中美知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對(duì)措施分析

中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)對(duì)措施分析摘要近來(lái)，中美兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)在互相依靠不斷加強(qiáng)的同時(shí)，彼此之間的摩擦及沖突也在不斷晉級(jí)。其中中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦日漸成為中美貿(mào)易摩擦的焦點(diǎn)，已成為中國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)美出口的最大障礙。中國(guó)企業(yè)頻頻遭遇美國(guó)有關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)的337調(diào)查，時(shí)至今日中國(guó)己經(jīng)成為美國(guó)產(chǎn)權(quán)調(diào)查最主要的調(diào)查對(duì)象和最大的受害國(guó)。這不僅給涉案的中國(guó)企業(yè)造成宏大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，同時(shí)也嚴(yán)峻阻礙了我國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的平穩(wěn)安康開(kāi)展。面對(duì)上述場(chǎng)面，無(wú)論從理論意義上說(shuō)，還是從理論意義上看，中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦都值得探討。本文在學(xué)術(shù)界已獲得的相關(guān)探討根底上，首先對(duì)中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦的現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)展描繪，而后分析了摩擦的現(xiàn)狀特征，然后剖析了中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦產(chǎn)生的緣由，接著又闡述了中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦對(duì)中國(guó)的影響。進(jìn)而結(jié)合我國(guó)實(shí)際狀況，提出了我國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)中美產(chǎn)權(quán)摩擦的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。關(guān)鍵詞：中美產(chǎn)權(quán)貿(mào)易摩擦337調(diào)查應(yīng)對(duì)措施AnalysisofCounter-measureandCurrentSituationofSino-USPropertyRightsTradeFrictionAbstractInrecentyears,Sino-USeconomicinterdependencecontinuetostrengthen.Atthesametime,thefrictionandconflictwitheachotherareconstantlyupgraded.Sino-UStradefrictioninwhichPropertyisbecomingthefocusofSino-UStradefriction,ChinesecompanieshavebecomethebiggestobstacletoexportstotheU.S..ChinesecompaniesfrequentlysufferfromtheU.S.337investigationsrelatedtoProperty,todayChinahasbecomethemostimportantAmericanPropertyrightsinvestigatersandthebiggestvictimofthesurvey.ThisisnotonlytoChinesecompaniesinvolvedinthecasewhosufferedgreateconomiclosses,butalsoaseriousimpedimenttoChina'sstableandhealthydevelopmentofforeigntrade.Facingthementionedsituation,bothfromtheoreticalsense,andfromthepracticalpointofview,Sino-UStradefrictionofPropertyrightsareworthstudying.Thisarticlehasbeenmadeonthebasisofacademiccommunity’srelatedresearch.Firstly,thearticledescribedthecurrentsituationofSino-USPropertyRightstradefriction,andthenanalyzesthecurrentcharacteristicsoffriction,andthenanalyzesthecausesofSino-USPropertyrightstradefriction,andthentheydescribedtheeffectofChina-USPropertyrightstradefrictiontoChina.Andthenaccordingtothecurrentsituationinourcountry,putforwardourcounter-measuretothetradefrictionofSino-USPropertyrights.Keywords:Sino-US；Property；Tradefriction；337survey；Counter-measure；外文文獻(xiàn)AnalysisofCounter-measureandCurrentSituationofSino-USPropertyRightsTradedisputeFirst，TheUnitedStatesandprotectionofPropertydisputesStatusChina'saccessiontoWTO,therapiddevelopmentofSino-UStrade,whichChinaexportstotheU.S.morethan30%annualincrease,from92.5billionU.S.dollarsin2003to203.5billionU.S.dollarsin2006,theU.S.tradedeficitwithChinaisgrowing.Moreover,inanti-dumping,countervailingandsafeguardmeasuresandspecialsafeguardmeasures,technicaltrade,exchangerateandotheraspectsoffrictionarealsoincreasing.5November2003theformerMinisteroftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofCommerceEvanson"TheWallStreetJournal"publishedanarticleentitled"U.S.faircompetition,China"Thearticle,that"thecurrentlackofreciprocityintraderelationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandamajorsourceoffriction"Amongthem,thelackofprotectionofPropertyinChinatotheUnitedStates,undervaluedcurrency,China'sopaquelegalandotherreasonsthattheU.S.provokedthedisputewithChina.Thus,theUnitedStateshasformedapoliticalPropertyrights-tradedeficit-thethoughtpatternsofunemployment,theU.S.hasbeenthelackofprotectionofPropertyinChinaU.S.