新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練14 說明文體類閱讀理解(原卷版)

高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)題型專練（新高考）14說明文體類閱讀理解【命題意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學(xué)生運用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉克^說明文，就是指研究自然科學(xué)與技術(shù)的文章。說明文是對事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說明的一種文體，它以說明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過解說事物或闡明事理，達(dá)到教人以知識的目的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序（如時間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說明。說明文的特點是客觀、簡練、語言準(zhǔn)確、明了，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說明文的重點在于讀懂它說明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點等。最近五年，說明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會問題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡到難的方式，因此說明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點之一是考查學(xué)生對詞匯和句式的掌握。說明文的詞匯和句式的運用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過考生可以通過說明文的語言特點來幫助理解語篇，例如，同位語、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點符號（如破折號、冒號都有表示解釋和說明）等?！镜梅忠c】高考閱讀理解中，說明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測詞義題。其中，說明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實、主旨大意和猜測詞義三方面問題為主。一、詞義猜測類題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測某些單詞或短語的意思。歷年英語高考題中均有此類題目，有的文章盡管沒有專門設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的猜測還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類題目一般是通過上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測。判斷一個單詞的意思不但離不開句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測。運用構(gòu)詞法,語境等推測關(guān)鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測：（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指運用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。1.通過同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認(rèn)識gay這個詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.這是高三冊第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：Theword＂secure＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.A.freefromanxietyB.anxiousC.nervousD.happy根據(jù)上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。2.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義通過因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn’thisfault.通過for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責(zé)備＂。3.通過定義或釋義關(guān)系來推測詞義例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時期，即drought，由此可見drought意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災(zāi)＂。而adryperiod和drought是同義語。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號等來表示。4.通過句法功能來推測詞義例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個詞在句中所處的位置來判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類關(guān)系，同屬fruit類，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說，是菠蘿和椰子。5.通過描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥類.后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥類的生活習(xí)性。（二）外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識，有時僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時，就需要運用生活經(jīng)驗和普通常識確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時，我們總會遇上一些新詞匯，有時很難根據(jù)上下文來推斷其詞意，而它們對文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法知識，這些問題便不難解決了。1.根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere，semi-conscious，forafewminutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。2.根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲劑＂。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drop指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個意思結(jié)合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞義例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運動—斗牛。二、主旨大意類題型主旨大意類題型主要測試學(xué)生對文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據(jù)其篇章特點我們可以通過仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來說明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對段落的內(nèi)容要融會貫通，對文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點是：1.相對于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的?？傊?，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時應(yīng)抓中心思想,作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語，運用聯(lián)想,比較,歸納,推測等方法，得出最佳結(jié)論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測，把自己的觀點強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去，與文章的觀點混為一談。