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文檔簡介
PUSHINGTHE
BOUNDARIESOF
DIGITALIMAGING
ThiswhitepaperintroducesNokiaLumia1020andits
newhardwareandsoftwarecamerainnovations.The
NokiaLumia1020re-inventszoombycombiningavery
largesensorwithOISforthefirsttime.Alsoitpushes
theboundariesofsmartphonecreativephotography
withanewintuitivetouchUIthatprovidesmanualcon-
trolsforshutterspeedandothercontrols.
ThiswhitepaperprovidesabackgroundonhowourPure-
Viewtechnologyhasevolved,andthenintroducesthe
newHW(sensor,lenses,OIS)anddescribestheevolved
zoom.NokiaProCameraUIanditsmanualcontrolsare
introducedtogetherwithanewmethodoflosslessed-
itingofyourimages.
CONTENTS
Background4
Bestofbothworlds:Sharpnessandlowlight4
Sharpnessismorethanjustmegapixels5
Why5MP?5
Oversamplingresultsin5MPphotoswithamazingdetail6
Highresolutionzoom6
Gettingridofhand-shake8
Photosinthedark8
Backsideilluminatedsensor9
Exposuretime9
Flash9
Reallifesharpnessmeasurement9
NokiaProCamera11
Zoomreinventedandreframing12
Photographytoolsandcreativecontrol14
Manualcontrols:EV,shutterspeed,ISO,focus,WB15
NokiaProCameraVideo16
NokiaRichRecording16
Photoexamples18
Keytechnologiesandspecs21
Credits22
BACKGROUND
TheNokia808PureViewcameraphone,launchedin
2012,includedworld-leadingadvancesinimagequali-
tyintermsofresolution,sharpnessandclarity.Innova-
tiveoversamplingtechnologyprovidedalevelofimage
detailpreviouslyunseeninmobile,orevensmallscale,
digitalimagingsystems.Inaddition,pixeloversampling
combinedmanypixelstocreateasinglesuper-pixel.
Thisallowedustokeepvirtuallyallthedetailbuttofilter
visualnoiseawayfromtheimage.Imageslookedmore
naturalandwerepurer,givingamoreaccuraterepre-
sentationoftheoriginalsubjectthanhadeverbeen
achievedbefore.
Nokia808PureViewwaspioneeringandprovided
benchmarkimagequality.Wereceivedextremelypos-
itivefeedbackbutuserskeptchallengingusforeven
betterlowlightimagingcapabilities,especiallywithout
flash.Thisfeedbackinfluencedthedevelopmentofour
secondgenerationPureViewphone–theNokiaLumia
920PureView.
Figure1.ThelatestgenerationBSIsensorcapturesalotoflight.Illustrationonly.
TheNokiaLumia920wasthefirstglobalsmartphone
toimplementopticalimagestabilization(OIS)toseta
benchmarkinlowlightimagequality.Weimplementedaward-winningPureViewinnovationsasthestarting–meaninghighresolutionzoomingandpixeloversam-
aback-side-illuminated(BSI)sensorwithf2.0aperture,pointtocreatetheultimatenextgenerationimagingpling–plusnewinnovationsinarevised,moremodern
opticalimagestabilisationandthemostsensitivepixelssmartphone.LetusintroducetheNokiaLumia1020.cameramodule.
seeninacamera.AllthiswasbuiltontopoftheWin-
dowsPhone8platformforseamlesssocialmediashar-TheNokiaLumia1020introducesthesecondgener-
ing,andequippedwithNokia’sownstate-of-the-artationofouropticalimagestabilization(OIS)system
imagingalgorithms.ThisallowedtheNokiaLumia920Bestofbothworlds:firstfoundintheLumia920PureView,toprovideanew
–andthemorerecentlyannouncedLumia925and928Sharpnessandlowlightbenchmarkinimagestabilisationsystems.Weinclude
–torevolutioniselowlightimaging.themostsophisticatedxenonflashandvideo-lightLED
Thesecondgeneration41megapixelsensorusestheimplementedonanyNokiaphonetohelpusersfreeze
In2013wehadtwokindsofcameraphoneinourPure-latestgeneration1.1micronback-side-illuminated(BSI)themoment.