tradedeficitasanexcuseandjustification.China,theUnitedStatesin2006launchedthe"Special301"reviewandthesub-provincialreview;2007totheWTOdisputesettlementbodyagainstChina's"impactofPropertyprotectionandenforcementmeasures,"thelawsuit;thesametime,involvingChina,theUnitedStates"337investigation"ofcasesalsoincreasedrapidly.Second,Sino-USdisputesoverPropertyprotectionreasonsSino-USdisputesbetweenPropertyprotectionalongtime,butalsopresentsthegrowingtrend.AccordingtoU.S.officialsandcivilsocietyorganizationsissuedstatementsanddocuments,thattheSino-USIPRdisputesinChinaislargelyduetoproblemsinIPRprotection,suchasseriousviolations,lawenforcement,lackoftransparencyoflawenforcement.However,thedisputeledtoSino-USPropertyprotectionreasons,notjustlistentoonesideoftheUnitedStates,butalsotoseetheotherside.ThereasonwhysuccessiveU.S.protectionofPropertydisputes,anditsthreemainreasons:1,China'shugetradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesSinceChina'sreformandopeningupdiplomaticrelationswiththeUnitedStatessincethetwocountrieshaveachievedrapideconomicdevelopment,ChinahasgraduallychangedfromtheU.S.tradedeficittotradesurplus,andthefavorablebalanceofexpanding.Statisticalstandardsasreasonsforthediscrepancybetweenthetwocountries,theU.S.tradedeficitwithChinaGengshiBistatistics,ChinaCustomsfigureshigherthanalength,theamountishugeshocking.BecausetheU.S.textile,steel,automobileandothercompetitiveadvantagesintheinternationalmarkethavegraduallylosttheownersofdomestictextile,steelandautomakerstoputpressureontheGovernment,causedtheriseoftradeprotectionism.U.S.governmentinordertomeetthesedomesticforces,butalsokeepthedomesticeconomicproblemsduetohugetradedeficit,frequentlyputpressureonChina.2,China-USeconomicrelationsofunequalinternationalstatusSino-USeconomicandtraderelationsalsoleadtounequalSino-UStradefrictionanddisputetheimportanceofPropertyprotectionreasons.TheUnitedStatesistheworld'slargesteconomyandlargestcountryinforeigntrade,manycountrieshavetorelyontheU.S.market,sotheU.S.influenceonothercountriescanbesaidtobeenormous,andChinaisnoexception.However,inturn,theU.S.dependenceonChinaisverylow.Insuchunequaltraderelationsunderthepremise,Chinaofteninapassiveposition,strugglingtocopewith,oreventomaintainitseconomicdevelopmenthadinthepolicyformulationandimplementationtomakeconcessions.TheUnitedStatesisrelyingonitseconomicsuperiorityandadvancedtechnology,protectionofPropertyrightsin"proper"name,tolimitourcompany'scompetitivenessindomesticandforeignmarketsinordertoprotecttheirPropertyrightsandmarketadvantagespurposes.3,theChinesestillneedtofurtherimprovetheIPRprotectionsystemChina'saccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganization,Propertyprotectionhasbecomethecountry'smaineconomicpolicy.Propertyrightsofforeigntradeactivitiesinthesituationhasclearlyimproved,buttherearealsosomeproblems.China'scurrenteconomicandtradereformshavenotyetfullycompleted,inconflictwithWTOrulesrepealthelawsandregulations,modification,coordination,andlegislationisstillinprogress;oftheWTOdisputesettlementmechanismarenotfamiliarwiththerulesandproceduresandlackofexperience,cannoteffectivelyuseofrelevantlawsandregulationssafeguardingthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofourcountry;intheimplementation,thereisstilltheoverallproblemofinadequatelawenforcement,failuretoabidestrictlyenforced,impunityisveryserious.Atthesametime,manyofourweakawarenessofPropertybusiness,piracyisserious.Third,theSino-USdisputeonIPRprotectionofChinaPropertyrelationsareintheSino-USrelationscanhaveamajorimpact,becausetherelationshipbetweenSino-USPropertyrightsarepoliticized,thatis,PropertyissuesinSino-USrelationsisnotonlyalegalissue,itisnotonlyaneconomicandtradeproblems,butalsoapoliticalissue.CanalsosaythatSino-USrelationsChina-USPropertyRightsundertheinfluenceofpoliticalrelations,thetwocountrieshasincreasinglybecomeapoliticalobjectivetoachieveaneffectivemeans,whilealsograduallyhavetheinterestsofbothcountriestocoordinateandcontroltherelationshipbetweenthedirectionofbilateralrelationsthepoliticalfunction.Theonehand,theperformancecharacteristicsofSino-USrelationsintheUnitedStatesintensifiedtheconflictbetween,ontheotherhandtheperformanceofthegrowthinthepossibilitiesforcooperation.TheroleofChina-USrelationsliesinProperty:itspossiblecooperationinSino-USrelationsfromthedevelopedtothenecessityofcooperationprovidesadeterministicpath;PropertyrightsandpoliticalrelationshipbetweenPropertylegalsystemforChinatohaveanimportantimpactontheprocess.TofulfillthefirstIPagreement.Chinain1992andrevised"PatentLaw"toexpandthescopeofpatentprotection,extendingthetermofpatentprotection,enhancedpatentprotection,andimprovethepatentapprovalprocess.ThelegalsystemonPropertylawrevisedandstrengthenedPropertyagreement,isdeepinChina'sopeningupthecaseofcontinuouslycarriedout,ingeneralterms,inlinewiththeoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopmentrequirements.ThepoliticalrelationshipbetweenChinaandtheU.S.PropertyrightstoPropertyrightsinChinaaheadofthelegalsystemandspeeduptheprocess.中文翻譯：中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜爭(zhēng)議及其應(yīng)對(duì)策略分析一、中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜爭(zhēng)議現(xiàn)狀中國(guó)參與WTO以來(lái),中美貿(mào)易開(kāi)展迅猛,其中,中國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)出口每遞增30%以上,已從2003925億美元增至20062035億美元,美國(guó)對(duì)華貿(mào)易逆差則日益擴(kuò)大。不但如此,在反傾銷、反補(bǔ)貼、保障措施及特殊保障措施、技術(shù)貿(mào)易、匯率制度等方面的摩擦也日漸增加。2003年11月5日美國(guó)商務(wù)部原部長(zhǎng)Evans在華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)發(fā)表了題為美國(guó)公允競(jìng)爭(zhēng),中國(guó)呢的文章,認(rèn)為“目前缺少對(duì)等是美中貿(mào)易關(guān)系發(fā)生摩擦的主要根源〞。其中,中國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)缺少產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜、人民幣匯率低估、中國(guó)法律的不透亮等緣由使得美國(guó)挑起對(duì)華爭(zhēng)端。由此可見(jiàn),美國(guó)政界已形成了產(chǎn)權(quán)-貿(mào)易逆差-失業(yè)的思維形式,美國(guó)始終將中國(guó)對(duì)產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜不力作為美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差的借口和理由。2006美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)起了“特殊301條款〞審查并進(jìn)展分省審查;2007向WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)提出針對(duì)中國(guó)的“影響產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜和執(zhí)行的措施〞的訴訟;同時(shí),美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)涉及“337調(diào)查〞的案件也快速增加。二、中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜出現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)議的緣由中美兩國(guó)之間的產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜紛爭(zhēng)由來(lái)已久,而且呈現(xiàn)愈演愈烈的趨勢(shì)。依據(jù)美國(guó)官方和民間組織發(fā)布的聲明和文件來(lái)看,認(rèn)為中美產(chǎn)權(quán)紛爭(zhēng)的主要緣由在于中國(guó)在產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜方面存在問(wèn)題,例如侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)峻、執(zhí)法不力、執(zhí)法缺乏透亮度等。但是導(dǎo)致中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜紛爭(zhēng)的緣由,不能只聽(tīng)美國(guó)的一面之辭,還要看到問(wèn)題的另一面。中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜紛爭(zhēng)之所以接連不斷,其主要緣由有三點(diǎn):(一)中國(guó)對(duì)美貿(mào)易的宏大順差自中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放及美建交以來(lái),兩國(guó)經(jīng)貿(mào)獲得了突飛猛進(jìn)的開(kāi)展,中國(guó)也由對(duì)美貿(mào)易逆差漸漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘Q(mào)易順差,并且順差額不斷擴(kuò)大。由于兩國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑不一樣的緣由,美國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)的對(duì)華逆差更是比中國(guó)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)的數(shù)字高出一截,數(shù)額之巨令人駭人動(dòng)目。由于美國(guó)紡織品、鋼鐵、汽車等在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)漸漸相繼丟失,國(guó)內(nèi)紡織業(yè)主、鋼鐵及汽車消費(fèi)商對(duì)政府施加壓力,引起了國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易疼惜主義的抬頭。美國(guó)政府為了迎合這些國(guó)內(nèi)權(quán)利,也不斷將國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題歸結(jié)于巨額貿(mào)易逆差,對(duì)中國(guó)頻頻施壓。(二)中美經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系國(guó)際地位的不對(duì)等中美經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易關(guān)系的不對(duì)等也是引發(fā)中美貿(mào)易摩擦及產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜糾紛的重要緣由。美國(guó)是世界上第一經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó),也是最大的從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易的國(guó)家,很多國(guó)家都要依靠著美國(guó)的市場(chǎng),所以美國(guó)對(duì)其他國(guó)家的影響力可以說(shuō)是宏大的,中國(guó)也不例外。但是反過(guò)來(lái),美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)的依存度卻很低。在這樣不對(duì)等的貿(mào)易關(guān)系的前提下,中國(guó)就往往處于被動(dòng)的地位,疲于應(yīng)對(duì),甚至為了維護(hù)本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)展而不得不在有關(guān)的政策的制定和執(zhí)行上作出讓步。而美國(guó)正是依托自身經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)和先進(jìn)技術(shù)程度,在疼惜產(chǎn)權(quán)的“正值〞名義下,限制我國(guó)企業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)外市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,以此到達(dá)維護(hù)其產(chǎn)權(quán)優(yōu)勢(shì)和市場(chǎng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的目的。(三)中國(guó)產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜體系尚需進(jìn)一步完善我國(guó)參與世界貿(mào)易組織后,產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜已成為國(guó)家的主要經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。對(duì)外貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的產(chǎn)權(quán)狀況已有明顯的改善,但同時(shí)也存在一些問(wèn)題。我國(guó)目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易體制改革尚未完全完成,及WTO規(guī)則相抵觸的法律法規(guī)的廢止、修改、協(xié)調(diào)及立法仍在進(jìn)展中;對(duì)WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制規(guī)則和程序的不熟識(shí)和閱歷缺乏,不行以有效地運(yùn)用相關(guān)法律法規(guī)維護(hù)我國(guó)正值權(quán)益;在執(zhí)行上,照舊存在整體執(zhí)法力度不夠的問(wèn)題,有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)、違法不糾現(xiàn)象特殊嚴(yán)峻。及此同時(shí),我國(guó)很多企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)意識(shí)淡薄,侵權(quán)盜版現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)峻。三、中美產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜爭(zhēng)議對(duì)兩國(guó)的影響產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系之所以在中美關(guān)系中可以產(chǎn)生重要的影響,是因?yàn)橹忻喇a(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系被政治化,也就是說(shuō),產(chǎn)權(quán)問(wèn)題在中美關(guān)系中不僅是一個(gè)法律問(wèn)題,也不僅是一個(gè)經(jīng)貿(mào)問(wèn)題,而且還是一個(gè)政治問(wèn)題。也可以說(shuō),中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系在中美政治關(guān)系的影響下,越來(lái)越成為實(shí)現(xiàn)中美兩國(guó)政治目的的有效手段,同時(shí)還逐步具備協(xié)調(diào)和限制兩國(guó)利益關(guān)系、影響兩國(guó)關(guān)系走向的政治功能。中美關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)一方面表如今中美之間沖突的加劇,另一方面表如今合作可能性的增長(zhǎng)。中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系開(kāi)展的作用在于:它對(duì)中美關(guān)系從合作的可能性開(kāi)展到合作的必定性供應(yīng)了一條確定性的途徑;產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系政治化對(duì)中國(guó)產(chǎn)權(quán)法制化進(jìn)程也產(chǎn)生重要的影響。為了兌現(xiàn)第一個(gè)產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議的內(nèi)容。中國(guó)于1992修改的專利法中擴(kuò)大了專利疼惜的范圍,延長(zhǎng)了專利疼惜期限,強(qiáng)化了專利權(quán)的疼惜,完善了專利權(quán)審批程序。關(guān)于產(chǎn)權(quán)法律制度修訂和加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)權(quán)執(zhí)法的協(xié)議,是在我國(guó)對(duì)外開(kāi)放不斷深人的狀況下進(jìn)展的,從總體上來(lái)看,符合我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)開(kāi)展的總體要求。而中美產(chǎn)權(quán)關(guān)系政治化使我國(guó)的產(chǎn)權(quán)法制化的進(jìn)程提早和加快了。Sino-UStradefrictionandthereasonsfortheevolutionofPropertySecond,theSino-UStradefrictionandtheevolutionofPropertyMainlandChinahasfromthe80soflastcenturyandtheUnitedStatesonPropertydisputes,manytimesadisputeandreachanagreement.Tointensity,thismayallbasedontheU.S."Special301"investigationbroughtthecaseisunprecedented.(A)thefirstPropertydisputeThefirstPropertydisputesinthelate80s.April1989,theU.S.TradeRepresentativeOfficeissueda"Reportoftheexternaltradebarriers,"theUnitedStatesaccusedChinaoffailingtoprovideadequateandeffectiveintellectualprotection,especiallycopyrightsysteminthepatentsystemandthereisaseriousdefect,itwillbeChinaincludedinthe"keyobservationoftheState"list.

