全新版大學(xué)高階英語(yǔ)：綜合教程 第3冊(cè)Unit 5 Fighting with the Forces of Nature課件

Unit5FightingwiththeForcesofNatureLearningObjectives

MoralSkillslanguageAchieveathoroughunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenhumanandnatureLearn

abouttraditionalChineseconceptof“theunityofheavenandman”ApplyusingcomparisonandcontrastinwritingDevelopcriticalthinkingabilitiesintheChinesecontextGrasp

keylanguagepointsandtheirusageincontextPart

2InReadingPart

3AfterReadingPart

4CriticalThinkingCONTENTSPart

5CultureFocusPart

6HomeReadingBeforeReadingManandNature1.Brainstorming2.ViewingandComprehension3.DiscussionBackBeforeReadingBrainstormingPleasebrainstormnaturalphenomenathatdemonstratethemightyforcesofnature.DroughtFloodBeforeReading

TornadoTyphoonBeforeReading

Landslide/Mud-rockflowSandstormBeforeReading

BackWatchthevideoclipaboutoneofChina’smanyeffortstofightdesertificationandcompletethestatementsthatfollowaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.EfforttoFightDesertificationBeforeReading

BlankFilling1.IntheGobiDesertitsoundslikethedunesaresinging.Actually,________________,pushingpeopleoutoftheirhomes,now___________________.2.Inthisvillagethereisonly_________________.90-year-oldTubibatuandhiswifeTuwachinwerebornhere,andthey___________.3.They’vechosentodefythedesert.Everydaythecouple__________________tothenearestwell,______________fortheshrubstheyhavebeenplantingfor15years,buildingadamagainsttheoceanofsand.theyareadvancingswallowedbythesandonefamilyremaining

plantostaycollectingwaterridetheirmotorbikeBeforeReading4.“Wehavefacedmanydifficulties.Oftenweplantbushesbut_______________________.It’s________________.”5.Desertificationis___________________________________.Beijingisplanting________________________,4,800kilometersby1,500kilometersalongtheborderoftheGobidesert.

agreatgreenwallofChina

thebiggestecologicaldangerChinafaces

anaturaldisasterthewindtakesthemawayBackBeforeReadingDiscussinPairs1.Inhumanhistory,manhasalwaystriedtoconquernature.Doyouthinkmancanmakeit?2.Arehumanactivitiespartlyresponsibleforthesedisasters?3.Whatcouldbedonetohelpmitigatetheimpactonthevictims?BackInReadingGlobal

ReadingDetailed

ReadingBackPartPara.MainIdeasPartOne1-2PartTwo3-11PartThree12-20PartFour21InReading–GlobalReadingTextOrganizationIntroduction–BothNapoleon’sandHitler’smilitarycampaignsfailedbecauseoftheseverityoftheRussianwinter.Napoleon’smilitarycampaignagainstRussia.Hitler’smilitarycampaignagainsttheSovietUnion.Conclusion–Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.InReading–GlobalReadingTextOrganizationIntroductionConclusionContrastandcomparisonNapoleon’sCampaignHitler’sInvasionHitler’sInvasionHitler’sInvasionBackFightingwiththeForcesofNatureNilaB.Smith

In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow—theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler’smilitarymightwasunequaled.InReading–DetailedReadingHiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.

Napoleon’sCampaignInthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.InReading–DetailedReadingShortlyafterwards,Napoleon’sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.InReading–DetailedReadingHewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinafiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.InReading–DetailedReadingAgain,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”InReading–DetailedReading

Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter’sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.InReading–DetailedReading

AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.

AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.InReading–DetailedReadingOfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestwardacrossEurope.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulallianceandattackedthesestragglers.InMarch1814,Pariswascaptured.Napoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanend.Hitler’sInvasionByearly1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,hadseizedcontrolofmostofEurope.TotheeastofHitler’sGermanempirewastheSovietUnion.OnJune22,1941,withoutadeclarationofwar,HitlerbegananinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatwasthelargestmilitarylandcampaigninhistory.Confidentofaquickvictory,Hitlerexpectedthecampaigntolastnolongerthanthreemonths.InReading–DetailedReading

Heplannedtousetheblitzkrieg,or“l(fā)ightningwar,”tacticsthathaddefeatedtherestofEurope.Theinvasionhadthreebroadthrusts:againstLeningradandMoscowandthroughtheUkraine.

Caughtoffguardbytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalininstructedtheRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”infrontoftheGermaninvaders.Farmsandfactorieswereburned,destroyed,orrendereduseless.Duringthefirsttenweeksoftheinvasion,theGermanspushedthefronteastward,andtheRussianssufferedmorethanamillioncasualties.InReading–DetailedReadingInthenorth,theGermansclosedinonLeningrad.Despitegreatsuffering,however,thepeopleofLeningradrefusedtosurrender.AsthebattleofLeningraddraggedonintowinter,thecity’ssituationbecamedesperate.Asfoodranout,peoplediedfromhungeranddisease.Bythemiddleofthewinterof1941—1942,nearlyfourthousandpeoplestarvedtodeatheveryday.Closetoonemillionpeoplediedasaresultofthesiege.InthecenterofRussia,Hitler’sgoalwasthecaptureofMoscow.BecausetheGermanshadanticipatedaquickvictory,theyhadmadenoplansforwintersupplies.Octoberarrivedwithheavyrains.“GeneralMud”sloweddownthemovementoftheGermans’lightningattack.InReading–DetailedReading

AsHitler’sarmiesdrewcloserandclosertoMoscow,anearly,severewintersettledovertheSovietUnion,theharshestinyears.Temperaturesdroppedtominus48degreesCelsius.Heavysnowsfell.TheGermansoldiers,completelyunpreparedfortheRussianwinter,frozeintheirlightsummeruniforms.TheGermantankslayburiedintheheavysnowbanks.TheRussianwinterbroughttheGermanoffensiveto

ahalt.InReading–DetailedReading

Bythesummerof1942,Hitlerhadlaunchedtwonewoffensives.Inthesouth,theGermanscapturedSevastopol.HitlerthenpushedeasttoStalingrad,agreatindustrialcitythatstretchedfor48kilometersalongtheVolgaRiver.Despitegreatsuffering,SovietdefendersrefusedtogiveupStalingrad.InNovember1942,theRussianslaunchedacounterattack.WithlittleornoshelterfromthewintercoldinandaroundStalingrad,Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsupplies.NotuntilJanuary1943didtheGermansgiveuptheirsiege.OfthethreehundredthousandGermansattackingStalingrad,onlyninetythousandstarvingsoldierswereleft.ThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.TheGermanvictorieswereover,thanksinparttotheRussianwinter.InReading–DetailedReadingDuring1943and1944,theSovietarmiespushedtheGermanfrontbacktowardthewest.Inthenorth,theRedArmybrokethethree-yearsiegeofLeningradwithasurpriseattackonJanuary15,1944.Withintwoweeks,theheroicsurvivorsofLeningradsawtheirinvadersdepart.ByMarch1944,theUkrainefarmingregionwasagaininSoviethands.OnMay9,1944,SevastopolwasliberatedfromtheGermans.TheRussianswerenowheadingforBerlin.InReading–DetailedReading

ForHitler,theinvasionoftheSovietUnionhadturnedintoamilitarydisaster.FortheRussianpeople,itbroughtunspeakablesuffering.ThetotalSovietdeadinWorldWarIIreachedalmost23million.Russia’sIcyDefenderTheelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.NapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityoftheRussianwinter.Snow,ice,andfreezingtemperaturestooktheirtollonbothinvadingarmies.FortheRussianpeople,thewinterwasanicydefender.InReading–DetailedReadingFurtherUnderstandingComparisonandcontrast:Whatarethesimilaritiesbetweenthetwowars?Completethefollowingtableandanswerthequestionbymakingcomparison:WhatisthepointtheauthortriestomakebytellingusaboutthesetwowarsinRussianhistory?InReading–DetailedReadingInReading–DetailedReadingcomparisonandcontrast：

DefinitionsofcomparisonandcontrastComparison:explainhowtwoormorethingsarealike.Contrast:

explainhowtwoormorethingsaredifferent.AVenndiagram(維恩圖）helpstoshowthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenitems.Itlookslikethis:Item1Item2Differences(CharacteristicsofItem1)Similarities(Characteristicsofboth)Differences(CharacteristicsofItem2)InReading–DetailedReadingEventsNapoleon'sInvasionofRussiaHitler'sInvasionoftheSovietUnionInvader’sExpectationsvictorywithin5weeksvictorywithin3monthsCasualtiesAtleast500,000ofthe600,000FrenchsoldiersdiedinthewarTheSovietUnionlost23millionlives.Hitlerlost210thousandinMoscowaloneRussia’sStrategyretreat,scorchtheearth,bidetheirtime,hit-and-runretreat,scorchtheearth,refusetosurrenderundersiege,counterattackResultNapoleon'sdownfallandabdication,falloftheFrenchEmpirefallofNaziGermanyThePointtheAuthorTriestoMakeThepowerofnatureinshapingthecourseofhistoryshouldnotbeunderestimated.GreatcasualtiesRetreat,lettheRussianwinterfightthewarFalloftheinvadersComparison:BackInReading-LanguageFocusresistance

n.fightingback;refusaltoaccept(anewideaorchange)抵抗；反對(duì)Thereductioninwhitebloodcellcountslowersaperson’sresistancetodisease.白血球數(shù)量減少，人對(duì)疾病的抵抗力就降低。BackTheno-smokingpolicywasintroducedwithlittleresistancefromthestaff.采取禁煙政策并未遭到員工的反對(duì)。InReading-LanguageFocusdevastating

a.

causinggreatdestruction毀滅性的Theplaguestruckthecityagainwithdevastatingeffect.瘟疫再次肆虐該城，造成了毀滅性后果。Ifthefactorycloses,itwillbeadevastatingblowtothelocalcommunity.如果這家工廠關(guān)閉，對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)是個(gè)毀滅性的打擊。InReading-LanguageFocusdevastate

vt.laywaste;destroy毀滅；摧毀Badweatherhasdevastatedthelocaltouristindustry.惡劣的天氣重創(chuàng)當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)。BackInReading-LanguageFocuscampaign

n.

aseriesofmilitaryoperationsorplannedactivitieswithaparticularaim戰(zhàn)役；運(yùn)動(dòng)Grant’sVicksburgcampaignsecuredtheentireMississippifortheUnion.格蘭特的維克伯格戰(zhàn)役為聯(lián)邦牢牢控制了整個(gè)密西西。BackTheanti-corruptioncampaigninChinahasbeensuccessful.中國(guó)的反腐運(yùn)動(dòng)很成功。InReading-LanguageFocusassemble

vt.

bringtogether;fittogetherthepartsof集結(jié)，召集；裝配Thegeneralassembledhismenforacounter-offensive.將軍集結(jié)兵馬準(zhǔn)備反攻。BackThefurnitureisdeliveredinpiecesandyouhavetoassembleityourself.家具分成若干部件交貨，你得自己組裝。InReading-LanguageFocusdecisivea.stronglyaffectinghowasituationwillprogressorend;havingtheabilitytodecidequickly決定性的；果斷的Theeconomyoftenplaysadecisiveroleindeterminingtheoutcomeofageneralelection.經(jīng)濟(jì)往往是大選結(jié)果的決定性因素。BackYoumustbedecisiveandpersistenttosucceedinthiscompetitivefield.要在這競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的領(lǐng)域勝出，你必須既果斷又執(zhí)著。InReading-LanguageFocustoone’ssurprise:usedforsayingthatwhathappensgivesthespeakerasurprise令人吃驚的是Muchtoourpleasantsurprise,ourdebatingteamwonthefirstprize.使我們驚喜的是，我們的辯論隊(duì)得了頭獎(jiǎng)。BackToeveryone’s/noone’ssurprise,sherefusedtoaccepttheaward.她拒絕領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)，使大家感到意外/誰(shuí)也沒(méi)感到意外InReading-LanguageFocusengage

v.enterintocontestorbattle(with);(causeto)takepartinorgetinvolvedin交戰(zhàn)；（使）參與Histroopswillonlyengageinagroundbattlewhenalltheoddsareintheirfavor.他的部隊(duì)只有在占盡優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)才參與地面作戰(zhàn)。BackDon’tengagehiminconversation.Hewilltalkforhoursoncehegetstheopportunity.不要跟他交談，他一有機(jī)會(huì)就會(huì)喋喋不休說(shuō)上幾小時(shí)。InReading-LanguageFocuspursue

vt.

followinordertocatchandattack;followorcarryout追擊；貫徹，執(zhí)行Theadministrationdecidedtohelpthepoorbypursuingpoliciessuchasjobtrainingandahigherminimumwage.政府決定實(shí)行職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和提高最低工資的政策，以此扶貧。Thecriminalisbeingpursuedbypolice.InReading-LanguageFocuspursuit

n.