Viewrange,providingimagingcapabilitiespreviouslypixels,providingexcellentnoiseperformanceaswell
unseeninmobile,eachoneleadingdifferentareasofasbenchmarkresolution.Thesensorformatis1/1.5”O(jiān)neofthecriticaldesigndecisionsinacameraisbal-
digitalimaging.Oneprovidedbenchmarkperformanceanditisuptofivetimeslargerthantypicalsmartphoneancingthesubjectiveimagesharpnessandnoiseper-
incapturingdetails,andanothersetrecordsinlowlightsensors.Theredesignedsensorprovidesalltheimag-formance.Imagesharpnessandlowlightperformance
imaging.ThenaturalnextstepwastotakethosetwoinginnovationsintroducedwithNokia808PureView(noiseorgrain)aretwosidesofthesamecoinincamera
4
systemsanditisextremelydifficulttoachievebench-
markperformanceinbothsimultaneously.Howeverthis
isexactlywhatwehavedonewiththeNokiaLumia1020.
Sharpnessismorethanjust
megapixels
Resolutionisthesumofseveralpartsintheimaging
chain,startingfromhowwecaptureimages,howmuch
hand-shakeisinvolved,andendingwithtechnicalfunc-
tionsincludingthecameraoptics,theimagesensor,and
thealgorithms.It′snotenoughtojustincludeahigh
megapixelsensor–thelensesconveyingtheimageto
thesensorhavetobeofequallyhighquality.
TogetherwithourpartnerCarlZeiss,weyetagain
pushedthelimitsofopticaldesigntomatchthereso-
lutionofthe41megapixelcamerasensor.Toprovide
thebestopticalresolutionweincreasedthenumberof
lensesusedfromthefiveintheaward-winningNokia
808PureView,tosix.Thefirstlenselementismadeof
highprecisionglass,andfiveofthelensesaremould-Figure2.SixCarlZeisslensesincludingahigh-precisionglasselement.Illustrationonly.
edhigh-performanceplastic,takinglensmanufacturing
precisiontothenextlevel.tiontothe38MPand34MPfull-resolutionimages,theWhy5MP?
Lumia1020cameracaptures5MPoversampledimages
Thelensesarephysicallyverybigforasmartphone,andsothateverypixelinthe5MPimagehasbeencreated5MPisthesweetspotforimagequalitythatiseasyto
theopticalassemblyaloneisunique.Butthatisnotall.usingthedatafromuptosevenpixelsofthesensor.shareandprintableuptoA3size.Andbecauseour5MP
WeputthewholesysteminsideacompletelynewkindTheoversamplingtechnologyensuresthatthese5MPimagescondensetheinformationfromthe41MPsen-
ofopticalimagestabilisationsystem,whichusesanimagesareincrediblysharp,naturalandlownoise.Thesor,theyhaveamazinglyhighimagequality.
extremelyhighaccuracysensingsystemlinkedtoverybestpartisthatthecamerasavesboththefullresolu-
The5MPimagesgetthefullbenefitoftheoversampling
smallmotorswhichactivelymovethelens.tionandoversampledimagesimultaneously.
technologyandtheirqualityiswayabovethatproduced
byanytraditionalimagingdevice.Inadditiontoover-
Theextremelysharpimageprojectedbythesix-elementThisisreferredtoasdualcapture.Itenablescreative
post-processingwhilestillallowinguserstoshareasampling,the41MPsensorcanalsobeusedforlossless
lenssystemisrecordedbythesecondgeneration41MPorhighresolutionzooming(seepage6).
BSIsensor,capturingeventhesmallestofdetailsinthehigh-qualitysmallfilesizeimagestraightaftershoot-
scene,includingdetailnotvisibletothenakedeye.ing.
