2024高考英語一輪統(tǒng)考復習第二部分高考重點語法突破專題一第9講構詞法詞性轉換學案含解析新人教版

PAGE1-第9講構詞法(詞性轉換)考點一合成法1．復合名詞的主要構成方式名詞＋名詞silkworm蠶；classroom教室形容詞＋名詞double-dealer兩面派v.-ing＋名詞swimming-pool游泳池動詞＋名詞breakwater防波堤；pickpocket扒手名詞＋v.-inghandwriting筆跡動詞＋副詞get-together聯(lián)歡會；breakthrough突破副詞＋動詞downfall垮臺；outbreak爆發(fā)2．復合形容詞的主要構成方式形容詞＋名詞＋-edcold-blooded冷酷的形容詞＋名詞high-class高級的形容詞＋v.-ingeasy-going隨和的形容詞＋過去分詞newborn新生的形容詞＋形容詞bitter-sweet甜中有苦的名詞＋v.-ingtime-consuming費時間的名詞＋過去分詞handmade手工制作的名詞＋形容詞nationwide全國性的副詞＋v.-ingfar-reaching深遠的副詞＋動詞過去分詞well-bred很有教養(yǎng)的數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞five-year-old五周歲的3．復合動詞的主要構成方式名詞＋動詞sleep-walk夢游副詞＋動詞overcome克服；undergo經(jīng)驗形容詞＋動詞black-list將……列入黑名單即時練1寫出所給漢語的英文1．合成形容詞①美麗的②聞名的③省時的④人造的⑤環(huán)保的⑥心不在焉的答案：①good-looking②well-known③time-saving④man-made⑤environmentally-friendly⑥absent-minded2．合成名詞/動詞①缺點②空調(diào)③行李箱④吃得太多⑤過路人⑥愛看電影的人⑦密碼⑧起飛⑨收入答案：①drawback②air-conditioning③suitcase④overeat⑤passer-by⑥film-goer⑦password⑧take-off⑨income考點二轉化法名詞轉化為動詞face臉—face面對形容詞轉化為動詞dirty臟的—dirty弄臟動詞轉化為名詞design設計—design圖案形容詞轉化為名詞daily每日的—daily日報形容詞轉化為副詞deep深的—deep深深地即時練2寫出下列句中黑體單詞的意思和詞性1．①Hebackedhiscarintothegarage.②Youarenotalone,andweareallbackingyou.③She'sthekindofpersonwhotalksaboutyoubehindyourback.答案：①倒退(v.)②支持(v.)③背后(n.)2．①Heheadedtherebellion.②Heheadedhisboatfortheshore.③Hewasshotinthehead,dead.答案：①領導(v.)②使……對著某處行進(v.)③頭部(n.)3．①Ilackwordswithwhichtoexpressmythanks.②Lackofproperfundingismakingourjobmoredifficult.答案：①缺乏(v.)②缺乏(n.)4．①Thedogsucceededinclearingthefence.②Heclearedthetablebytakingplates,forksandknivesaway.③Tomakeyourselfclearwithoutusingfacialexpressionscanbeverydifficult.答案：①越過(v.)②清理(v.)③清晰的(adj.)5．①Yourshoesneedcleaning.②Trytokeepyourroomcleanandtidy.答案：①清潔(v.)②干凈的(adj.)6．①Whatdoyoumeanbysayingthat？②Hehasalwaysbeenmeanwithhismoney.答案：①意思(v.)②吝嗇的(adj.)考點三派生法1．前綴構詞法前綴例詞dis-(不，否定)dissatisfy使不滿足；dishonest不誠懇un-(不)unable不能夠的；unlucky不幸的un-(做相反動作)undress脫衣服；unload卸貨in-(不，非)inactive不活躍的；incorrect不正確的im-(不，非)impolite沒有禮貌的ir-(不，非)irregular不規(guī)則的il-(不，非)illogical不合邏輯的；illegal非法的non-(不，非)non-existent不存在的mis-(錯誤的)misunderstand誤會；misfortune厄運re-(重復，再)rewrite重寫；remarry再婚en-(使)enrich豐富；enable使能夠ex-(以前的)ex-wife前妻post-(以后的)post-war戰(zhàn)后的postgraduate探討生super-(在……上面；超級)supermarket超市；supermodel超級模特under-(在……之下)underestimate低估；underground地下的續(xù)表前綴例詞sub-(在……下；次于；低于)subway地鐵；submarine潛艇inter-(相互之間)international國際的；interact相互作用semi-(半)semi-final半決賽；semicircle半圓bi-(二)bicycle自行車tri-(三)tricycle三輪車；triangle三角形multi-(多)multinational跨國的kilo-(千)kilometre千米，公里；kilogram千克centi-(百分之一)centimetre厘米；centigram厘克milli-(千分之一)millimetre毫米；milligram毫克tele-(遠)telephone電話；television電視a-(在……上/里；向……)aboard在船/火車/飛機上；ahead在前面；aside在旁邊；abroad在國外auto-(自動；自己，獨自)automobile機動車，汽車；autobiography自傳over-(太)overfull太滿的，過多的extra-(額外)extraordinary非凡的pre-(預先)predict預言；preview預習micro-(微小的)microphone麥克風；microwave微波；microscope顯微鏡；microsoft微軟vice-(副的)vice-president副總統(tǒng)eco-(生態(tài)的)ecology生態(tài)學；ecosystem生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；eco-friendly環(huán)保的trans-(橫跨)transfer轉移；transform轉變；transmit傳播；transplant移植2．后綴構詞法(1)名詞后綴后綴例詞-age(狀態(tài)；集合)shortage缺少；marriage婚姻-an/-ian(人，……家)American美國人；musician音樂家-ence/-ency(構成抽象名詞)dependence依靠；frequency頻率-ance(性質，狀態(tài))importance重要性-ant/-ent(人)assistant助手；student學生-cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(動作，狀態(tài))suspicion懷疑；tension驚慌；repetition重復續(xù)表后綴例詞-ee(動作承受者或受影響者)employee受雇者；refugee難民-er/-or(人或物)writer作家；actor演員-ess(女性)actress女演員；waitress女服務員；hostess女主子-ism(主義，……教)communism共產(chǎn)主義-ist(……主義者，……家)communist共產(chǎn)主義者-ment(行為；結果；狀態(tài)；性質)argument爭辯；government政府；development發(fā)展-ship(關系，身份)friendship友情-hood(身份；性質)childhood童年-th(結果，過程)growth成長-ty(狀態(tài)；性質)anxiety焦慮-ure(結果；行為；狀態(tài)；實物)pressure壓力；picture圖畫；pleasure興奮-al(動作過程；結果)arrival到達；approval同意(2)形容詞后綴后綴例詞-ablevaluable有價值的；