初高中學英語銜接語法

學習必備歡迎下載學習必備歡迎下載學習必備歡迎下載做好初中高中英語語法銜接資料一、冠詞用法小結冠詞的用法在英語學習中較為復雜，千頭萬緒，尤其是慣用法，請同學們平時學習時注意積累。以下不過是談談冠詞的一些常規(guī)的用法。不定冠詞的用法：泛指人或事物的類別，相當于any,如: Ahammeristool. Asteelworkermakessteel.泛指某人或某物。 Aboyiswaitingforyou. Thereisabookonyourdesk.表one或every。Wework8hoursaday. Igohometwiceamonth.表示thesame的意思。Birdsofa(=thesame)featherflocktogether;peopleofakindcometogether.用在不可數(shù)名詞前a)（用在物質(zhì)名詞前）一種，一份 Alargecoffeeforme. Itwasawonderfultea.b)（用在某些表示風、雨等的名詞前）Itwascleardaylightnowandafinerainwasfalling. Thereisacoldwindthismorning.c)（用在抽象名詞前）一種Thatisagreatdisappointment. It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou.（用在某些專有名詞前）某個叫…的人，一張…的畫，一個象…的人等。IsawaMrs.Smithonthe12that2:00. HehadaVanGoghinthedining-room.WhatastrangeLondontheysaw! He’salivingLeiFeng.用于某些固定詞組中。afew,alittle,agoodmany,alotof,allofasudden,asarule,haveacold等。在元音音素開頭的名詞前應用an,如anapple,anEnglishbook。要以發(fā)音為準，并非以元音字母而定。如auniversity,anhour,an“h”,anX-rayexamination.定冠詞的用法。表特定的或上文提到的人或物。Theboylikesthefilm. Shutthedoor,please.Theoldpoorpeasanthasason.Thesonisamodelworker.表示世界上獨一無二的東西。theearth,themoon,thestars,thesun（但space前不用）用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞或副詞最高級前。thesecond,thetallest,thelast,thefirst.用在由普通名詞構成的國家、黨派或組織機構等的專有名詞前。theUnitedStates;thePeople’sRepublicofChina;theCommunistPartyofChina;theChinesePeople’sLiberationArmy;theNo.15MiddleSchool;thedepartmentofEducation.用在某些建筑物名稱前。TheGreatHallofthePeople;theMonumenttothePeople’sHeroes;theGreatWall;theCapitalTheatre;theSpaceMuseum;thePeaceHotel。用在江河海洋，山脈群島，海峽海灣等專有名詞前。TheChangjiangRiver,theRedSea,theDabieMountains,theEnglishChannel,theTaiwanStraits,thePersianGulf。用在報紙、會議、條約等專有名詞前。thePeople’sDaily（但：ChinaDaily）theNewYorkTimes,the15thPartyCongress,theGenevaAgreement用在方位名詞前，某些習慣短語中或結構搭配中。ontheleft,intheeast,inthemorning,ontheotherhand,intheend,hitsbonthehead,catchsbbythearm用在形容詞前表一類人。thepoor,thedead,theyoung,therich,thewounded.用在雙方都知，不言而喻的名詞前。Givemethebook.Who’stheman?用在姓氏復數(shù)前表示一家人或夫婦二人。theSmiths,theGreens,theWangs,theTurners用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前泛指某類人或物(指整個一類)。Thehorseisausefulanimal.Thecomputerwasinvadednotlongago.（但更多時候表特指：Thehorseisill.）指世紀的年代。inthe1890’s或inthe1890s用在表示樂器的名詞前。playthepiano(theguitar,theviolin,theflute)用在某國語言前，構成the…language的形式。TheEnglishlanguageisverywidelyusedallovertheworld.如果單用國家變來的語言名詞形式，則不用the。Chinesehasthelargestnumberofspeakersintheworld.用于“論（或按）……計”之類的意思。Hegotpaidbythehour.Theyselltheclothbythemeter.不用冠詞的場合。專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名、地名前一般不用冠詞。China,Johnson; Airismatter. Soundisinvisible.當名詞已被指示代詞、物主代詞、名詞所有格限制時。Thisbookisgood. IreadmyEnglishbookeveryday.注：指示代詞和物主代詞亦不能并用。＊mythatbook,應該說：thatbookofmine.街名、廣場名、公園名前。WallStreet.Tian’anmenSquare,HydePark.省市、大學名前。HubeiProvince(但theProvinceofHubei);WuhanCity(但theCityofWuhan);QinghuaUniversity(但：theUniversityofQinghua)湖泊前一般不用冠詞。EastLake,SaltLake,Dongting山峰前不用冠詞。MountHua,MountTai,MountEverest月份、星期、節(jié)日、三餐飯的名詞前。March,Christmas,Sunday; Haveyouhadlunch? Springisthebestseasonoftheyears.