inpursuitoftheactoflookingforortryingtofindsth.;theactoffollowingorchasingsb.追求；尋找；追趕；追捕Shetravelledtheworldinpursuitofherdreams.她走遍天下，追尋她的夢(mèng)想。BackTheofficerswerestillreluctanttounleashtheirtroopsinpursuitofadefeatedenemy.軍官們?nèi)圆辉赴l(fā)兵追擊潰敵。InReading-LanguageFocusgamble:n.athingonedoeswithariskoflossandachanceofprofit賭博takeagamble:takearisk冒險(xiǎn)Theyinvestedmoneyinthecompanyrightatthestartandthegamblepaidoff.他們?cè)诠境鮿?chuàng)時(shí)期就向其投資，這一搏很值。BackIdon’tknowifIcanrelyonhim,butI’mwillingtotakeagamble.我不知道是否可信賴(lài)他，但我愿意冒險(xiǎn)一試。InReading-LanguageFocuspresson/aheadcontinuedoingsth.inadeterminedway（不顧困難）繼續(xù)進(jìn)行Wemustpressonwiththeworkifwearetoseeanyresultsoon.如果要很快見(jiàn)到成果，我們就必須繼續(xù)干下去。BackThecompanyispressingaheadwithitsplansforanewwarehouse.這家公司正加緊推動(dòng)設(shè)置新倉(cāng)庫(kù)的計(jì)劃。InReading-LanguageFocusbideone’stime

waitpatientlyforachance等待時(shí)機(jī)Someofmyfriendsthinkthatthewillingnesstohideone’scapacitiesandbideone’stimeispartofChinesewisdom.我的朋友中有人認(rèn)為愿意韜光養(yǎng)晦是中國(guó)智慧的一部分。BackHe’sbeenbidinghistimeforyearsonthesideline,readytostepinwhenthetimeisripe.數(shù)年來(lái)他一直在一旁觀望，等待時(shí)機(jī)成熟再插手干預(yù)。InReading-LanguageFocusatthecostof:withthelossof以…為代價(jià)Herescuedtheboyfromdrowningatthecostofhisownlife.BackAlowerinflationratecouldbeachievedatthecostofanincreaseinunemployment.通脹率可以降低，代價(jià)是失業(yè)率會(huì)上升。InReading-LanguageFocuscatchsb.offguardtakesb.bysurprise趁人不備Thestudents’angryresponsecaughtthespeakeroffguard.BackThelawyer’sapparentlyinnocentquestionwasdesignedtocatchthewitnessoffguard.律師看似無(wú)意的問(wèn)題是事先設(shè)計(jì)好的，為的是出其不意讓證人不知所措。InReading-LanguageFocusinstruct

vt.

giveordersordirectionsto(sb.);teach(sb.)指示，命令；講授Heinstructedhislawyertoproceedwiththepreparationofdraftcontracts.他讓律師繼續(xù)起草合同。BackGreatereffortisneededtoinstructchildreninroadsafety.需要花更多的力氣向孩子們講授道路安全知識(shí)。InReading-LanguageFocusrender

vt.

causetobe,make使成為T(mén)hevirusrenderedthecomputeruseless.病毒把計(jì)算機(jī)報(bào)廢了。BackThegirlswererenderedquitespeechlessbythemiracle.奇跡讓這些女孩驚喜得說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。InReading-LanguageFocusdesperate

a.

extremelysevereorserious;readyforanywildactandnotcaringfordanger,esp.becauseoflossofhope非常嚴(yán)重的；不顧一切的，拼死的Thedoctorsmadeonelastdesperateattempt/efforttosavetheboy’slife.醫(yī)生們?yōu)榱司冗@男孩做出了拼命的一搏。BackDesperateformoney,shecalledhersisterwhomshehadn’tspokentoforyears.因?yàn)榧庇谟缅X(qián)，她給好幾年沒(méi)說(shuō)過(guò)話的姐姐打電話求助。InReading-LanguageFocussevere

a.(ofsth.badorundesirable)verygreatorintense;harsh嚴(yán)厲的，劇烈的，難熬的severity

n.