經(jīng)過長時間有計劃,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來，以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語和運用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運用英語切實打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語言實際活動。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力?！菊骖}再現(xiàn)】【2020·新高考全國卷I（山東），D】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.C【解析】本文是說明文。最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習(xí)慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個實驗的過程。12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根據(jù)消費者研究雜志最近的一項研究，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費習(xí)慣都會影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項研究是關(guān)于飲食行為的。故選D。13.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項，D選項（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，為了測試社會影響對飲食習(xí)慣的影響，研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個實驗。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個實驗中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參與者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時候，參與者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，研究人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參與者。故選A。15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一個超重的人吃很大一份，我會忍住一點，因為我看到了他飲食習(xí)慣的結(jié)果。但如果一個瘦的人吃很多，我會跟著做。如果他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？因此推斷我們是根據(jù)我們對他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來調(diào)整影響的。故選C。【題型演練】1Smartphones,tablets,fitnesstrackers,headphonesandmostoftheelectronicdevicesweusetodayaremadeofmetal,plasticandglass.Butelectronicsdon’thavetobe.SaladeMedeirosandhercolleaguesfoundawaytoturnanordinarypieceofpaperintoasimpleelectronickeypad.Manyteamsaroundtheworldareworkingonpaper-basedelectronics.Butthisnewdeviceisdifferentfromanyotherdevice.It’sthefirsttopoweritselfandalsoresistwateranddust.Theuser’stouchgivesitallthepoweritneedstorun.Nosinglemomentinspiredherpaperkeypad.Instead,shefocusedondevicesotherengineershavebeenworkingon.Thenshediscoveredthathighcostwasaproblemwithsomeflexibleelectronics.Soshedecidedtoworkwithlow-costmaterials.Teflon(聚四氟乙烯)isachemicalcoatingthatkeepsfoodfromstickingtopotsandpans.Similarcom-pounds(復(fù)合物)canalsomakepaperwaterproof.Soshestartedtestingthechemicalbuttheonethatwassup-posedtodothebestjobdidn’tworkatall.Aftersomeresearch,SaladeMedeirosfoundoutthatthischemicalreactswithair.Shehadtobuyspecialequipmentthatforbadeanyairgettingintheway.Now,thechemicalworksasplanned.Thentheteamplacedastencil(鋼板)withtheshapeofacircuit(電路)ontothebackofthepaperandsprayedonseverallayersofmaterials.Finally,theteamflippedoverthepaperandprintedakeypadofnumbersontheotherside.TheyalsoaddedatinyBluetoothchip,whichlettheirpaperdevicetalktoacomputer.Thesourceofelectricitycomesfromthetapofafinger.Whenyou’retypingwecancreatetheenergybytouchingorrubbing.Theelectronickeypadisregularpapermostpeoplecouldaffordbutwouldn’teasilygetwetordirty.Italsoshouldfitinyourpocket.1.Whichofthefollowingistheuniquefeatureofthenewdevice?A.It’sthefirstdevicemadeofpaper. B.Ithaslittleelectricityormetal.C.Itgetspoweredthroughtouch. D.Ithasnotroublecleaningitself.2.WhydidTeflonfailtoworkatfirst?A.Itwasexposedtotheair. B.Itwasoflowquality.C.Itdamagedtheequipment. D.Itkeptfoodstucktopots.3.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theprocessofcreatingthedevice. B.Thesignificanceoftheresearch.C.Theapplicationofthedevice. D.ThewaytodevelopTeflon.4.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwords“flippedover”inPara.3?A.Cleanedup. B.Cutup. C.Heldonto. D.Turnedover.2Wetalkalotaboutairpollution.HereinHongKongwealwayscomplainaboutlightpollutionaswell.Then,thereisnoisepollution.It'sthesameinmanycitiesaroundtheworld,andinKathmandu,thecapitalcityofNepal,peoplehavebeencomplainingaboutthenoisemadebydriverswhocontinuallysoundtheircarhorns(喇叭).Thatisuntilrecently,whensomethingwasfinallydoneaboutit.TheChiefDistrictOfficerofKathmanduhadreceivedmanycomplaintsabouthornpollution.Hesaidthateveryonefelttheuseofthecarhorninrecentyearshadbecomeexcessive.ResearchersinKathmandufoundthatforabout80percentofthetime,itreallywasnotnecessaryfordriverstousetheircarhorns.Soundingthehorntomakeanoisehadbecomemoreofahabit.Itwasnolongerbeingusedasitwassupposedtobeused:towarnpeopleofdanger.AtthebeginningoftheNepaliNewYearin2017,thelocalgovernmentpassedalawtobantheuseofcarhornsunlessusedcorrectly.Withinsixmonths,11,000fineshadbeencollectedbythelocaltrafficpolice.ThefinewasaboutHK$360.AtaxidriverinKathmanducanmakeaboutHK$1,000perday,sohecouldloseaboutone-thirdofhismoneyifhebrokethelaw.Asusual,thereweremanycomplaintsfromdrivers.Theysaidthatcowsanddogswerefreetowalkontheroads.Theyalwayscauseddanger.Soundingacarhornwastheonlywaytogetthemtomoveoutoftheway.AndwhiletherewerequiteafewtrafficlightsinthestreetsofKathmandu,veryfewofthemworked.Thismeanttherewasoftenatrafficmess.Thebanonusingacarhornwentahead,andwithinafewweeksthestreetsofNepal'scapitalwerequieter—eventhoughtheywerestilljustasbusy.Becauseoftheban,driversarealittlemorecarefulwhentheydrive.Feweraccidentshavebeenreported.ThelocalgovernmentsaysthehornbanwillnowbecopiedinotherareasofNepal.5.WhatdoHongKongandKathmanduhaveincommon?A.Bothhavebeentroubledbylightpollution.B.Bothhavesucceededinfightingairpollution.C.Bothhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofnoisepollution.D.Bothhavereceivedmanycomplaintsabouthornpollution.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"excessive”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Toomuch. B.Quitesimple. C.Verycorrect. D.Moredangerous.7.WhatwillyoufindifyougotoKathmandu?A.Notrafficlightsinthestreetscanwork.B.Thetrafficontheroadsisusuallyveryheavy.C.Animalsarenotallowedtowalkonthestreets.D.Driversarerequiredtodriveonone-waystreets.8.WhatcanweguessaboutKathmandu'shornban?A.Itisunfair. B.Itisworrying. C.Itisinteresting. D.Itissuccessful.3Wealreadyknowthatsaltcanleadtoheartdisease.Butcoulditalsoaffectourmind?Scientistsfoundthatahigh-saltdietcausedcognitiveimpairmentsinmice?anditcouldproducethesameeffectonhumans.CostantinoIadecola,directoroftheFeilFamilyBrainandMindResearchtheInstitute,saidtheyfedthemiceeighttosixteentimestheirnormalsaltintakeandthentestedthemice.Afteraboutthreemonths,themicehadabigchangeintheirbehavior.Miceareverycurious,andtheyliketolookfornewthings.However,thetestedmicelosttheabilitytoidentifyanormalobject.Whenthemicewereputintheircageandaskedtofindaquietspot,theydidnotrememberwherethequietspotwas.Thenwhenthemicewerebuildinganest,whichissomethingthemicedodaily,they,wereunabletodoso.Theresearchsuggestedhumanswouldexperienceasimilarresponse.StudieshaveshownAustralianseatarounddoubletherecommendedamountofsalteachday,mostofitcomingfromprocessedfood.Dr.LadecolasaidtheestimatedtwoteaspoonsofsalttheaverageAustralianeatseachdaycouldaffectthebrainfunctioninthelongterm.However,thedeclinemightnotbeasobviousasinthemice,whoweregivenextremelyhighlevelsofsalt."Butprobablyoveryearsandperhapsdecades—asopposedtoafewmonthsforthemouse—evenlowerlevelsofsaltmayhaveaterribleeffect,"Drladecolasaid.“Highlevelsofsaltcauseseriousimmunechangesintheorgansinandaroundthestomach,resultinginanalmostautoimmuneeffectonthebrain.Itispartofagrowingbodyofevidencethatwereallyarewhatweeat,“BryceVissel,directoroftheCentreforNeuroscienceattheUniversityofTechnologySydney,said."Thosechangesinturncauseallsortsofresponsesinthebody,whichovertimecertainlycontributetocognitiveimpairments."9.Whichcandescribethetestedmice?A.Theyremainedquietallday. B.Theybecamesmarterthanever.C.Theyforgotsomeroutinethings. D.Theywerequickatfindingobjects.10.WhatdoweknowaboutAustralians?A.Theyignorehealthadvice. B.Theyhaveahigher-saltdiet.C.Theydislikeprocessedfood. D.Theyvaluetheirbrainhealth.11.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlyfocuson?A.StudiescarriedoutbyBryceVissel. B.Immunechangesbroughtaboutbysalt.C.Effectsofdailydietsonhumanbehaviors. D.Linksbetweensaltintakeandbraindamage.12.Whatdoesthetextsuggest?A.Brainhealthcountsmuch. B.Thebodynevertellsalie.C.Low-saltdietistobeadvocated. D.Heartdiseasescanbeprevented.4DoyoulikethewoollymammothsfromthemovieIceAge?Toobadthey'reextinct?Thankstorecentdevelopmentsinbiotechnology,thestuffofsciencefictionmaysoonbecomearealitythroughanattractiveprocesscalled"de-extinction",whichaimstobringtheextinctspeciesback.Theresurrectedspeciesarefunctionallyequaltotheoriginalextinctspecies,buttheyarenotexactcopies.Therearethreeprimarytechniquesofde-extinction.Oneofthemisthatscientistsdeliberatelyselectexistingspecieswithsimilarcharacterstotheextinctspeciestoproducelatergeneration.Thisisanaturalmethod.Anotheriscloning.AclonedanimaliscreatedbyobtainingtheDNAoftheextinctanimal.Thelatergenerationwillbeanidenticalcopyoftheextinctspecies.Thisisonlyappliedtoanimalsthatareeitherendangeredorhaverecentlygoneextinct,asitrequireswell-preservedeggs.Thethirdisthenewesttechnique,