高中英語語法講解與練習(xí)-動詞不定式

高中英語語法講解不定式（TheInfinitive）定義：動詞不定式是非謂語動詞的一種,無人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能獨(dú)立作謂語，但它仍保持動詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有自己的賓語和狀語。E.g.Hewanthisstudentstoreadthebookaloud.A．1不定式的構(gòu)成（以動詞do為例）主動形式被動形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進(jìn)行式tobedoing無完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing無2不定式的形式不定式的一般式(todo)一般式表示的動作或狀態(tài)，發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作或狀態(tài)的同時或之后Mywishistobecomeadoctor.Heseemedtobetired.Shestoppedtohavearest.不定式的被動式(tobedone)當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動式.Thebuildingtobefinishednextmonthisforourteachers.IamgoingtoBeijing,Ihavesomethingtotaketomyparents,doyouhavesomethingtobetakentoyourparents?如果謂語表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時,不定式表示動作正在進(jìn)行,這時候不定式就要用進(jìn)行式.（tobedoing）Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrossthestreet.Theyseemedtobetalkingaboutsomethingimportant.WhenIwenttohishome,hehappenedtobetravelingaroundtheworld.如果不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示動作或狀態(tài)之前，就用完成式(tohavedone);若是在此基礎(chǔ)上的被動含義，就用完成被動式(tohavebeendone).HeissaidtohavewrittenanovelabouttheLongMarch.Hethoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedus.Theassistantseemedtohavebeenfired.HeissaidtohavebeentaughtFrenchwhenhewasachild.Einsteinissaidtohavebuiltuphistheorywhenhewasinhistwenties.如果不定式的動作是在謂語所表示的時間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動作，就要用完成進(jìn)行式.TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksonginXinjiang.We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwiththeexpertsallthemonth.B.用法：動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。因此在句中可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語。一、不定式做主語：1、不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。動名詞doing表示習(xí)慣的，經(jīng)常的動作。egTofinishthebuildinginamonthisdifficult.Toseeistobelieve.注:1).不定式作主語時,謂語用單數(shù)2).當(dāng)主語較長，謂語較短時，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的后面。it做形式主語，不定式放在謂語動詞之后常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：(1)Itis/was+adj.+ofsb.todo…(性格、品質(zhì):clever/foolish/silly/kind/nice/careless/dishonest/honest/good/wrong/right)(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo…Itiseasy/difficult/hard/foolish/unwise/right/wrong/unnecessary(3)itis(+a)+名詞+todo... Itisapity/apleasure/apleasantthing/one’sduty/turn/anhonor/ashame/acrime/noeasyjob…todoIttakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience…todo…Itrequirescourage/patience/hardwork…todo…*注意:probable和possible均可作表語，但possible可以用不定式作真實(shí)主語，而probable不能用不定式作真實(shí)主語。Itisprobableforhimtocometothemeeting.(錯）Itispossibleforhimtocometothemeeting.Itispossible/probablethathewillcometothemeeting.二、不定式做表語主語是以aimdutyhopeideaintentionplanjobsuggestionwishpurposetask等為中心詞的名詞詞組或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容,不定式作表語常表示將來或現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。egMyideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.三.不定式作賓語只能用不定式作賓語的動詞：agree,aim,attempt,care,choose,demand,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage(設(shè)法做到),offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise(答應(yīng)),refuse,undertake(同意，答應(yīng))want,wish,bedetermined/willing/ready/sure/certain/likely,wouldlike,afford,claim,dare(to)(敢，還可做情態(tài)動詞+原形),determine(決心,決定=bedeterminedtodo),long(渴望)四．動詞不定式做定語1不定式作定語需要后置。2.作定語的不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞存在著兩種主要的邏輯關(guān)系，即被修飾的名詞和代詞是不定式的邏輯主語（邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）或邏輯賓語（邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系）1）不定式前的名詞是它的邏輯主語。Heisthedoctortodotheoperation.2)不定式和它所修飾的名詞是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。Ihavealotofthingstodo.3）不定式前的名詞是它修飾的對象。Thisistherighttimetostart.注意．如果不定式所修飾的詞是way或place,介詞可省略。Hehasnowaytogo(by).Thisisthebestplacetowork(at)五．賓語補(bǔ)足語Hewantedyoutobehisassistant.Isawhercrossthestreet.Theybelieve/think/considerhim(tobe)right.Theyarebelieved/thought/consideredtohavediscussedtheproblems.[注1]如果謂語動詞為感官動詞或使役動詞，則作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不可帶to，這些動詞有see,hear,feel,watch,notice;have,make,let等。