2024屆高考英語閱讀理解之科普知識(shí)類介紹素材

閱讀理解之科普知識(shí)類

題型分析

科普知識(shí)類說明文是高考閱讀理解中的重難點(diǎn)題材，考生往往在這類

文章中失分嚴(yán)重，因此，考生需要了解科普知識(shí)類文章的主要特點(diǎn)和

命題方式。

選材：當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技等方面的變化，以介紹某一科學(xué)現(xiàn)象居多。

特點(diǎn)：結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、邏輯性強(qiáng)。

語言：文章中詞匯的意義相對(duì)單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情色彩c句

子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，語法分析較困難，常使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，尤其是一些慣用

被動(dòng)句式。

命題：主要集中在細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測(cè)

題，以推理判斷題居多。

解題策略

科普知識(shí)類說明文長(zhǎng)難句居多，題目往往是推理判斷題和主旨大意題。

因此，考生在擴(kuò)大詞匯量的同時(shí)，還需要努力增強(qiáng)分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力，

把握文章的主旨。具體答題策略如下：

科學(xué)現(xiàn)條、概念、類別等____________

設(shè)題玉萌的性質(zhì)：特征、原理、應(yīng)唁

方向

科現(xiàn)象或事物形成的原因、過程和演變

普類似事物或現(xiàn)象的相似點(diǎn)和不同*

知

廠把怩說明順序：時(shí)間、空間和邏輯順序

識(shí)

類

「J手列式

說

明一工一必■承接式

-理清說明結(jié)構(gòu)-遞進(jìn)式

文

L總分式

技法

解讀「下定義

-舉例子

L認(rèn)清說明方法-田小3

-作比較

匚打比方

感悟真題.體驗(yàn)技法

（2019?全國(guó)I-C）

Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommonzthemarketis

growingforbiometric（生物測(cè)量technologies—likefingeiprint

scans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,these

technologiesarestillexpensivezthough.

ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwitha

low-costdevice（裝置）thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmart

keyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence（節(jié)奏）with

whichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboard

couldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceof

auser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.

Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcan

determinepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbe

givenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto-regardlessofwhether

someonegetsthepasswordright.

Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talready

familiarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.

Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteers

typetheword"touch^fburtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollected

fromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedon

howtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthe

keyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostly

madeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeitto

marketinthenearfuture.

語篇解讀

本文是一篇說明文。隨著數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，對(duì)用戶

信息起防護(hù)作用的技術(shù)如指紋掃描等的市場(chǎng)正在增長(zhǎng)，但這些技術(shù)仍

然很昂貴。本文介紹了一種具有類似功能的新型低成本設(shè)備——智能

鍵盤。

28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?

A.Toreducepressureonkeys.

B.Toimproveaccuracyintyping.

C.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.

D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句"Atpresent,thesetechnologiesare

stillexpensive,though.”和第二段第一句“ResearchersfromGeorgia

Techsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice（裝置）thatgets

aroundthisproblem：asmartkeyboard.”可知，研究者們開發(fā)智能鍵盤

是為了降低e-space保護(hù)的成本。故選D。

29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?

A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.

B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.

C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.

D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerof

securitybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetime

betweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,the

keyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities…”可知，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人的打字

方式不同，使得智能鍵盤能夠識(shí)別人的身分。故選C。

3O.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?

A.It'11beenvironment-friendly.

B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.

C.Ifllbemadeofplastics.

D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句"Theteamhopestomakeitto

marketinthenearfUture.“可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤能早日投入市

場(chǎng)銷售。故選B。

隨堂演練

Bioprintingismedicallyandbio-technologicallyequalto3Dprinting.By

usingthesameprinciples,theaimistorapidlydeveloplivingstructures

similartohuman-grownorgansandtissuethatcanbeusedtohealpeople

ortestnewdrugs.

Ofcourse,printingbiologicaltissueismuchmorecomplexthanbuilding

amechanicalpart.Therearecomplexlayersofcellsinliving

tissue.Bioprintersusebioinkmadefromcells,biochemicalnutrientsand

biologicalstandstosupportcellsinanexactorder.Bioinkshaveto

operateunderconditionsthataresuitableforliving,growingtissue,so

theycannotreallybeprintedattemperaturesthattopbodytemperature.

Perhapsthesimplestformofbioprintingisinkjetprinting.Bioinkis

sprayedthroughtinytubessoithastobealmostliquidandthislimitsthe

biologicalmaterialsthatcanbeprinted.Most3Dprintersoperateby

squeezingmaterialthroughapipeandbioprinterscanusesqueezingtoo,

thoughcarehastobetakennottodamagecellsthroughextreme

force.Othertechniquessuchaslaser-assistedbioprintingor

electrospinning（靜電紡絲）areincrediblyexactandcanbeusedwith

thickerbioinks,buttheyaremoretrickytousewithlivingcellsandnot

asrapidorabletocreatelargequantitiesoftissue.

Oncethebioprinterhasdoneitswork，thepost-processingstage

begins.Bioreactorsystemsareoftenemployedtohelpthetissuegrow

up.Theycanbeusedtocopytheforcesandbiochemicalsupportthat

tissueneedstogrowanddifferentiatecorrectly.

Bioprintingmaybearelativelynewfieldbuttheresultssofarare

encouraging.Stemcells,whichhavethepotentialtoturnintoseveral

typesofcells,arebeingusedtocreatebone.Organprintingcanimprove

thehealthofsocietyingeneralbywipingouttheproblemofdiseases

causedbyorganfailure,costlytreatmentsandsocialcare.Thatpromise

maybeyearsawayfromrealizationbutrapidprototyping（原型技術(shù)）

enabledbybioprintingispushingmedicaladvancesforwardatpace.

語篇解讀

本文是一篇說明文。文章通過介紹生物打印的所需材料、實(shí)施過程

和相關(guān)用途等告訴讀者生物打印的發(fā)展很有前景。

l.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inparagraph2referto?

A.Cells.B.Bioinks.

C.Nutrients.D.Biologicalstands.

代詞指代題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，生物墨水必須在適合的條件

下工作，所以它們不能在高于體表溫度的狀況下打印。由此可推知，

畫線詞they指代的是生物墨水。故選B。

2.Whatshouldwepayattentiontowhenusingbioprinting?

A.Thesortofhumanorgans.

B.Thethicknessofbioinks.

C.Theforceofsqueezing.

D.Theorderofcells.

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第三句可知，生物打印機(jī)也可以通過擠壓原

料的方式運(yùn)作，不過要注意不能過度用力，否則會(huì)損壞細(xì)胞。故