(但月份或季節(jié)被限定則須冠詞。Iarrivedhereinthewinterof1993.)稱呼語，表示頭街或職務作賓補或同位語的名詞。What’sthis,John? WemadeLiHaimonitor.學科名、球類、棋類名詞六前。Welikemaths. Theyoftenplayfootball.泛指的復數(shù)名詞前。Studentsmustworkhardattheirlesson.與by連用的交通工具或表示方式、手段的名詞前。bybus,byhand,byradio,byair,bywater.冠詞用法鞏固練習—I’mafraidIdarenotspeakin______public.—Justhave______try.A.a;不填; B.不填;a C.the;a D.the;theAsyouknow,_____mancan’tlivewithout____water.A.不填;不填; B.a;the C.a;不填; D.不填;theThepolicehave______powertoarrestbadpeopleby_____law.A.the;the B.不填;the C.不填;不填; D.the;不填;Parisis______mostbeautifulcity,whereyoucansee_____famousEiffelA.a;the B.a;不填; C.the;a D.不填;the—Doyoulikethenovels?—Idon’tlikeeitherofthem.Pleaseshowme_______thirdone.A.a B.the C.X D.anKeepawayfromthecage._____lionis______fierceanimal.A.The;the B.A;the C.A;不填; D.The;aTheclassnamed_______LeiFangisoneofthebestclassedinthisschool.A.inhonorof B.intheplaceof C.infavorof D.inthewayof—Whatabout______bike?—Doyouthinkitallrighttobuyhimthatbikeas____birthdaygift?A.a;a B.the;a C.a;the D.the;theFirstaidis_____scienceofgiving____medicalcareto______person.A.the;不填;a B.the;the;a C.a;不填;the D.不填;a;thePleasepayattentiontoyourspelling.You’vedropped_____“n”here.A.an B.the C.不填; D.aBillClintontook_____officeonJanuary20th,1993,andbecame_______42ndUSPresident.A.an;the B.不填;the C.the;不填; D.不填;不填;—Haveyouseen_______pen?Ileftitherethismorning?—IthinkIsaw_____onesomewhere.Isit______redone?A.a;the;a B.a;a;the C.the;不填;a D.a;不填;a—Thenewsisspreadingfrommouthtomouth.—Yes,it’sbecome______talkof_____town.A.a;a B.the;不填; C.the;the D.a;不填;Nowthemachinerunsatdouble_______.A.aspeed B.speed C.thespeed D.forspeed—Ihopeyouwillbereadytoleaveontime.—Don’tworry.I’llbeready____thetaxiarrives.A.bythetime B.intimeforC.atthetimeof D.untilthetimewhenIfhegoesonswimminginthatlakefor_____fourhours,he_______initfortwelvehours.A.another;willhavebeenswimming B.a;willswimC.other;hasswum D.the;willbeswimming—CharleyOakley,_______NBAAll-star,hasn’tmissed______gameinpastthreeyears.—Ican’tbelieveit.A.an;a B.a;the C.the;a D.an;the—Whatdidyouthinkoftheplace?—Ididn’tcarforitat____first,butafter_____timeIgottolikeit.A.不填;the B.the;a C.the;不填; D.不填;a—Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenmanychangesinfamilylife.—Arethesechanges______?A.betterorworse B.forbestorforworstC.forthegoodorforthebad D.forthebetterorfortheworseTheletter_______.Ishouldhavereceiveditthismorning.A.istobemailed B.hasbeenmailed C.hadbeenmailed D.wasbeingmailedTowards____morning,_____heavysnowbegantofall.A.the;a B.an;a C.a;不填; D不填;theMymotherisusuallyon________dutyinherofficeevery______fewdays.A.the;a B.不填;a C.不填;不填; D.a;不填;Hehasfinished_______.A.adaywork B.day’sworking C.aday’swork D.aday-work—Maywecomeinrightnow?—Certainly,butonlytwoareallowed______.A.atatime B.inawhile C.atonetime D.forawhileNowonder_____failedinthedrivingtestfor_____secondtime.A.hasshe;the B.shehas;the C.hasshe;a D.shehas;a—Whendidyourecognizeher?—_________Imether.A.Amoment B.ThemomentC.Themomentwhen D.Foramoment—Isthisradioshowstill_______?