(B)ThesecondPropertydisputesPropertydisputesinthesecondfrom1991to1992.April26,1991includedtheUnitedStatestraderepresentativetoChina,"focuscountries"list,andthatChina'spatentlawprotectionofyourrangeisnotenough;copyrightlawisnotfullyworkedout:Thecomputersoftwaredoesnotcomeundertheprotectionofliteraryworks.AtthesametimelaunchedtheChineselaws,policiesandotheraspectsofinvestigations.Thetwosidesduringthewar,whileintraderetaliationhasconductedseveralroundsofconsultations,culminatingintheJanuary17,1992signedthefirstagreementonPropertyprotection.

(C)ThethirdintherelevantPropertydisputesOccurredin1994,thethirdSino-USPropertydispute.February1994,theU.S.traderepresentativeaccusedChina:Propertysince1992invasiontovotestraightup;trademarkinfringementveryseriousphenomenon:lackoftransparencyinlawenforcement:theUnitedStatestowelStatescopyrightandpatentrightsdonotprovideadequateandeffectiveprotection.April30,1994,inthe"Special301"annualadjustmentLian

,TheU.S.TradeRepresentativetoChinaagainas"themostseriousviolationsoftheU.S.patentandcopyrightcountry"andthreatenedwithin60daysifunabletoreachasettlementagreement,Chinawillbeincludedin"keycountries"list.June,theStateCouncilInformationOfficeoftheChinesegovernmentissueda'ChinaProperty,"thewhitesection,announcedtotheworldthedevelopmentofthePropertysysteminChina.February26,1995,thetwosidesexchangednoteswiththewaythetwosides,and<effectivePropertyprotectionandimplementationoftheActionPlan"asanannextoanagreement.

(D)FourthPropertydisputesFourthofPropertydisputesoccurredin1996.ThistimethefocusisonCD,videoproductsandCD.TheillicitproductionofROM.U.S.delegatesthatChinahadnotkepttheeffectiveimplementationoftheUnitedStatesandChinareachedagreementonPropertyprotection.Afterseveralroundsofnegotiationsthetwosides,onJune17,1997tothethirdPropertyagreementnegotiated.Butthisagreementonlyrelatestothemobilityissueratherthanaseriesofcommitments.

(E)intensifyingSino-USIPRdisputesApril29,2005,theU.S.justiceannouncedthe"Special301"report.Thistime,Chinahasonceagainbeenincludedinthe"keyobservationoftheState"list.Butinthepastbeenaccusedof"imperfectlegislation"doesnotDivisionI,the"strictlyenforced","opaquework"becamethefocus.Inaddition,ChinalaunchedintheU.S."Special301investigation"atthesametime,moreandmoreuseof"337"tostartinfringementproceedingsagainstChineseproducts.

Second,Sino-UStradefrictioncausesofPropertyRights

Sino-UStradeinthemouthofJrelatedtoPropertyissues『frequentfriction,ontheonehandandtheU.S.tradeprotectionismisrampantabout:otherhand,ChinaitselfisalsointhelackofPropertyrightsofPropertycausesfrequentfriction.