The41MPsensorcancapture34MPand38MPimage
filesat16:9and4:3aspectratiosrespectively.Inaddi-
5
Oversamplingresultsin5MPphotoswith
amazingdetail
Intraditionalimagingsystems,thetrueresolutionofthe
systemislowerthanthatofthenominalsensorresolu-
tion.Thetraditionalcamerasensorresolutionmaybe
5MP,butitdoesnotreallycapturephotosthathavefive
millionpixelsofindependentdata.Thedataisspread
acrossmultiplepixelscausing,forexample,blurringand
artifacts.Therearetwotechnicalreasonsforthis:oneis
relatedtotheopticsdesignandaliasing,andtheother
tothewaythesensorsamplesthedatawithBayerco-
lourfilters.Atraditional5MPcamerahasonly2.5million
greenpixelsand1.25millionredandbluepixels1for
example.SeeFigure3foracomparisoninsharpnessofFigure3.Comparisonofastandard5MPimageandanoversampled5MPimage.
astandard5MPimageversusanoversampled5MPim-
ageandFigure4foranillustrationofhowoversampling
reducesnoisecomparedwithastandardsensor.
TheoversamplingtechnologyintheLumia1020makes
itpossibletosolvebothoftheseissues,andenables
fulldetailstobecapturedwiththe5MPimage,visible
asamazingsharpness,naturalnessandlownoise.ItisOutputfromastandard5MPsensorshowsnoiseasvarianceinthesignal
physicallyimpossibletocapturethiswithatraditional
5MPcamera.
Outputfromahighresolutionsensorbeforeoversampling
Outputafteroversamplingreducesthenoise
Figure4.Illustrationofhowoversamplingreducesnoisecomparedwithastandard5MPsensor
6
Highresolutionzoom
ZoomQualityComparison
Inadditiontooversampling,thelargesensoralsoallows
forhighresolutionzoom.Asyouzoomthereisnodrop
inthedefault5MPresolution;inotherwordsthehigh
resolutionzoomislossless.Thelevelofpixeloversam-
plingishighestwhenyou’renotusingthezoom.Itgrad-
uallydecreasesuntilyouhitmaximumzoomwherethe
pixelsstartbehavinginamoreconventionalway.The720p
1080p
relationshipbetweenzoomlevelandoversamplingisOversampling5MP
showninFigure5.
1:10246
Atmaximumzoom,theLumia1020systembehavesZoomfactor
morelikeatraditionalcamera,buttherearestillsome
advantages:asonlythecenterpartoftheopticsisUpscaling
used,theopticalandgeometricdistortionsareminimal
andvignettingisnegligible.
Theproblemwithtraditionaldigitalzoomisthatthe
zoomlevelisextremelylimitedwithoutclearlyvisibleTraditional8MPsensor
lossofimagedetails.Thishappensbecausethesystem
needstozoomfurtherthantherequiredoutputresolu-
tionofthefinalimage,andthecameraneedstoupscale
thecapturedimagetoachievethatresolution.Inprac-Figure5.Oversamplingvs.highresolutionzoominthecaseofLumia1020(blue)comparedwithconventionaldigitalzoom
ticethismeansthat,forexample,a12MPdevicemight(orange).Highoversamplingmeanshighimagequality.
captureonly4MPafterzooming,andthe4MPimageis
thendigitallyup-scaledbackto12MP.Thisup-scalingtimes.Alsowithtraditionalzoomlensesthemacrodis-HoweverwithNokiaLumia1020,theaperturestaysat
hasasignificantimpactonimagesharpness.Howevertanceoftenchangeswhilezooming,whichmeansthataconstantf2.2throughoutthezoomrangewhichis,
withNokiaLumia1020weneverneedtoupscalethefi-thephotographerneedstochangethephysicalcam-inSLRterms,25/27-69/74mm(16:9/4:3)forstillsand
nalimages,becausethestartingresolutionisalreadysoera-to-objectdistancewhilezoomingformacroshots.25-100mmforFullHDvideo.Thesezoomrange/aper-
massive.InFullHDvideomodethemassiveresolutionInaddition,mostopticalzoomlensessufferfromoverallturecombinationsarerare,andexpensiveeveninthe
meansthatthecameraneverzoomsfurtherthanthereducedsharpnesstowardsthelongendofthezoomSLRworld.