geneticengineering.Itusesgene-editingtoolstoplaceselectedgenesfromextinctanimalsinplaceofthosepresentinitsclosestlivingrelative.IfwerefertoJurassicPark,resurrectingextinctanimalsisaterribleidea.Thankfully,wedon'thavetoworryaboutdinosaursrunningwildly,astheirDNAhasdisintegratedoverthe65millionyearssincetheirextinction.DNAcansurviveforseveralmillionyearsatbestundercertainrareconditions,butdoesthatmeanweshoulddothat?De-extinctionismoreforecologythanfortourism.EcologistBenNovaksaid,“Allanimalsperformcriticalrolesintheirecosystem.Woollymammoths,forexample,wereexcellentgardeners.TheirdisappearancewasfollowedbyalossindiversityandtheArcticgrasslandbecameacold,icefield.Ifaresurrectedanimalisalwaysgoingtobeazooanimalthenitshouldn'tbebroughtback.”13.WhydoestheauthormentionthemovieIceAge?A.Torecallthejoyfromthemovie. B.Toleadtheaudienceintothetopic.C.Toattractreaders,attentiontothemovie. D.Toshowfunctionsofresurrectinganimals.14.Whatismainlydiscussedaboutde-extinctioninParagraph2?A.Itsmainmethods. B.Itswideapplication.C.Itscomplexprocedures. D.Itsdistinctcharacteristic.15.Whatcanreplacetheunderlinedword“disintegrated“inParagraph3?A.Brokenaway. B.Pickedup. C.Fallenapart. D.Runout.16.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwebringextinctanimalsback? B.Doyoulikethewoollymammoths?C.Willdinosaursbeseeninthezoos? D.Shouldwepromotecloningskills?5Adultingishard.Whilehighschoolstudentsareattheforefrontoftechnologicalandlearningskills,it’softennotuntiltheyleavehomethattheylearneverydaylifeskills.Somebelievethathighschoolsshouldofferacommonsensecourseinwhichstudentsaretaughthowtopaybills,changeatireorcook.Now,oneKentuckyschoolisofferingan“adultingday”toteachsuchskillstostudentsintheirsenioryear.Theclassof2019atBullittCentralHighSchoolinShepherdsville,Ky.,tradedintheiralgebraandliteratureclassesforadaytolearnsomepositivelifeskills,accordingtoWave3News.“Ithinkthattheideaoccurredtome,originally,whenIsawaFacebookpostthatparentspassedaroundsayingtheyneededaclassinhighschoolontaxesandcooking,”ChristyHardin,directoroftheBCHSFamilyResource&YouthServicesCenter,toldWave3.“Ourkidscangetthat,buttheyhavetochooseit.And“Wednesday”wasadaytheycouldpickandchoosepiecestheydidn’tfeelliketheyhadgottensofar.”Membersofthecommunityhelpedprovidethelessonsforthestudentsoneonone,includinglocalpolicewhotaughtthemhowtointeractwithofficersduringtrafficstops,aspeakerwhoexplainedhowtodecipherthedifferencebetweenhomesicknessanddepression,andotherswhodiscussedhowtousecreditcards,howtocookinadormroomandhowtochangeatire.WhilemanypeopleonFacebookapplaudedtheidea,withsomearguing,“Thisshouldbetaughtineveryhighschool,”otherswonderedwhatbecameofhomeeconomics.NowknownasFamilyandConsumerSciences,thesecoursesteachstudentshowtocook,sewandbudget,alongwithotherskills.Inmanydistricts,however,theclassesareelectivesandstudentsdonotalwayschoosetotakethem.“Abouttimethiscameback,itwascalledHomeEconomics,”onewomanwrote.“Intoday’sdiversemakeupoffamiliesitwouldbeawelcomeaddition.”Anothershared,“Wehadhomeeconomicsthattaughtustocookandlearnedhowtosew.Wealsohadbusinessmaththattaughtusbankingandfinances.Whyintheworldisthatnottaughttoday?Imean,aspecialdaycalledadultingtoteachkidsthisstuffshouldbearequiredclasscredit.”17.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstparagraph?A.Highschoolstudentsaretoobusytolearneverydaylifeskills.B.Theschoolsinotherdistrictshavenevertaughteverydaylifeskillstostudents.C.Highschoolstudentsareadvancedintechnologicalandlearningskills.D.Highschoolstudentsarelackingineverydaylifeskills.18.WhatputBCHSinthespotlight?A.Itdideverythingitcouldtocatertotheparents.B.Ittaughtlifeskillsatthecostofacademiccourses.C.Itofferedparentsopportunitiestoinstructclasses.D.Itallowstudentstodecideontheirownsubjects.19.Theunderlinedword“decipher”inparagraph4probablymeans“________”.A.determine B.demonstrate C.discriminate D.distribute20.Whichofthefollowingskillsareincludedinthecourses?a.usecreditcardsb.learnalgebraandliteraturec.changeatired.howtocookA.abc B.bcd C.acd D.abd21.Whatarepeople’sattitudestowardsthecourses?A.Supportive B.Opposed C.Skeptical D.Indifferent6Itshouldbeoneofthemaingoalsintoday’ssocietytoreduceplasticconsumption.Thoughmanyofusbelievethatrecyclingwillsolvetheproblem,andcontinueusingplastic,it’sactuallytheopposite.In2013,254milliontonsoftrashwasproducedintheU.S.alone,andonlyaround30%wasrecycled.Thismeansthattherestendedupinalandfil