嚴(yán)峻；嚴(yán)重程度Thecityisfacedwithasevereshortageofaffordablehousing.這個(gè)城市極缺經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房。BackAtfirst,everyoneunderestimatedtheseverityofthedamagecausedbytheaccident.最初，人人都低估了事故造成的損害的嚴(yán)重性。InReading-LanguageFocusbring…toahalt

cause…tostopabruptly使…戛然而止Heavyrainsbroughttheenemy’sadvancetoahalt.BackThestrikehasbroughtproductiontoahalt.罷工使生產(chǎn)停頓了。InReading-LanguageFocusshelter

1)n.protectionfromdangerorfromwind,rain,hotsun,etc.掩蔽，保護(hù)Theyareindesperateneedforfoodandshelter.他們急需食品和住處。BackSomeparentsaretooprotective.Theywanttosheltertheirchildrenfromreallifeforever.有些父母太呵護(hù)孩子了，想永遠(yuǎn)護(hù)著孩子不讓他們接觸真實(shí)生活2)vt.provideshelterfor,protect掩蔽，保護(hù)InReading-LanguageFocusturnthetide

changeasituation,esp.sothatyoubegintowininsteadoflosing扭轉(zhuǎn)局勢(shì)Itlookedasifourteamweregoingtolose,butneartheendofthegame,ourstarplayerturnedthetide.看來(lái)我們隊(duì)像是要輸了，但就在比賽快要結(jié)束時(shí)，我們的明星球員使我們轉(zhuǎn)敗為勝。BackAtfirst,peoplewereopposedtoourplan.Afteralotofdiscussion,wewereabletoturnthetide.起初人們反對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃，經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)討論，我們扭轉(zhuǎn)了局勢(shì)。InReading-LanguageFocusreckonwithdealwith,takeintoconsideration應(yīng)對(duì)，考慮Nowthatthiscandidatehasthesupportofquiteafewlocalcommunities,sheisdefinitelysomeonetobereckonedwith.這名候選人獲得了不少當(dāng)?shù)厝后w的支持，可真的不能小看她了。BackWemustreckonwithallpossibledifficultieswhenwecalculatethecostoftheproject.我們計(jì)算項(xiàng)目成本時(shí)必須考慮到所有可能出現(xiàn)的困難。InReading-LanguageFocusunderestimate

vt.notrealizehowlargeorgreatsth.isorwillbe低估Neverunderestimateyourpowertochangeyourself.Neveroverestimateyourpowertochangeothers.絕不要低估你改變自己的力量，絕不要高估你改變他人的力量。BackThefirstlessonTomlearnedasasoldierwasnevertounderestimatetheenemy.InReading-LanguageFocustakeitstoll/takeaheavytoll(on)causedamage,injuriesordeaths造成損失（傷亡等）Lastnight’srainstormtookaheavytollonthecropsinourvillage.昨夜的暴風(fēng)雨使村里的莊稼大受折損。BackYearsofsmokinghavetakenitstollonhishealth.抽煙多年傷害了他的健康。Analyzethestructureofthesentence.“thatmethiminMoscow”isanattributiveclausemodifying“thedevastatingenemy”while“theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter”isinappositionto“thedevastatingenemy”.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow—theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.但他沒(méi)有料到在莫斯科他會(huì)遭遇勁敵——俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。InReading-LanguageFocusBack1.What’sthefunctionof“confidentofaquickvictory”inthesentence?Itisanadjectivephrase,whichservesasanadverbialmodifier(狀語(yǔ)),indicatingthecause.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.2.WhatcanyouinferfromthesentenceaboutNapoleon’scharacters?Heisself-confident,buttooproud.InReading-LanguageFocusBack大軍緊追不舍，但它的長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運(yùn)輸緩慢而停頓下來(lái)。TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.become/be/getboggeddown:beunabletomakeprogressMostofthetankswereboggeddownbecauseofmechanicaldefectsandinexperiencedcrews.Thelocalgovernmentgotboggeddowninproblemsofhowtohandletheemissionofhazardouschemicalsbyindustrialfacilities.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.Whatisthemeaningof“becamedoggeddown”?InReading-LanguageFocusBackParaphrase“offeredatruce”and“bidehistime”.“Offeratruce”means“offeranagreementtostopfighting”.“Bidehistime”means“waitpatientlyforachance”.WhydidtheRussianczarsay“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus”?BecausetheRussianwinterwasraw,bitter,bleakandtheGrandArmy’ssupplylinesmovedslowly,theRussianczarwasconfidentthattheywoulddefeattheGrandArmy.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”InReading-LanguageFocusBackAttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.Paraphrasethephrase“theswollenriver”.theswollenriver:therisingriverTranslatethesentenceintoChinese.在別列茲那河，俄國(guó)人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點(diǎn)將后撤的法軍困于河邊。InReading-LanguageFocusBackCaughtoffguardbytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalininstructedtheRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”infrontoftheGermaninvaders.WhydidStalininstructtheRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”?Inthisway,Hitler’sarmycouldn’tgetanysupply.InReading-LanguageFocusWhatisthemeaningofthissentenceinChinese?蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫?斯大林被打了個(gè)措手不及，他指示全國(guó)人民在德國(guó)入侵者到來(lái)之前實(shí)行“焦土”政策。BackThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.Paraphrasethesentence.InHitler’sRussiancampaign,thebattleforStalingradwasaturningpoint,fromwhichGermantroopsbecameweakandwasatadilemma.InReading-LanguageFocusBackAfterReadingUsefulExpressionsSentenceTranslationWritingTaskSpeakingTaskBackAfterReadingpridecomesbeforeafall驕兵必?cái)et/beboggeddown陷入困境；陷入停滯狀態(tài)dragon拖延；緩慢費(fèi)力地走byastrokeofluck僥幸；憑運(yùn)氣formanalliance組成聯(lián)盟UsefulExpressionsBackAfterReadingSentenceTranslationTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1812年春，拿破侖在俄國(guó)邊境屯兵60萬(wàn)。這些士兵訓(xùn)練有素，戰(zhàn)斗力強(qiáng)，且裝備精良。(Para.3)Inthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.AfterReading2)拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰(zhàn)，但俄國(guó)沙皇深知他可以等待時(shí)機(jī)：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴(yán)冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧?！?Para.7)NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”3)德國(guó)軍隊(duì)在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒(méi)有擋風(fēng)避寒的地方，食品和補(bǔ)給的匱乏更使其元?dú)獯髠?Para.18)WithlittleornoshelterfromthewintercoldinandaroundStalingrad,Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsupplies.AfterReading4)斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終扭轉(zhuǎn)了戰(zhàn)局，形勢(shì)變得對(duì)希特勒不利。部分地由于俄羅斯的冬季，德國(guó)人勝利不再。(Para.18)

ThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.TheGermanvictorieswereover,thanksinparttotheRussianwinter.5)任何軍事戰(zhàn)役都必須考慮自然力的因素。拿破侖和希特勒都低估了俄羅斯冬季的嚴(yán)酷。(Para.21)Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.NapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityoftheRussianwinter.BackAfterReadingWritingTaskCauseandEffectIncomposition,causeandeffectisamethodofparagraphoressaydevelopmentinwhichawriteranalyzesthereasonsfor—and/ortheconsequencesof—anaction,event,ordecision.RewritethestoryofNapoleon’s1812campaigninRussiabyfocusingonthecausesofhisdefeatbytheRussians.AfterReadingTipsforindicatingcauseandeffect1.Inadditiontoprepositions,conjunctions,andtransitions,wecanalsouseexpressionslikethereasonisandverbssuchasleadto,cause,result,etc.toindicateacause-and-effectrelationship.2.Veryoften,anaction/event/conditionmayhavemorethanonecause.Ifyoudon’twantyourreadertothinkthatAistheonlycauseofB,insteadofusing“explainwhy”,“thereasonis”,“dueto”,“thanksto”,youmayuse“helptoexplainwhy”,“oneofthereasonsis”,“tosomeextentdueto”,“thankslargely(inpart)to”,etc.3.Sometimes,thecauseandeffectisself-evident,andnowordsorphrasesarenecessary.AfterReadingModel

In1812,NapoleonlaunchedanattackonRussiawithhiswelltrainedandwellequippedGrandArmyof60,000men.Hepredicted,overconfidently,thattheconquestoftheRussianempirewouldonlybeamatterofafewweeks.Inthefaceofthismightyarmy,theRussianskeptretreatingeastward,burningcrops,homes,andbridgesalongtheway.TheyputupsomeresistanceatSmolenskandBorodino,andthenretreatedfurther.Napoleonwonnodecisivevictory.EvenhisoccupationofMoscowdidnothelpmuchtowardsachievinghisgoal,becausetheRussianshadfledthecity.

AfterReadingTheCzarturneddownNapoleon’sofferofatruce.Hedecidedtoletthewinterfightthewarforhim.Napoleon,realizingthathecouldnotfeed,clotheorquarterhisarmy,ordereda