requiredtwomegapixels,whichensuresthattheresolu-range;thisisbecauseofopticaldesignissuesthatof-
tionstaysexcellentthroughoutthezoomrange.tenproducedifferentdistortionsatthewideangleendAlsoastheaperturestaysthesamethroughoutthe
comparedtothoseatthetelephotoendofthezoomzoomrangeintheLumia1020,themacrodistanceof
TheadvancedPureViewmethodoflosslesszoomingalsorange,whichinthecaseofFullHDisupto4X.SeeFig-~15cmalsostaysthesame.WithNokiaLumia1020
providesmultiplebenefitsovertraditionalopticalzoom.ure6foravisualonthemaximumhighresolutionzoomweareactuallyusingthecentrepartofthelenswhere
Traditionallytheapertureofopticalzoomsystemsbe-for5MP(3X)and720Pvideo(6X)comparedwiththefulldistortions,diffractionsandlensshadingaresmallest,
comessignificantlysmallertowardsthelongendoftheresolutionsensorin16:9and4:3aspectratios.givingextremelyhighlevelsofresolveddetailsanddis-
zoomrangecomparedtothewideend.Thishasabigtortion-freeimagesandvideosthroughoutthezoom
impactonlowlightperformanceandusableexposurerange.
7
TheadvantagesoftheNokiaLumia1020zoomcompared
toanopticalzoomare:7136
4:3FullResolution
?Theaperturesizeofatypicalopticalzoomdrops5360
dramaticallywhenzoomedin.Forexample,atypical16:9FullResolution
opticalzoomcanhaveaperturesizef2.8inwide,but
itcandroptof6intele.Thismeansthatthecamera
needsalmostafivetimeslongerexposuretimeinthe
teleposition.Theproblemismultipliedbythefact
thatthecameraismostpronetohand-shakeinthe
teleposition–andtheusershouldactuallyuseshort-5MP,3xzoom
erexposuretimestoavoidblurredimages.IntheLu-
mia1020,theaperturesizeandexposuretimesstay720p,6xzoom
thesamethroughoutthezoomrange.4352
?Thesmalleraperturesizerequiredfortelephoto
shotswithanopticalzoomcameraincreasesdiffrac-
tionwhichcanmakeimagesblurryevenwhenthereis
nohand-shake.
?TheopticsinLumia1020aresimplifiedandrobust
comparedtoopticalzoom–akeyenablerforthe
amazingimagesharpness.
7712
?AstheNokiaLumia1020isbasedonahugeimage
sensor,itenablesmuchhigherperformanceand
oversamplinginthewide-angleposition.Figure6.Thehighresolutionzoomislimitedto3Xforstills,ensuringthattheoutputis5MP.FullHDvideocanbezoomed4X
whereas720Pvideohas6Xzoom.
?Lumia1020macrodistancestaysthesamethrough-
outthezoomrange.
Gettingridofhand-shakethismeansisthatweareabletocanceloutlargermove-
mentscomparedtotraditionalOISsystems,enablingsu-
?Asthezoomingisdonewithoutmechanicallymoving
per-sharpimages.