lovable討人喜愛的-alnational國家的；continental大陸的-edlearned有學識的；talented有才華的-engolden金色的；wooden木制的-entdifferent不同的；dependent依靠的-fulbeautiful美麗的；useful有用的-ic/-icaleconomic經(jīng)濟的；political政治的-ishchildish無趣的；selfish自私的-ivecreative有創(chuàng)建力的-lessuseless無用的；careless馬虎的-lyfriendly友好的；deadly致命的-ousdangerous危急的；glorious光榮的-warddownward向下的-yrainy多雨的；noisy吵鬧的(3)動詞后綴后綴例詞-en(使變得)deepen加深-fy(使……化)simplify簡化-ize/-ise(使……變成……)modernize使現(xiàn)代化；industrialize使工業(yè)化(4)副詞后綴后綴例詞-lycarefully當心地；beautifully美麗地；quickly快速地-word(s)forward(s)向前；backward(s)向后即時練3單句語法填空①Therefore,let'stakethe(responsible)tobuildupalow-carboncitybyridingbicycles.Comeonandjoinus!②AsfarasIamconcerned,my(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese-Englishdictionarywithineasyreach.③Mypresenceissomethingtheycandrawreal(strong)andhopefrom.④Lifeisa(mix)ofgoodtimesandbadtimes,andhappymomentsandunhappymoments.⑤Aftersometime,whenbothofyouhaverenewedyour(confident)ineachother,gobacktothetimewhenyounearlyfellapart.⑥TheForbiddenCityattractsvisitorsbecauseofitslonghistoryand(culture)significance,butperhapsitshouldaddonemorethingtoitslistofattractions:earthquakeshelter.⑦Manyfadsare(harm).Backinmyday,peoplecutthesleevesandcollarsofsweatshirtsoffandworetheminsideout.Nobigdeal.⑧WhileyourIQtellsyouhow(intelligence)youare,yourEQtellsyouhowwellyouuseyourintelligence.⑨Theoldpeoplethereweretalkativeandtheytoldustheir(person)storiescheerfully.⑩Mylittleboy,doyoufeelmore(comfort)nowthanbefore??Ormaybeitwasjustthe(gentle)blowingseabreezethatwouldblowthroughyourhair.?Itis(absolute)necessarytohelpthosewhocannotread.?TheyallcomefromtheplantCamelliasinensis(茶樹),andare(simple)processedindifferentways.?IwouldbringbackwhatIwroteandmymotherwouldlookatit(careful)．?Headdedthatpeoplehavebecomesousedtonotshowingsignsofweakness(intention)duetosocialmediabeingusedtocelebrateachievements.答案：①responsibility②suggestion③strength④mixture⑤confidence⑥cultural⑦harmless⑧intelligent⑨personal⑩comfortable?gently?absolutely?simply?carefully?intentionally誤區(qū)詞性的誤用(1)【誤】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunate,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.【正】Iwassupposedtoarriveattheairportontime.Unfortunately,Iwasheldupbytheheavytrafficjam.[分析]修飾整個句子作狀語應用副詞，依據(jù)句意可知應表示“不幸的是”，故應用Unfortunately。(2)【誤】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourableaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.【正】You'dbettertakeaccountofyourabilityaccuratelybeforeattemptingtodosuchabusiness.[分析]依據(jù)your可知，此處應用名詞ability，表示“實力”。句意：你最好在嘗試做這筆生意前精確地考慮一下自己的實力。(3)【誤】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombrave.【正】Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheirfreedombravely.[分析]修飾動詞fought應用副詞，故應用bravely。(4)【誤】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportant.【正】ExcellentoralandwrittencommunicationskillsinChineseandEnglishareofimportance.[分析]介詞之后要接名詞。beofimportance＝beimportant。(5)【誤】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworseconsiderably.【正】However,inthepastfewmonths,thesituationhasworsenedconsiderably.[分析]分析句子結構可知，此句缺少謂語動詞，故用worsen表示“惡化”。句意：然而，在過去的幾個月，狀況惡化得相當嚴峻。[留意]若想避開以上錯誤的發(fā)生，要做到：1詞性轉換的基本規(guī)則，要在平常閱讀和訓練時不斷積累并反復強化，才能運用地嫻熟而精確。2詞性轉換后，要留意所填詞的形式是否正確，如名詞需不需進一步轉換為復數(shù)形式，以及副詞的拼法是否正確等。1．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen(poor)studied.答案：poorly2．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉)．答案：strengthen3．(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)Atasteformeatis(actual)behindthechange.答案：actually4.(2024·全國卷Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher(educate)．答案：education5．(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia'sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop(attract)．答案：attraction1．假如要填的詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語，要考慮名詞形式。2．假如要填的詞被形容詞、定冠詞或形容詞性物主代