Ifeltmybloodruncold.Whatmadeyouthinklikethat?但如果句子是被動語態(tài)，則to不可省略。Hewasmadetocleanthewindowsasapunishment.Someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.[注2]1.謂語動詞help后可接帶to或不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。用不帶to的不定式表示幫助者直接參與動作；用帶to的不定式表示主語沒有直接參與動作。Theyhelpedmecarrytheboxes.Thiskindofsoapwillhelpyoutowashtheclothesmoreeasily.2.在美式英語或非正式文體中，help后用作賓補(bǔ)的不定式均不帶to。3.help后可以直接用帶to或不帶to的不定式作賓語。Theyhelped(to)carrythefurnitureupstairs.[注3]lookat及l(fā)istento后用作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to（這主要是美式英語）。Wehavebeenlisteningtotheradiotellalongstory.六．表語補(bǔ)足語當(dāng)不定式與主語存在邏輯上動賓關(guān)系的時候，用主動表被動。Thatishardtosay.Thechairiscomfortabletositin.七．不定式做狀語不定式做狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。1、表目的egTolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmusttryyourbest(主語一致)Hecameheretoattendanimportantmeeting.HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。*但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式可以是to,inorderto，但卻不可以是soasto.”,”Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.Tobeelectedmonitorofourclass,hegavemoneytous.*放在句末時，todo表示目的，不可有“，”若有用doing表示伴隨,有無“，”皆可egHebowedtoustothankusforhelpinghimfindtheway.Heworkeddayandnight,hopingtofinishtheworkbeforehand.2、表結(jié)果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型①so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③adj./adv.+enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.=5\*GB3⑤onlytodo(卻,反而)Iarrivedattheshoponlytofind(卻發(fā)現(xiàn))I’dleftallmymoneyathome.3．表原因不定式可以用于動詞、形容詞或-ed分詞后表示原因。Hewastooexcitedtogethighmarks.八．同位語Isthisyourpurpose,toavoidbeingpunished?九．獨(dú)立成分Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikeyou.Theyarrivedhereat11:55a.m.,tobeexact（確切地說）.類似的有：tobefrank坦率地說，tohearhimtalk聽他說話的口氣，tocutalongstoryshort長話短說，等等。C不定式的各種結(jié)構(gòu)1．賓格詞+不定式1）普通結(jié)構(gòu)此結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓格詞為名詞或代詞的賓格，賓格詞是謂語動詞的賓語，同時又是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式和賓格詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。IwantHenrytocome.Sheexpectsthistobetrue.Iheardthemsingyesterday.2)“theretobe+賓格詞”結(jié)構(gòu)此結(jié)構(gòu)的賓格詞仍是不定式的邏輯主語，只是它位于不定式tobe的后面。Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstanding.3)各種形式的不定式都可以用于此種結(jié)構(gòu)中。Thejudgewantedthemantobepunished.Heexpectedeachofhisstudentstobeworkinghardforthecomingexam.2．主格詞+不定式當(dāng)上一種結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，就出現(xiàn)了此種結(jié)構(gòu)，此結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式都要帶to，主格詞是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式在句中作主語補(bǔ)足語。Theyareallowedtogo.←Weallowedthemtogo.Hewasseentoenterthestore.←Isawhimenterthestore.3．for+賓格詞+不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓格詞是不定式的邏輯主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作：主語Itisdifficultforustolearnasecondforeignlanguage.2）賓語IconsideritnecessaryforhertolearnFrench.3）表語Thebestthingisforustomakeourowndecision.4）定語Thereisalotofworkforustodo.5）狀語Heopenedthedoorforthecartoenter.Thebookistooeasyforthemtoread.4．with/without+賓格詞+不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)在句中常作原因狀語，賓格詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。Withsomuchworktodo,Ishallnotbeabletowatchthematchwithyou.Withoutanythingtoeat,hediedofhunger.5．疑問詞+不定式此結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于名詞詞組，在句中可作：主語Whentovisitthefarmshasnotbeendecidedyet.賓語Wemustknowhowtooperatethismachine.表語Theproblemnowishowtocollectenoughmoney.同位語Theproblemwhattodonextisunknown.注意intend(打算；想要；意指),plan,hope,expect,mean,promise,want,think,wish,were(was)(打算),wouldlike,shouldlike+不定式完成式，可表過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，期待和計(jì)劃。 Heintendedtohavecome.=Heintendedtocome,buthedidn’t. Shewishedtohaveboughtacar.=Shewishedtobuyacar,butshedidn’t. Imeanttohavecalledonyou,butIwastoobusy. Shehopedtohavepassedtheexam.(butshedidn’t) Iwouldliketohavegoneabroad.(butIdidn’t)D不定式的否定式通常是在不定式前加not，表示較強(qiáng)的否定意義時可用never。Itoldhimnottotouchtheequipment.Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.E特殊動詞不定式的“省略與保留”一、不定式符號的省略與保留