—No.Itwillbebroadcastagainnextmonth.A.byair B.throughtheair C.ontheair D.intheairTheeveningmealforAmericansisusuallylongand_____forfamiliestogathertogether.A.time B.adate C.atime D.thedateDuffieldWhite,whoisin_____chargeofthecompetition,saidthattheboywastheyoungestwinnerof_______prize.A不填;a B.the;the C.不填;the D.one;theThebuildingwasnamedFordHall________amannamedJamesFord.A.formemoryof B.inthememorythat C.inmemoryof D.inamemoryforOh,Mary,_______youhavegivenus!I_______sosoon.howpleasantsurprise;hadnoideathatyoucomehowpleasantsurprise;don’tsupposeyouwillcomehowpleasantasurprise;didn’tsupposeyouwouldcomewhatpleasantsurprise;don’tthinkyouhavecomeThesetworoomsareof_____size.Butanothertworoomsarethreetimes_____sizeofthem.A.the;the B.a;the C.a;a D.the;aItisnotrarein_____thatpeoplein_____fiftiesaregoingtouniversityforfurthereducation.A.90s;the B.the90s;不填; C.90’s;their D.the90’s;their—What’syoureldersister?—Sheis____teacherand_______writer.A.the;the B.a;不填; C.a;a D.the;aProfessorSmithhadnotgiven_____talkonShakespeareforalongtime,sohehadtobrushuponsomeof______plays.A.不填;不填; B.a;the C.the;不填; D.the;the______playedanimportantrollinfieldhospitalsduringthewar.A.AX-rayequipment B.AnX-rayequipmentC.X-rayequipments D.X-rayequipmentAtmidnighttheyreached_____smallvillage_____eastof_____Ever-whiteA.a;不填;the B.a;不填;不填; C.the;the;the D.the;an;anYoungasheis,Davidhasgained_______richexperiencein_____society.A.不填;不填; B.the;the C.a;不填; D.不填;the—WhatdoyouthinkoftheTVplay“HandinHand”?—Justso-so.However,Idon’tthinkitisworthwatching________.A.asecondtime B.thesecondtime C.forthesecondtime D.secondlyThewarmthof______sweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortof_____woolused.A.the;the B.the;不填 C.不填;the D.不填；不填Key1—10.BADAADABAA11—20.BDDCAAADAD21—30.ACCADBCCCC31—40.CBDBBDAAAB二、介詞介詞又叫做前置詞，是一種虛詞，不能單獨在句子當中擔當成分，它后面必須接名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的其他詞類搭配（介詞＋賓語）構成介詞短語；和動詞搭配構成短語動詞，然后才能夠在句子當中充當成分。介詞分為簡單介詞，如：at,in,on,besides,since,for等；合成介詞，如：inside,outside,without,within,into,onto等；短語介詞（或成語介詞），如：becauseof,infrontof,insteadof,inspiteof等；二重介詞，如：frombehind,untilafter等。介詞短語的句法功能介詞在句子中可以充當定語、狀語、表語、以及賓語補足語等。作定語介詞短語在句中做定語時須位于被修飾詞之后。Thekeytothedoorismissing.Thewater-towerinfrontofourschoolwasbuiltin1988.作表語（或稱為：主語的補足語）Somestudentsareintheclassroom,andsomeontheplayground.Asweknow,JapanistotheeastofChina.作賓語補足語（或稱為：賓語的表語）Didyouseeapenundermydeskthismorning?Theyhavesentanotherrocketintothesky.作狀語OnSundays,thefamilyaremostlyout.（時間狀語）OntopofthehillstandsaTVtower.（地點狀語）Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.（伴隨狀語）Inthesearchforthelostchild,thevillagerswentallout.（目的狀語）Alltheworkmustbedonebyhand.（方式狀語）Attimes,Igotothecinema.（頻度狀語）Sheisbyfarthebeststudentinourclass.（程度狀語）Becauseofpoverty,hecouldn’tgotoschool.(原因狀語)Tomysurprise,hegotthefirstprizeinthecontest.（結果狀語/或評注性狀語）WithoutourParty,wecouldn’tliveahappylife.（條件狀語）Inspiteofgreateffortswefailedtocarryourplansthrough.（讓步狀語）Asamatteroffact,nobodyagreedtohisproject.