腫瘤免疫治療英文

演講人：日期：腫瘤免疫治療英文IntroductiontoTumorImmunotherapyBasicConceptsofTumorImmunologyMajorTypesofTumorImmunoherapiesClinicalApplicationsandEfficiencyEvaluationChallengesandFuturePerspectivesinTumorImmunotherapyFutureDirectionsinTumorImmunotherapyResearch目錄01IntroductiontoTumorImmunotherapyDefinitionTumorimmunereferstotheuseofthebody'sownimmunesystemorimmunecomponentstoprevent,control,andtreatTumorsPrinciplesThebasicprinciplesoftumorimmunityinvolveactivatingandenhancingthebody'simmuneresponsetospecificallytargetandreducetumorcellswhileminimizingdamagetonormalcellsDefinitionandPrinciplesTheconceptofambiguityforcancerdatesbacktothelate19thcenturywhenscientistsfirstobservedtheregressionofstudentsinpatientswhodevelopedinfectionsEarlyStagesInrecentdecades,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinunderstandingtheimmunesystem'sroleincancerdevelopmentandtreatment,leadingtothedevelopmentofvariousimmunotherapyapproachesRecentAdvancementsHistoryandDevelopmentTumorimmunitycanbebroadlyclassifiedintoactiveandpassiveimmunityActiveimmunotherapyaimstostimulatethepatient'sownimmunesystemtofitthetuber,whilepassiveimmunotherapyinvolvestheadministrationofexogenousimmunecomponentssuchasantibioticsClassificationThemechanismsoftubersurgentlyvarydependingontheapproachusedbutgenerallyinvolvedinenhancingthebody'snaturalimmuneresponsetotubersbytargetingspecificmoleculesorpathsthatarecriticalfortubergrowthandsurvivalMechanismsClassificationandMechanisms02BasicConceptsofTumorImmunologyInnateImmuneSystemRisksofnon-specificdefensemechanismsthatprovideimmediateprotectionagainstpathogens,includingphysicalbarriers,pharmaceuticalcells,naturalkillercells,andinflammatoryresponsesAdaptiveImmuneSystemHighspecificimmuneresponsetailedtorecognizeandidentifyspecificpathogensoraffectedcellsItinvolvesBcellsandTcells,whichproduceantibioticsandcoordinatecellularimmuneresponses,respectivelyImmuneSystemComponentsTubeAntigensProteinsorothermoleculesexpressedbytubecellsthatcanberecognizedasforeignbytheimmunesystemTheymaybemutatedproteins,overexpressednormalproteins,orproteinsexpressedonlyincentraldevelopmentalstages0102AntigenRecognitionTheprocessbywhichtheimmunesystemidentifiestuberantsandinitiatesanimmuneresponseThisinvolvestheinteractionofTcellswithantigenpresentingcells(APCs),whichdisplaytuberantigensontheirsurfaceinthecontextofmajorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC)moleculesTumorAntigensandRecognitionEffectorMechanismsOnceactivated,theimmunesystemcanidentifytumorcellsthroughmultiplemechanisms,includingdirectkillingbycytotoxicTcellsornaturalkillercells,antibodydependentcellmediatedcytotoxicity(ADCC),andcompletedependentcytotoxicity(CDC)ImmuneSuppressionandTumorEscapeTumorsofdevelopedmechanismstoevaluatetheimmuneresponse,suchasexpressingproteinsthatinhibitTcellactivationorsuppressthefunctionofimmunecellsUnderstandingthesemechanismsiscrucialfordevelopingeffectivetubersinmanyaspectsImmuneResponsetoTumors03MajorTypesofTumorImmunoherapiesTargetedTherapyMonoclonalantibiotics(mAbs)aredesignedtospecificallybindtoantibioticsonthesurfaceofcancercells,triggeringanimmuneresponsethatdestroysthetargetedcellsTypesofmAbsThereareseveraltypesofmAbs,includingchimeric,humanized,andfullyhumanmAbs,whichdifferintheirstructureandoriginApplicationsmAbshavebeenusedtotreatawiderangeofcancer,includingleukemia,lymphoma,breastcancer,andcoloncancerMonoclonalAntibodiesTherapySimulatingtheImmuneSystem01Cancervaccinesworkbystimulatingthepatient'sownimmunesystemtorecognizeandattachcancercellsTypesofCancerVaccines02Thereareseveraltypesofcancervaccines,includingwholecellvaccines,peptidevaccines,anddendriticcellvaccinesChallenges03Despitpromiseresultsinsomeclinicaltrials,cancervaccineshavefacedchallengesintermsofefficacyandreproducibilityCancerVaccinesTherapyAdaptiveCellTransfer(ACT)ACTinvolvesthetransferofimmunecells,suchasTcellsornaturalkiller(NK)cells,fromadonor(allogenic)orthepatientthemselves(autologous)totargetanddestroycancercellsCART-cellTherapyChiricantigenreceptor(CAR)T-celltherapyinvolvesengineeringapatient'sownTcellstoexpressaCARthattargetsaspecificantigenoncancercellsTCRengineeredTcellsT-cellreceiver(TCR)-engineeredTcellsaresimilartoCARTcellsbutuseadifferentmechanismtotargetcancerantigensCellularImmunitiesOvercomingImmuneSuppressionImmunecheckpointinhibitorstargetproteinsthatnormallyhelpregulatetheimmuneresponsebutcanbehijackedbycancercellstoevaluatedetectionanddestructionTypesofImmuneCheckpointInhibitorsThereareseveraltypesofImmuneCheckpointinhibitors,includingthosethattargetCTLA-4,PD-1,andPD-L1proteinsApplicationsandEfficiencyImmunecheckpointinhibitorshaveshownpromiseresultsinthetreatmentofvariouscancers,includingmelanoma,lungcancer,andbladderercancerHowever,theycanalsocausesideeffectsduetotheirimpactontheimmunesystemImmuneCheckpointInhibitors04ClinicalApplicationsandEfficiencyEvaluationIndicationsandcontainmentTumorimmenselyisprimarilyindicatedforthetreatmentofvarioustypesofcancer,includingbutnotlimitedtomelanoma,lungcancer,renalcellcancer,andphysiologicalmalignanciesIndicationsThetherapyaimstocontaintheprogressionofthediseasebystimulatingthepatient'sownimmunesystemtorecognizeandattachcancercellsContainmentTreatmentProtocolThetreatmentprotocoltypicallyinvolvestheadministrationofimmunomodulatoryagents,suchascheckpointinhibitorsorChineseantigenreceptor(CAR)T-cells,toactivatethepatient'simmuneresponseagainstthetutorAdministrationRoutesTheseagentscanbeadministeredthroughvariousroutes,includinginvasiveinvestment,invasiveinvestment,andoraladministration,dependingonthespecifictypeofimmunityandthepatient'sconditionTreatmentProtocolandAdministrationRoutesVSTheresponseofthetubertoimmeasurablyistypicallyevaluatedusingimagingtechniquessuchascomputedtomography(CT)ormagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)toassesschangesintubersizeandmetathesisImmuneResponseInadditiontotutorresponse,theimmuneresponsegeneratedbythetherapyisalsoevaluatedthroughbloodteststhatmeasurethelevelsofimmunecellsandcytokinesTumorResponseResponseEvaluationCriteriaAdverseEventsImmunotherapycancausearangeofadverseevents,includingfever,chills,fatigue,andmoreserioussideeffectssuchasautoimmunereactionsandcytokinereleasesyndromeManagementStrategiesTomanagetheseadverseevents,healthcareprofessionalsclosemonitorpatientsandprovidesupportivecareasneededInsomecases,theimmediacymayneedtobediscontinuedorthedoseadjustedAdvanceEventsManagement05ChallengesandFuturePerspectivesinTumorImmunotherapy01Tumorcellscanevaluatetheimmunesystembyvariousmechanisms,includingdownregulationofMHCmolecules,expressionofimmunecheckpointmolecules,andconfidentialityofimmunesuppressivetokens02Understandingthemechanismsoftumorimmuneevolutioniscrucialfordevelopingmoreeffectiveimmunestrategies03CurrentresearchisfocusedonidentifyingthekeydriversoftumorevolutionanddevelopingwaystotargetthemthermallyTumorImmuneEvolutionMechanismsPatientselectioniscriticalintuitionimmunotherapy,asnotallpatientsrespondtothesametreatmentThedevelopmentofbiomarkersthatcanpredictpatientresponsetoimmunityisanactiveareaofresearchCurrentbiomarkersincludetubermutationburden,PD-L1expression,andtuberinfiltratinglymphocytes,amongothersPatientSelectionandBiomerkerDevelopmentCombinationtherapystrategiesarebeingexploredtoenhancetheefficiencyofthetutorimmenselyThesestrategiesinvolvecombiningequallywithothertreatmentmodalities,suchaschemotherapy,radiationtherapy,ortargetedtherapiesThegoalofcombinationtherapyistosynergisticallyenhancetheanti-tumorimmuneresponsewhileminimizingtoxicitytonormalissuesCombinationTherapyStrategiesRegulatoryissuesandmarketaccessaremajorchallengesfacingthefieldoftuitionfeesThecomplexregulatorylandscapeandhighcostsofdrugdevelopmentcanbedelayedorpreventedfromtheavailabilityofnewimmunotherapytreatmentstopatientsOngoingeffectsarefocusedonstreamingtheregulatoryprocessandincreasingaccesstotheseinnovativetherapiesRegulatoryIssuesandMarketAccess06FutureDirectionsinTumorImmunotherapyResearchNovelTargetsDiscoveryTheroleofthetubemicroenvironmentinimmuneevolu