1.在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather...than=wouldsooner...than,cannotbut(不得不，只好),why(not)等結(jié)構(gòu)后面的不定式符號to通常被省略。如:

You’dbettertellherthetruth.你最好告訴她真相。

2.動詞不定式短語作介詞but,except,besides的賓語,且介詞之前有行為動詞do或它的其它形式時,不定式符號to通常被省略。如:

Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?

除了游泳,你還喜歡干什么?

Mymothercoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.

媽媽只好等著醫(yī)生的到來。

Nowhehadgivenhimselfnochoicebuttotellher.(本句中不定式符號to不可省略)

當(dāng)時他毫無選擇的余地,只好告訴她了。

3.兩個或多個不定式短語表示并列關(guān)系時,后面不定式短語的不定式符號to通常被省略;如果表示對比關(guān)系,則不定式中的不定式符號to通常要保留。如:

Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.(對比關(guān)系)

他們沒有告訴我是繼續(xù)下去還是停止。

Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.(并列關(guān)系)

她讓孩子待在那里等她回來。

4.在某些感官動詞或使役動詞(如hear,listento,notice,observe（觀察，注意到）,see,watch,make等)之后充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式中,不定式符號to總是被省略,但在被動語態(tài)的句子中,不定式符號to通常要保留。如:

Theymadethatmanworkallthemorning.Thatmanwasmadetoworkallthemorning.

5.不定式短語作表語,不定式符號to常常要保留,但當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語,或all,everything等后接定語從句作主語,從句謂語部分含有動詞do或do的其他形式時,作表語的不定式可以保留也可省略不定式符號to。如:

Thegreatesthappinessistoworkforthehappinessofall.

最大的幸福就是為大家的幸福而工作。

TheonlythingIcandonowis(to)goonbymyself.

我現(xiàn)在唯一能做的就是靠自己繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。二、不定式符號后面動詞的省略與保留

1.為了避免重復(fù),在hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer,want,haveto,beableto,begoingto,usedto,oughtto等動詞及習(xí)語后面出現(xiàn)與上文相同的不定式時,常保留不定式符號to,而把其它部分省略。如:MsKingliedtousbecauseshehadto.金女士跟我們?nèi)隽酥e,因?yàn)樗坏貌贿@樣做.-Iheardyou’dgotoDalianonholiday.-Iplannedto,butIhavesomeimportantbusinesstodealwith.

2.當(dāng)不定式在ask,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,tell,expect,force,invite,beg等動詞后面充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語時,為了避免重復(fù),常保留不定式符號,而把后面的動詞省略。如:

Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto.

Ifhedoesn’twanttogothere,don’tforcehimto.Hedidn’tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto.

-

Didyourhusbandgiveupsmoking?－No.Hewasadvisedto,buthewouldn’tlisten.

沒有。有人勸過他,但他就是不聽。

3.在特定的上下文中,為了避免重復(fù),如果不定式為一般式tobe...或完成式tohavedone時,則不定式符號to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。如:－Aren’tyoutheheadmaster?

－No,andIdon’twanttobe.-Hasn’thefinishedwritingthereport?－No,butheoughttohave.F4.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.

A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto

5.MrsSmithwarnedherdaughter________afterdrinking.