(A)oftheU.S.tradeprotectionismisrampantIntheory.Underfreetrade,theworldtrappedinaccordancewiththecomparativeadvantageofdivisionoflaborandtradetoachieveitsmaximumbenefits.However.Freetradesystemisjustabeautifulideal,today'sinternationaltradeactivitiesintheexistenceofthephenomenonoftradeprotectionismofallkinds.Accordingtoformsofchange,internationaltradeprotectionismhasgonethroughfourphases:thefirststageisthestageofthetraditionalhigh-tariffbarriers:thesecondphaseofthegeneralnon-tariffOrganisationfootbarrierstage:thethirdphaseoffullgeneralnon-tariffbarriersandtechnicalShiubarrierstotradebothstages.Thefourthstageisthemaintechnicalbarrierstotradeprotectionismstage.Withthedevelopmentofinternationaleconomicintegrationandtradeliberalizationinthetraditionaltariffandnon-tariffbarrierscontinuetoremovethesoilbaseatthesametime,boastofitstechnicaltradebarriersandgreaterflexibilityandhiddenintheimplementationandoperationconvenience,subjecttotradeprotection.Fengyiofallages.Gametwoisthemethodused,analysisoftradebarriersthecountrytosetuptechnologyandbrakeintrinsicmotivation.

Assumptions:(1)AStateBStateanddivisionoflaboraccordingtocomparativeadvantageandtrade;(2)AandBaroundthecountrytoallowonlywaytolimittheuseoftechnicalbarriersotherexports.Inordershallbethegreatergood.Lacattleonbothsides}programcanchoose,oneisnotsettechnicalbarriers;oneistheTechnicalBarrier:(3)Bdoesnotexistbetweenthedecisionmakerstheinformationconstraints,theirlevelofsatisfactionofanypolicycanbeusedtoaccuratelyvaluemeasured.AndstrategiesoftheirprofitsasshowninFigurel.Here,usingtheclassicalmethodtoanalyzethegamemodelprisonersettechnicalsoilbarrieraroundthehousemotives.Anygovernmentpolicytoothercountriesasgiven,thenasarationalchoiceofcountrieswillhavedominantstrategyofthemotivationthatsettechnicalbarriers.Andremovethebadpolicythatisstrictlynotsettechnicalbarriers.ThisdecisionbringsbenefitstocountriesnottosetthecountrythanthewelfareofIllismaller.Thetopleftofthefigurethevalue(O,O)tothebottomrightofthefigureislessthanthevalue(0.5,O.5).

Althoughthesettingofnationaltechnicaltradebarriersthatlovedoesnotsettechnicalbarrierstotradecanimprovewelfare,willsetthetechnicaltradebarriersbetweentheinterestsoftiledamage,buttheystillhavethemotivationtosettechnicalbarrierstotrade,itisthepursuitofself-interestgameresults.

Propertyprotectionasatechnicalbarriertotrade.Isduetotechnologyinnovation,soinaparticularareaof??technologyintheclearlead,withindependentPropertyrights,accesstothemonopolisticcompetitiveadvantage.Ininternationaltrade,Propertyprotectionisdifferentfromotherformsoftechnicalbarrierstotrade,itisoftenenoughtoprotecttheobjectexporteroftechnologygoods.SincethereformandopeningupChina'seconomyhassustainedrapidgrowthofmorethan20years,theaveragegrowthrateof9%,foreigntradegrowthratereached19.8%.EspeciallyafterChina'saccessiontoWTO,China'simportandexportgrowthin2001,only7.5%,andfromtheincreaseintotalimportsandexportsin2002werehigherthan20%ofitsannualgrowthratein2003,2004toupto35%ormore,China'sforeigntradegrowth

Startoacceleratethetrend.Amongthem,theimportandexportvolumefrom2001to509.77billionU.S.dollarsin2007to2.1trillion,equivalenttothe"WTO"beforemorethan4timesin2001.Atthesametime.Sino-USeconomicandtraderelations,IllStateisbecomingamajorreversetheUnitedStatestoraisethecountry.Inthiscontext.ThesharpincreaseinSino-UStradefrictionisinevitable.WTOframework,thevarioustariffbarriershavefallensubstantially,thetraditionalimportquotas,licensing,andothernon-tariffmeasuresbytheconstraintsandrestrictions,intoonestepiscanceledandnorms.BecausetheU.S.ismainlytheknowledgeandtechnology-intensiveindustries,strengthenPropertyprotection,notonlycantheownerofPropertyprotectionbenefits,butalsolong-termtechnologicalsuperioritytheUnitedStates,isconducivetoitslong-termdevelopment.Meanwhile,thetowelisthecountry'sforeigntradeinthemajorplusTtrade,lackofcorepatentedtechnology.Therefore,thetwosidesofthegameinthetowelduringpodisf-,theUnitedStatesisboundtoprotectitsownsetoftechnicalbarrierstotrade,ofwhichChina'sIPsystemisimperfect,thelackofcoretechnologypatent,isboundtomakeuseofPropertybarrierstoUnitedStateswillgetmorebenefits.So,tosay,Sino-USeconomicandtraderelationsbetweenthefrictiongeneratedinthePropertytradeprotectionismisactuallyareflectionoftheUnitedStates.