（評注性狀語）Inmyopinion,you’dbettergowithus.介詞的復合結構“介詞＋賓語＋補足語”可以構成介詞的復合結構，在句子當中可充當表語、定語、狀語、補語等。這種結構中的賓語和補足語之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系，使得句子意義更加豐富。常見的這類介詞有with,without,like,of等。介詞＋賓語＋形容詞Heisusedtosleepingwithallthewindowsopen.介詞＋賓語＋分詞Bambooleavesswinginthewindlikeslimfingersreachingtotouchsomething.Atthebeginningofschool,thenoiseofdesksbeingopenedandclosedandlessons(ofbeing)repeatedatthetopofthechildren’svoicescouldbeheardoutinthestreet.Thewoundedboyglaredatthenoblemanwithhisteethclenched.介詞＋賓語＋不定式Thecathumpeditsbackjustlikeafiercetigertojumpuponme.介詞＋賓語＋副詞Thelittleboyrushedoutofthehousewithoutanythingon.介詞＋賓語＋介詞短語Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookunderhisarm.介詞的疊用在少數(shù)介詞之后還可接另一個介詞短語，也就是我們所稱的二重介詞。如：Thenaughtyboysuddenlyrushedoutfrombehindthetreetofrightenthegirl.Inthespring,newbambooshootscomeoutfromaroundtheirownroots.Hekeptonworkinguntilafterlunch.介詞＋and＋介詞有些介詞短語用兩個意義相反的介詞構成從而使句子精簡化。Notknowingwhattodo,theworriedofficerwalkedupanddowntheroom.Therearemanytreesinandoutsidethetown.介詞與其同形的與副詞區(qū)別有些介詞可做副詞用，但我們知道副詞可以單獨在句子中擔當成分，而介詞須加賓語構成短語才可在句子中充當成分。試比較：Pleasecomein.(in為副詞=intotheroom)Wehavenocar,butwecangotherewithout.(without為副詞=withoutacar)Althoughtheexamwasdifficult,Imanagedtogetthrough.(through為副詞=throughtheexam)常易混用介詞的區(qū)別表示“上、下”等方位的介詞。見下圖：表示地點的in和at的區(qū)別at表示位置，in表示“在…內(nèi)”如：—Whereishe? —Heisatthecinema.(問話者想知道的是位置)—Isheinthecinema? —Yes,heis.(問話者可能已經(jīng)在影院門外)at表示小地點，in表示大地點Theyarrivedatthevillageatseven.TheyarrivedinBeijingatseven.但若某一個大地點并不是最后的終點，仍然用at。例如：ThetrainfromBeijingtoGuangzhouwillarriveatWuhanattwelveo’clock.(武漢只是從北京開往廣州這趟列車途中的一個站，并非目的地。)in,to和on在方位名詞前的區(qū)別in表示在某范圍之內(nèi)；to表示某范圍之外的地方；on表示“毗鄰、接壤”TaiwanliesintheeastofChina.TaiwanliestotheeastofthemainlandofChina.Mongolia(蒙古)is(lies)onthenorthofChina.表示時間的in和after用于將來時態(tài)時，in后面接“時段”；after后面接“時點”。試比較：Hewillbebackinfivehours.Hewillbebackafterfiveo’clock.after后面也可接“時段”，但應該用在過去時態(tài)的句子中。Theycamebackafterfivedays.表示時間的at,in和onat表示“鐘點時刻、黎明、正午、黃昏、夜晚、午夜、周末、節(jié)日期間”Heoftengetsupatdaybreak(dawn).TheywillbegintheirjourneyatNewYear.in表示“上(下)午、晚間、星期、月份、年份、世紀”Hewasbornin1988.on表示具體日期或具體的上（下）午，節(jié)日的當天，美國英語周末前也用on.HediedonthemorningofAugust15th,1985.但若morning,afternoon,evening等詞前面有early或late等修飾語則仍然用in。如：HediedintheearlymorningofAugust15th,1985.表時間的since和forsince后接時點；for接時段，均常與完成時態(tài)連用。HehasbeenheresincelastFriday.Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.當表示“多少次”時不能用for;表示“第幾次”位于句首時須加for，而位于句尾時for可以省略也可保留。HehasbeentoBeijingthreetimes.(不可用forthreetimes)Forthefirsttime,Ihavecomehere.Ihavecomehere(for)thefirsttime.表示位置的between和amongbetween表示“個與個之間”，并非只能指兩者，可用“…and…”也可接復數(shù)名詞。如：TheteachersatbetweenTom,Jack,Kate,JaneandMary.You’dbettereatnothingbetweenmeals.among則籠統(tǒng)地指“在…之中”，后接復數(shù)名詞或代詞。Theteachersatamongthestudents.except,besides,but,exceptfor,butfor,exceptthat/whenexcept用作介詞，意為“除了”。整個句子所表達的意思重點在except所構成的介詞短語上。例如：Nobodyfeltanxiousexcepthim.（只有他才焦慮不安）except和besides兩者都有“除去”之意，但前者指“但并不包括”，是“排除”之意；后者指“除此之外還有”，有“外加”之意。