anyparts,itissilent,fast,andintuitive.AdditionallyLensdesignandsensorresolutionareoftentheonlyfac-
theLumia1020slidezoomcanbeoperatedbyusingtorsconsideredwhendiscussingcamerasharpness,but
TechnicallyourOISisthebarrelshifttypefirstseenin
onehandonly.anequallyimportantfactoristotallyneglected–hand-
shake.EventhesharpestopticalsystemsintheworldtheNokiaLumia920.(Otherwaysofmakingopticalim-
agestabilisationsystemsincludebarreltilt,sensortilt
?Dualcaptureallowsforpostcapturezoomingandcan’tcaptureasharpimageifthecameraismovedduring
ormoduletilt,butforourpurposesbarrelshiftgives
reframing.Moreonthisinthereframingsectiononcapture.WehaveimplementedacompletelynewOISsys-
thebestquality.)IntheLumia1020theopticsaremuch
page12temtoovercomethis.IntraditionalSLROISsystemsjust
onelenselementinthelensstackismovedtocounteractbigger,andaddingOIStechnologytoopticsofthatsize
hand-shake,butinourOISthewholeopticalassemblyisrequiredsomereallycleverengineering:thewholelens
movedtocanceloutunwantedcameramovements.Whatsystemisrestingontopofballbearingsandisactively
8
movedwithverysmallmotorstocounteracttheunwant-Photosinthedarktotransferthephotonsoutfromthepixel.Withtradition-
edcameramovementsdetectedbyagyroscope.alpixelsallthesewiresarelocatedontopofthepixelsand
lightmustbypassthewirestoreachthephotosensitive
Ifyoulightlywobblethephoneandlistentothecamera,Thestandardfactorusedfordetermininggoodlowlightareaofthepixel.Weusedamodern-generationBSIsen-
youcanactuallyhearthemodulethatabsorbstheshak-performanceistheamountofvisiblenoiseintheim-sorwhereallthesewiresarelocatedunderneaththepix-
ingofyourhand.Oncethecameraisactivated,givetheagecaptured.Butthereisalotmoretoitthanjusttheel.Withthisdesignasignificantlylargeramountoflight
phonethesamewobbleandthemagnetskickinandsoakamountofnoise.canactuallyreachthephotosensitiveareaofthepixel.
upthemovements.Thisagainmeansthatwecanamplifythesignalcreated
Backsideilluminatedsensorbymuchlowerlevelsoflight,significantlyreducingthe
amountofvisiblenoise.
Itisextremelydifficulttomakeahighresolutionsensor
withjustasmallamountofvisiblenoisebecausepixelsExposuretime
mustbekeptsmalltokeepthesensorsizereasonable.
Thesmallerpixelsizeisespeciallyproblematicwithtra-Anotherextremelyimportantfactorcontributingtolow
ditionalfrontsideilluminated(FSI)sensors,becauseeachlightperformanceistheexposuretime.Acameracanbe
pixelneedsmanywirestopowerupthephotodiodeandcomparedtoadamwheretheshutterplaystheroleofthe
gate.Thelongerthegateisopen,themorewatercanflow
throughit.Inacamera,thelongertheshutterisopenthe
morelightcanbegatheredbythesensor.
However,iftheshutterisopentoolong,thecapturedim-
agecansufferfromhand-shake,whichmeansreduced
sharpness.WithitsOISsystem,theNokiaLumia1020
cameracanactuallytolerateuptoof3-5timeslongerex-
posuretimescomparedtotraditionalmobilecameras–a
significantbenefitinlowlightsituations.UsingtheLumia
1020togetherwithatripod,userscanmanuallysetthe
exposuretimeupto4s,whichallowsyoutotakeamazing
imagesinnearlycompletedarkness.
Flash
Whendiscussinglowlightperformanceit′sonlynatural
toalsoconsidertheflash.Eventhoughmanypreferthe
naturalambientfeelinginimagescapturedwithoutflash,
evenwiththeverybestofcamerasweoccasionallyrun
intosituationswheretheuseofflashismandatory,espe-
ciallyifthetargetismoving.Flashperformanceisoften
assessedbycomparingthelightoutputofdifferentflash-
es,howeverflashpulsedurationisanequallyimportant
parametertoconsider.
Figure7.Cleverengineering:Ballbearingsfloatthelargelenssystem.Illustrationonly.
9
WiththeLumia1020weuseano-compromisexenon
flashwithveryhighlightoutputandextremelyshortImagesharpnessmeasuredwith
flashpulseduration.Highflashoutputprovidesexcel-handshakeasfunctionofilluminance
lentilluminationtotargetsthreemetresaway,andthe
shortpulseofthexenonflashensuresthatthefinal
capturedimageisextremelysharpwhilepreservingthe
100
ambientlightingofthebackground.Lumia1020
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