(B)theinadequacyofPropertyinChina

1.TheChinesegovernment'sinadequateprotectionofProperty

Sino-UStradefrictioninmanyofthePropertyaspectsoftheChinesegovernmentfocusonwhethertheprotectionofPropertylegislationimprovement,effective.TheUnitedStatesbelievesChina'simperfectlegislationonProperty,lawenforcementisnotenough,cannoteffectivelyprotectAmericanpatents.WithChina'saccessionto"WTO",ChinahastakenmanymeasurestoimprovethePropertysystemtointernationalstandards,butenforcementofPropertyprotectionwiththeUnitedStatestherearestillsomegaps.ThisleadstoviolationsofChinesecompanieshaveoccurred,thereisnosenseofinnovation,therewillinevitablyleadtoSino-UStradefrictiononPropertyrights.Turn2.Chinesecompanieslackcorepatentedtechnology,lackofconfidenceinresponsetoPropertylitigation

Inrecentyears,withChina'srapideconomicgrowthandgrowingcapacityofChina'sforeigntrade.ButChina'sforeigntradegrowthmainlydependsontheprocessingindustry,thelackofindependentPropertyrightsandcorepatentedtechnology,easytoinvolvementintheinfringementofProperty.Therefore,ChineseenterprisesraisedU.S.Section337casesshowedanincreasingtrend.Inthe"Section337"investigation,thecompanycanprovethefactofimportationofinfringingproductsthatarerelevantindustriesintheUnitedStatescanbeconvicted.Thus,U.S.companies,mentionthe"Section337"requirementapricottoneisrelativelylow,filingiseasy.Forbusinessesinvolvedincopyrightinfringement.Astheinvestigationconcerningthetechnicalcontentofmoreprofessionaltodealwiththemmorecomplicatedandmoredifficult.Surveyto337Chineseenterprisesfacealackof

Theconfidenceoftherespondentdidnottakeanymeasures,whichwilleventuallyconvictedthedefendantabsentthegroundsofpassiveacceptanceofthecontentsoftheproductswereexcludedduetothefailureintheU.S.market.

Third,thefrictionfaceofU.S.Propertyrights,Chinashouldtakemeasuresto

(A)TheChinesegovernmentshouldtakemeasuresto

1.StrengtheningthelegalprotectionofPropertyrights,includingPropertylegislationandlawenforcementandeconomicdevelopmentoftheclosecontact.Firstofall,technologyandPropertysystemisconducivetoeffectiveallocationofinformationresources;second.Propertysystemthatencouragesinnovationandcreativity,encouragingthedevelopmentofadditionalinformation:Finally,aneffectivePropertysystemtopromotenewtechnologyproductsandmarketization.GovernmenttostrengthenprotectionofPropertylawandenforcementTemple,theinventorcanbeaneffectiveincentivetoincreasethevarietyofinventionandcreation,therebyenhancingthecountry'sinnovationcapability.GraduallyreducetheU.S.tradetIIcausedbythelackofinnovationandPropertyfreeoffriction,especially"Section337"investigationincasesofpatentinfringementrelatedtothecore.

2.RaiseawarenessofPropertyprotection

ProtectionofPropertyisthekeyliesintheawarenessofIPRprotection.Itdependsonthegovernment'sattitudetowardsPropertyprotection.RobustprotectionofPropertylegislationandstrictlawenforcement,theoccurrenceofviolationswouldhaveadeterrenteffect.Atthesametime,strengthenPropertyprotection,butalsotoimprovethenation'sawarenessofIPRprotection.