A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive

6.Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.

A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating

8.Theywouldnotallowhim________acrosstheenemyline.

A.toriskgoingB.riskingtogoC.forrisktogoD.riskgoing9.Isawhim_______outoftheroom.

A.goB.hadgoneC.hasgoneD.goes

10.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_______upfromchildhood.

A.growB.grewC.wasgrowingD.togrow

11.I’veheardhim_______aboutyouoften.A.spokeB.speaksC.speak

12.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_______,todayhewasmade______byhislittlesister.

A.cry；tocryB.crying；cryingC.cry；cryD.tocry；cry

16.There’resomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymind_______tobuy.

A.whatB.whichC.howD.where

17.Thereisn’tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon’tknow_________.

A.wheretochooseB.whichtochooseC.tochoosewhatD.tochoosewhich

18.“Haveyoudecidedwhen________?”

“Yes,tomorrowmorning.”

A.toleaveB.tobeleavingC.willyouleaveD.areyouleaving19.LastsummerItookacourseon________.

A.howtomakedressesB.howdressesbemadeC.howtobemadedressesD.howdressestobemade

20.Hedoesn’tknow______tostayornot.

A.whetherB.ifC.eitherD.ifhewill

21.Shepretended___mewhenIpassedby.A.nottoseenB.notseeingC.tonotseeD.havingnotseen

22.---Thelightintheofficeisstillon.-Oh,Iforgot_______.

A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff

23.Weagreed___herebutsofarshehasn’tturnedup(出現(xiàn))yet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet24.LittleJimshouldlove_______tothetheatrethisevening.

A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking

25.Iwouldlove______tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.

A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone

26.Frankisthekindofpersonwhopeopleliketo________.

A.makefriendwithB.makefriendsofC.makefriendsD.makefriendswith

27.Goon________theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.

A.todoB.doingC.withD.tobedoing

28.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_______onabigrockbythesideofthepath.

A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest

29.Tomkeptquietabouttheaccident________losehisjob.

A.sonotastoB.soasnottoC.soastonotD.notsoasto

30.Ineedadayortwo________.A.tothinkitoverB.tothinkoverC.ofthinking

32.CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered________thefirstcomputer.

A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented

33.Hesaidhewouldrathernot_______itrightnow.A.doingB.todoC.doD.tobedoing

34.Ratherthan_______onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_______abicycle.

A.ride；rideB.riding；rideC.ride；torideD.toride；riding

35.It’sfreezingoutside.You_______putonyourovercoat.

A.hadbettertoB.hadbetterC.wouldbetterD.wouldbetterto

36.Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_______.

A.sitB.sitonC.besitD.besaton

37.I’mhungry.Getmesomething____.A.eatB.toeatC.eatingD.foreating

38.--Iusuallygotherebytrain.--Whynot____byboatforachange?

A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing

39.Shedidnothing___atthephoto.A.exceptlookB.buttolookC.excepttolookD.butlooking

40.Iaskedhimto_______meafewminutessothatwecouldgooveralltheproblems.

A.spendB.spareC.saveD.share

41.Theywon’tlettheteacher___inthatway.A.tobetreatedB.beingtreatedC.treatedD.betreated

42.Youmustgetyourroom____afterbreakfast.A.tobecleanedB.tocleanC.cleaningD.cleaned

43.Theproblem_______attomorrow’smeetingisaverydifficultone.

A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.todiscuss

44.Hereachedthestation___only___thatthetrainhadjustleft.

A.tired；learnedB.tiring；learningC.totire；tolearnD.tired；tolearn

45.--Didthatbookgivetheinformationyouneeded?--Yes,but___,wehadtoreaditalmostentirely.

A.forfindingitB.tofinditC.findingitD.byfindingit

46.I’msorryIforgot______yourdictionary.Let’sborrowonefromLiMing.

A.totakeB.takingC.tobringD.bringing

47.Shecouldn’tdecidewhichrestaurant____.A.tohavelunchB.toeatC.toeatatD.eatingat48.Thisproblemissaid_____threetimes.

A.tohavebeentalkedB.tohavediscussedC.havingbeendiscussedD.tohavebeentalkedabout

49.Theybelievedtheman___awaythediamondring.A.betakenB.takingC.totakeD.