例如：TherearesixofusbesidesTom.（除湯姆外，另外我們還有6個人。）except和butbut用作介詞時，意思是“除…外”，“別無…”，“只有…”；but多與noone，nothing，who，all，everyone等連用，它可與except互換。例如：Noonebutafoolwouldbelieveit.Whobuthewoulddosuchathing？exceptfor和exceptthat／when二者意為“只是”或“除…外”，表示理由或細節(jié)，修正前面所說的情況。exceptfor后面接單詞，exceptthat／when后面接句子。整個句子所表達的意思重點在主句中，而except所構成的介詞短語只是次要的。例如：Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.（=Yourcompositionisgoodexceptthatthereareafewspellingmistakes.）比較：AllthecompositionsaregoodexceptLiHua’s.(大家的作文都好，只有李華的除外。)exceptfor和butfor exceptfor用于陳述語氣，butfor用于虛擬語氣“要不是…”。例如： Exceptforitstemples，theplaceisnotworthseeing. Butforyourhelp,Icouldn’thavefinishedtheworkontime.exceptbut十動詞不定式（可帶to或不帶to，當but或except之前沒有動詞“do”的某種形式時，其后的不定式要帶to。）例如： Theydidnothingexcept／butwatchTV.Icouldnotdoanythingexcept／burjustwaitforhimtocomeround.鞏固訓練Doyoustillrememberthefilmwesaw________theendoflastweek?A.in B.by C.at D.toThathehadalotofpractice________volleyballwasthereasonwhyhedefeatedalltheotherplayers.A.in B.at C.on D.about________thesoundoftheknockingonthedoor,heroseandwenttoopenit.A.At B.On C.To D.HeardYoucanfindthestore________No.19BeijingRoad.A.on B.at C.nearto D.inPleasewaitforme________thecornerofthatstreet________threeo’clock.A.in;at B.at;on C.in;for D.at;atIboughtthesebooks________oneyuanacopy.A.at B.by C.on D.inIcan’tbuyit________suchaprice.A.of B.for C.at D.withThestudentissitting________hisdesk.A.over B.around C.at D.forwhenthespaceshipleavestheearth________veryhighspeed,theastronautsfeelasiftheyarebeingcrushed________thespaceship.A.with;in B.at;on C.with;to D.at;againstThechildhidhimself________thedoor.A.after B.behind C.inthefrontof D.agoShelefttheparty________herheadache.A.because B.since C.inspiteof D.becauseofYoushouldn’teatsomuchchocolate________meals.A.except B.between C.unless D.throughsomeanimalssleep________dayandwakeup________night.A.by;by B.at;by C.by;on D.on;in—Whattimeisit,please?—Itisseven________mywatch.A.in B.at C.for D.byYou’llbeabletospeakEnglish________practicingfromtimetotime.A.in B.by C.with D.for________theendoflastyearwehadleanedfiveEnglishsongs.A.At B.By C.In D.OnAmanshouldnotbejudgedalways________whathesays.A.by B.in C.with D.toTheguestswillbehere________twoo’clock.A.in B.on C.for D.bysomepeoplegotupandleftthehall________theshow.A.while B.during C.between D.throughHowmuchmustIpayyou________thetickets________tonight.A.of;of B.for;for C.for;about D.for;toIamgrateful________yourhelp________me.A.to;for B.for;to C.to;to D.for;forJoanisalwayspraised________hercleverness.A.of B.in C.for D.byIt’squitewarmtoday________January.A.for B.in C.at D.onIboughtthisbook________fiftycents.A.at B.about C.at D.forChineseisalanguage________morenativespeakersthananyoftheotherlanguages.A.with B.spoken C.which D.hasPleasewrite________pencil,not________ink.A.in;with B.ina;with C.witha;in D.with;in________thedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,ourcountryhasbecomericherandstronger.A.In B.By C.At D.With________theriseinprices,lifeisgettingharder.A.With