(B)oftheChineseenterprisesshouldtakemeasuresto

China-UStraderelationsfaceofPropertyissues,ChineseenterprisesshouldnotonlyattachimportancetoPropertyrights,increaseinvestmentinresearchanddevelopmentofproductswithindependentPropertyrights,andtaketheroadofindependentinnovation.Tofacefrictionandadoptapositiveattitude,understandingofU.S.Referenceto：

[1]ChungGouverneur.Matson.ReportontheforefrontofPropertylaw.TowelCountryEconomicPublishingHouse.2007.

[2]thewholehub.Onetheorypointsacrosstechnicalbarrierstotradeoff.Economicimpactstudywiththemushrooms.EconomicSciencePublishingstrong.2006

中文翻譯：中美貿(mào)易摩擦中產(chǎn)權(quán)的演化及緣由分析一、中美貿(mào)易中產(chǎn)權(quán)摩擦的演化中國(guó)大陸地區(qū)從上世紀(jì)80頭曾經(jīng)及美國(guó)就產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端問(wèn)題，屢次發(fā)生糾紛，并達(dá)成協(xié)議。就猛烈程度而言，可能在全部基于美國(guó)“特殊301條款〞提起的調(diào)查案中是前所未有的。

(一)第一次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端

第一次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端發(fā)生在上世紀(jì)80頭末。19894月，美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表辦公室發(fā)表了外圍貿(mào)易壁壘報(bào)告，指責(zé)中國(guó)未能對(duì)美國(guó)學(xué)問(wèn)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)足夠有效的疼惜，特殊是在專利制度和著作權(quán)制度方面存在著嚴(yán)峻的缺陷，故將中國(guó)列入了“重點(diǎn)視察國(guó)家〞的名單上。

(二)第二次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端

第二次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端發(fā)生在1991到1992。1991年4月26日美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表將中國(guó)列入“重點(diǎn)國(guó)家〞名單，并指貴中國(guó)對(duì)專利法疼惜的范圍不夠；版權(quán)法沒(méi)有完全制訂出來(lái)：計(jì)算機(jī)軟件沒(méi)有依據(jù)文學(xué)作品來(lái)疼惜等。同時(shí)發(fā)起對(duì)中國(guó)法律、政策等方面的調(diào)查。期間中美雙方在貿(mào)易報(bào)復(fù)戰(zhàn)的同時(shí)曾進(jìn)展屢次磋商，最終在1992年1月17日簽署了第一個(gè)關(guān)于產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜的協(xié)議。

(三)第三次中關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端

1994發(fā)生第三次中美產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端。19942月，美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表指責(zé)中國(guó)：產(chǎn)權(quán)侵投自1992以來(lái)直線上升；商標(biāo)侵權(quán)現(xiàn)象也很嚴(yán)峻：執(zhí)法上缺少透亮度：巾國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)的版權(quán)和專利權(quán)沒(méi)有賜予充分有效的疼惜等。1994年4月30日，在“特殊301條款〞度調(diào)整中，美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表再一次將中國(guó)列為“最嚴(yán)峻侵?jǐn)_美國(guó)專利權(quán)和版權(quán)的國(guó)家〞，并威逼假設(shè)在60天內(nèi)無(wú)法達(dá)成解決方法的協(xié)議，即將中國(guó)列入“重點(diǎn)國(guó)家〞名單．6月，中國(guó)政府國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦公室發(fā)布了‘中國(guó)產(chǎn)權(quán)的白皮節(jié)，向世界公布了中國(guó)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的開(kāi)展?fàn)顩r。1995年2月26日，中美雙方承受雙方換文的方式，并以<有效疼惜及施行產(chǎn)權(quán)的行動(dòng)方案作為附件達(dá)成協(xié)議。

(四)第四次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端第四次產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端發(fā)生在1996。這一次的焦點(diǎn)是CD、影視產(chǎn)品和CD．ROM的非法消費(fèi)。美國(guó)代表認(rèn)為中國(guó)沒(méi)存有效施行此前中國(guó)及美國(guó)達(dá)成的有關(guān)產(chǎn)權(quán)疼惜的協(xié)議。中美雙方經(jīng)過(guò)多輪會(huì)談，于1997年6月17日就產(chǎn)權(quán)會(huì)談達(dá)成了第三個(gè)協(xié)議。但這次協(xié)議只涉及到行動(dòng)性的問(wèn)題而不是一系列的承諾。

(五)中美產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端日趨猛烈2005年4月29日，美國(guó)義公布了“特殊301”