacaseinpoint.Meninnursingtendtobecareer-switchers,andoftenincludeformermembersofthe

military,policeofficersandfirefighters.Inshort,theyaremainlycivic-minded

workersdrawntothesix-figuresalaries,careerprogressionandflexibleschedules,withtheaddedbonusofnothavingtositbehindadesk. Recruitingmoreofthemcouldhave

pronounced

benefits.Ampleresearchsuggeststhatdiversity(diverse)inthehealth-careworkforceimprovescare.Studieshaveshownthatvisitsarelongerandpatientsaremoresatisfiedwhentheysharethesameraceor

ethnicity

astheirprovider,whichcanhavea

cascade

ofpositiveeffects(effect)includingimprovedcommunication,deepertrustandstricter

adherence

tomedicaladvice.Evidencethatpatientsprefersame-genderprovidersisalsostartingtoemerge. Theneedsamongthepatientpopulationcan’tbe

overstated.NativeAmerican,BlackandHispanicmenexperiencedthebiggestdeclinesinlifeexpectancyduringthepandemicandremainamongtheleastrepresenteddemographicsinthenursingworkforce.Maleschoolnurses(andteachers)arealsoatthefrontlinesofa

burgeoning

teenmental-healthcrisis:Adolescentboysarebothlesslikelytoseektreatmentandmorelikely(likely)todieby

suicide.TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationhaslongidentifiedtheneedforgender-specificcareforteenboys,whomighthaveahardertime

confiding(confide)

inwomen. Althoughaddressingthenursingshortagehasstrong

bipartisan

support,increasingmalerepresentationhasbeenlargelyabsentfromdiscussions.That’samistake.Tostart,lawmakersshouldfollowthetestedmodelofencouragingwomeninSTEM.Recentlegislation,forexample,directedtheNationalScienceFoundationtochannelmoreofitsK-12fundingto

elementary

andpre-K-agestudentstoencourageSTEMcareersearlierinthe

pipeline. Somenursingschoolsengagemiddle-andhigh-schoolersintheircommunitiestoreduce

stigma

andhighlightnursingasaviablecareerpath;theyshouldmakeeveryefforttoincludemalefacultyandnursingstudentsas

rolemodels.Althoughitmightprovepolitically

unpalatable,targetingscholarshipfundingandloan-forgivenessprogramstomalenursingstudentswouldalsomakesense. Ofcourse,menaren’t

immune

tothebroaderforcesdrivingthenursingshortage.Inparticular,nursingschoolsaresoresource-strappedthattheyturnthousandsofqualifiedapplicants(apply)awayeachyear.Stateandfederaleffortstoboostthenumberofnursing

instructors,increase

stipends

(andforgiveloans)fordoctoralstudents,andbroadenaccesstotrainingfacilities(inpersonoronline)needtobeacceleated/accelerating(accelerate). Yetarenewedfocusonrecruitingmencanonlyhelp.Brin