B.On C.As D.ForHehasnogoodpen________.A.towrite B.towritewith C.towriteon D.writingMarywasdisappointedwhenshefoundbuttheyhadgonetotheball________her.A.except B.exceptfor C.for D.withoutXiaoLimastersseveralotherforeignlanguages________English.HestudiesGerman,JapaneseandRussian.A.beside B.besides C.but D.exceptThesoldierstoodquitestill,________hislipsmovedslightly.A.exceptthat B.exceptfor C.except D.besidesYourcompositionisgood________afewspellingmistakes.A.besides B.except C.exceptfor D.exceptthatPeter’scarisexcellent________thecolor.A.except B.besides C.exceptfor D.onlyexceptEverybodywenttotheexhibition________Mary.A.not B.but C.for D.byWelivealongway________thefactory.A.to B.for C.from D.inThetownlies________thewestoftheriver.A.at B.in C.from D.toLet’swalkover________thesunontheothersideofthestreet.A.in B.to C.under D.byTherearealotofnews________today’snewspaper.A.in B.on C.at D.withSaysomethingaboutyourschool________English.A.in B.with C.by D.forThegirl________willgiveusareport.A.onblue B.ofblue C.inblue D.atbluePleaseaskhimifhewilljoinus________playingtabletennis.A.on B.at C.in D.withThisvegetableisveryrich________iron.A.of B.in C.with D.forHehasbeencaught________therainandiswetthroughandthrough.A.by B.in C.at D.upwithLook,thereisahole________thewall.A.on B.at C.in D.ofWhatisthedifference________pronunciation________thesetwowords?A.of;in B.in;between C.in;among D.of;betweenThedoctorwillbeback________tenminutes.A.after B.in C.on D.atThedeskstands________thecorneroftheroomnearthewindow.A.on B.at C.under D.inDoyoulikedressingyourself________newclothes?A.on B.in C.with D.byPleasecometoseeme________twoday’stime.A.during B.after C.for D.inKEY:1—10.CBABDACCDB11—20.DBADBBADBB21—30.BCADACDABD31—40.BACCBCDBAA41—50.CCBBCBBDBD三、代詞和數(shù)詞代詞人稱代詞主格和賓格通常，人稱代詞主格用做主語或表語；賓格用做動詞或介詞的賓語。句子的結構如有變化，也應能加以分析，確定選用哪種形式。例如：Itwashewhotoldalie.It’snotme(who/whom)hewants.(作賓語)Thisisasecret；it'sbetweenyouandme.（作介詞賓語）人稱代詞賓格可用在比較狀語從句一類的結構中代替主格。例如： Heistallerthanme/I(am).Idon'tswimsowellasher/she(does).兩種所有格人稱代詞所有格稱為物主代詞。物主代詞分為兩類：形容詞性的，如my,her,your,their等；名詞性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受漢語影響，我們常犯以下兩種錯誤：漏用代詞，主要是形容詞性的物主代詞，因為漢語中常常將它省略。例如：Ihavedonemyhomework.（不能說*Ihavedonehomework.）Wecleanourclassroomeveryday.（不能說*Wecleanclassroomeveryday．）誤用代詞，混淆兩種類型的物主代詞，因為漢語中無此區(qū)別。例如：Thatdictionaryisnotmine.（不能說*Thatdictionaryisnotmy．）Mineishere.（不能說*Myishere.） 注意：形容詞性的物主代詞只能用作定語，必須與名詞連用。例如What'shername？Iamyourfriend. 名詞性的物主代詞則可充當名詞所能充當?shù)母鞣N句子成分。如：Yourpenisblack；mineisblue.（作主語）Youhaven'tgotabike？Youmayusemine.（作賓語）但是its一般不能單獨使用。需要時可以用itsown。如：That'sthecat'sbasket.It'sitsown.代詞做短語動詞賓語時的位置當短語動詞由“動詞＋副詞”構成時，代詞作賓語必須放在動詞和副詞中間，名詞則不受此限制。如：Helookedupthewordinthedictionary.Helookedthewordupinthedictionary．Helookeditupinthedictionary.但如果是由“動詞＋介詞”構成的介詞動詞，代詞作賓語還是要放在介詞之后。例如：He'sbeenlookingforthemallthismorning.反身代詞“反身”用法反身代詞作句中賓語時，表示動作返回到主語本身?；蛘哒f，句子的主語和賓語是同一個人或物。例如：Hehurthimself．（作動詞賓語）Dickboughthimselfanewcoat.（作間接賓語）IheardJanetalktoherself.（作介詞賓語）強調(diào)用法 反身代詞用作同位語時，在句中起強調(diào)作用，其位置也比較靈活。例如：Iwenttoseethemayormyself．（強調(diào)主語）Wespoketothemayorhimself．（強調(diào)賓語）Themayorhimselfmetusatthedoor.（緊隨主語之后）Themayormetusatthedoorhimself.（在句末）使用反身代詞時的常見錯誤 反身代詞一般不可用作句子中的主語、表語或定語。如：*Ourselvescandoit.（誤作主語）Wecandoitourselves.我們自己能干。*Icouldhardlyimaginethatthecarwashimself．（誤作表語）Icouldhardlyimaginethatthecarwashisown.簡直難以想象那汽車是他自己的。*That'smyselfproblem.（誤作定語）That'saproblemofmyown.那是我自己的問題。注意：在少數(shù)習慣表達中反身代詞可不受語法限制。I'mnotmyselftoday.（我今天不在狀態(tài)/感覺不好。）Inofficemyself,Ihelpedhergetajob.（我?guī)退谖易约旱霓k公室找了一份工作。）不定代詞用some還是用any一般說來，some用于肯定；any用于否定，例如： Therearesomelettersforyou.Therearen'tanylettersforme．疑問句中，一般用any，如問話人心中已經(jīng)有“數(shù)”，或認為對方會做出肯定回答時，用some。試比較： Haveyouanyapples？（Ican'tseeany.） CouldIhavesomeofthoseapples？（whichIcansee.）注意其它方式的否定因素也可決定應該用any，如： Idon'tthinkthereareanyletters.（主句動詞否定轉(zhuǎn)移，從句中用any。） Theboysolvedtheproblemwithoutanydifficulty.（介詞without含否定意味。）any在表示“任何（人或物）”時，可用于肯定句中： Oh！Anybookwilldo；Ijustwantsomethingtoreadonthetrain.當說話人心中有“數(shù)”（盡管可能不是具體數(shù)字）時，否定句中也用some，如： Someboyshaven'tdonetheirhomework．（肯定有人沒做，盡管不一定知道是多少人。）any可用條件從句中，表示情況不明或未定，如： Letmeknowifyouneedanyhelp．（不知道對方是否需要幫助。）試比較：Letmeknowifyouneedsomehelp.（知道能如何提供幫助。）all和bothall和both后面的of可有可無。All/Both(of)thedesksarenew.注：Boththedesks...＝Bothofthedesks...＝Bothdesks...（the或ofthe可有可無）注意下列兩種句子里all／both的位置：Theyall/bothagreewithme.Iagreewiththemall/both.句中all或both直接跟在代詞（主格或賓格）之后作同位語；其它不定代詞不能這樣用。all／both同頻度副詞一樣，可位于句中（主、謂語之間或謂語動詞結構之中），如：Theyall/bothcame.Theywereall/bothwaiting.（注；each也能這樣用，其它不定代詞都不能。）either與neithereither指“兩者之中任何一個”，neither指“兩者都不”通常與單數(shù)動詞連用。但在非正式英語中也可與復數(shù)動詞連用。例如：You'vegottwoanswers.Eitheriscorrect.Neitheriswrong．Therearetreesoneither／eachsideofthestreet．Neitherofthebooksisworthreading.（＝Neitherofthebooksareworthreading）nobody,noone,nothing和none nobody和noone指人，作單數(shù)，后面不能接of短語,例如：Nobody／Nooneknowswhyshewaslateagain．Nobodywashurtinthematch，werethey？（反意疑問句中，可用復數(shù)代詞they來代替。）nothing指物，作單數(shù)；none指人或物，作單救或復數(shù)均可。none既可用于可數(shù)名詞，也可用于不可數(shù)名詞,例如：Noneofthemoneyonthetableismine.Noneofhisreasonswas／weretrue.There'snothingonthetablebutabluecap.Ofallmyclassmates，nonelikesdancing．every與each every強調(diào)的是“全體”；each則強調(diào)的是具體“每一個”。例如：Onevery／eachsideofthesquarethereweresoldiers.(Thesquarehasmorethantwosides。everyside=eachside＝allsides表示“每邊、各邊”。） 試比較：Oneither／eachsideoftheroadthereweresoldiers．(Theroadhasonlytwosides.eitherside＝eachside=bothsides，表示二者之中“每一邊”。) 此外，each可作名詞性代詞，如： Eachhastwobooks.（each作主語）Weeacharesatisfiedwithourownrooms.(each作同位語，常位于主語和謂語動詞之間，謂語動詞及代詞等應與主語一致。) Wearesatisfiedwithourownroomseach.(each作同位語時，也可置于句末。)other,theother和anotherother表示“另外的（人或物）”，“其他的（人或物）”，其復數(shù)形式為others。例如： Thereareotherwaysofdoingthisexercise． LeiFengwasalwaysreadytohe1pothers.theother表示兩者之中的“另一個（人或物）”，其復數(shù)形式為theothers，例如： Hehasapeninonehandandabookintheother.。Onlythreeofthestudentswereintheclassroom；theotherswereallontheplayground.當other泛指“別人”時，前面不加定冠詞：Wemustalwaysbereadytohelpothers.another表示不定數(shù)目中的“另一個或類似的下個（人或物）”，還可與數(shù)詞連用，表示“再，又”的意思。例如： Howaboutanothercupoftea？Thestrikemaylastanothertwoweeks.oneone只可用于指代可數(shù)名詞，其復數(shù)形式是ones。例如：Ifyoucan'tfindyourpen，usetheoneonthetable. Whatniceshirts！whichone／onesshallwebuy？one／ones通常不能直接用在their，my，his等物主代詞以及a（n），own，several和名詞所有格后面。例如： Hisknifeseemssharperthanmine.（不能用myone代替mine）Theydon'tlikethistown；theywantverymuchtogobacktotheirown.（不能用*theirownone代替theirown或theirowncountry） 但是，當one／ones前面還帶有形容詞時，則例外。如：Haveyouanyknives？Ineedasharpone.Myolddictionaryisn'tasgoodasJohn'snewone．the／this／thatone與that： that可以指代不可數(shù)名詞，而one不能。如：TheweatherinWuhanismuchwarmerthanthatinTianjing.（that不能用theone取代）that后面常接of短語，例如： Thisdictionaryismoreexpensivethanthatone.（thatone＝thatdictionary.one一般不省略）Thewindowofyourroomismuchbiggerthanthatofmine.（that＝thewindow，它后面有of短語，一般不用theone替代） 有時候theone和that可以互相取代，如：Thegoldringisinthatboxtheone（＝that）withthekeyinthelock.one可以泛指人，相當于you，we，people，其所有格為one's。例如： Oneshoulddoone's／hisduty．數(shù)詞拼法需要當心的序數(shù)詞在first，second和third之后的序數(shù)詞都由基數(shù)詞加-th構成，但要注意以下拼法略有變化：twentieth， thirtieth， fortieth… fifth eighthninthtwelfth..序號的表示基數(shù)詞放在名詞之后，通常寫作阿拉伯數(shù)，如： page4（P.4）讀作pagefourRoom301讀作roomthreeO[ou]one TelNo.864412讀作telephonenumbereightsixdoublefouronetwo序數(shù)詞放在名詞之前，通常前面要加定冠詞．如： theEighthLesson（＝LessonEight）theFirstMiddleSchool（＝MiddleSchoolNo.1）數(shù)詞后面的名詞用單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)表示計量時，基數(shù)詞后面的名詞用復數(shù)形式，但是在帶有數(shù)字的復合名詞（常用作定語）里，名詞只用單數(shù)形式。試比較：Theybabyisonlysixmothsold. Thisisasix-moth-oldbaby.Ihavefivepounds. Ihaveafive-poundnote.hundreds/thousands/millionsof+名詞復數(shù)hundred,thousand和million后加–s與of連用，表示“數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬”。Hehasboughthundredsofbooksthisyear.Thousandsofseagullsarrivedtohelpthefarmerssavetheircrops.dozen和score用法與hundred,thousand,million基本相似dozensof和scoresof均表示“幾十個”。但有以下幾點區(qū)別：在接具體名詞復數(shù)時dozen后不加of，而score常與of連用。如：twodozenbooks twoscore(of)books若名詞被限定詞限定，dozen后應加of，接賓格代詞亦如此。threedozenofthose(the,my,those)books threedozenofthem表示不定數(shù)量的常用單詞和詞組這些單詞或詞組與名詞的搭配關系見下表用于可數(shù)名詞用于不可數(shù)名詞用于可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞abitof(a)few(a)littleallfewerlessplentyof(the)fewest(the)leastalotof;lotsofa(great)numberofagreatdeal(amount)ofenoughmanymuchmore;mostseveralsome;anyhundredsofdozensof(a)few和(a)littleafew和alittle與some的意思較接近，表示“有幾個；有一點”。few和little則表示“幾乎沒有（＝almostnone）”的意思。試比較：Shedoesn’tseemveryfriendly；shehasfewfriends。（notmanyfriends）Althoughshehasbeenhereonlyashorttime,shehasmadeafewfriends.(somefriends)Ican’tmakeapiebecausethereislittlesugar.(notmuchsugar)Thereisalittlesugarforyourcoffee.(somesugar)用fewer還是用less從理論上講few的比較級形式fewer用于復數(shù)名數(shù)前；little的比較級形式less用于不可 數(shù)名詞前，但是在現(xiàn)代英語中，尤其是在非正式場合下，也常用less代替fewer；例如：Ifon1ytherewerefewer／lessholesintheroof？many＋a＋名詞單數(shù)manya后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式，表示“好些；許多”，多用于書面語或演講中。Manyayoungmanhashadsuchachance.(動詞用has)manyatime則看作是固定詞組，表示“多次”。That’shappenedtomemanyatim