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第二篇解題技巧篇技巧02多選題解法與技巧(講)考向速覽規(guī)律方法1.多選題命題規(guī)則多項(xiàng)選擇題由1個(gè)題干和4個(gè)備選項(xiàng)組成,備選項(xiàng)中至少有2個(gè)正確選項(xiàng),所選正確答案將是2個(gè)、3個(gè)或4個(gè).因此,在做多項(xiàng)選擇題時(shí)應(yīng)該注意,如果應(yīng)考者所選答案中有錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),該題得零分;如果全部選對(duì)得5分,如果所選答案中沒有錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng),但是正確選項(xiàng)未全部選出,則得3分.2.多項(xiàng)選擇題解法策略(1)在多項(xiàng)選擇題中,如果存在一對(duì)內(nèi)容互相對(duì)立的選項(xiàng),而其他三項(xiàng)不存在內(nèi)容對(duì)立的情況,那么在此對(duì)立兩項(xiàng)中至少有一個(gè)正確項(xiàng);若存在兩對(duì)內(nèi)容互相對(duì)立的選項(xiàng),則應(yīng)該從兩對(duì)對(duì)立項(xiàng)中分別選擇一個(gè)選項(xiàng)作為正確選項(xiàng).例如,ABCD四個(gè)待選項(xiàng)中,AB互相對(duì)立,CD互相對(duì)立,則兩個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)往往需從AB組以及CD組中分別擇一產(chǎn)生.當(dāng)然,該規(guī)則也存在例外情況.(2)在多項(xiàng)選擇題中,如果存在兩對(duì)內(nèi)容互近選項(xiàng)或類似選項(xiàng),而這兩對(duì)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容對(duì)立,則其中一對(duì)互近或類似選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該為正確選項(xiàng).例如,ABCD四個(gè)待選項(xiàng)中,AB兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容相近、類似,CD兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容相近、類似,而AB組與CD組內(nèi)容對(duì)立.如果判斷A項(xiàng)正確,那么AB組都正確;如果判斷C項(xiàng)正確,那么CD組都正確.(3)在多項(xiàng)選擇題中,如果兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的選項(xiàng)之間存在承接關(guān)系或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,即數(shù)個(gè)選項(xiàng)能同時(shí)成立,則往往這幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)應(yīng)一起被選擇.例如在ABCD四個(gè)待選項(xiàng)中,ABC三個(gè)選項(xiàng)間存在承接、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,能同時(shí)成立,若A正確,則ABC都應(yīng)該為正確選項(xiàng).(4)做多項(xiàng)選擇題時(shí),謹(jǐn)慎選擇的意識(shí)要更加明確.一般首先選出最有把握的2個(gè)選項(xiàng),同時(shí),在有足夠把握確定還有其他正確答案時(shí)才繼續(xù)選擇,否則不選,以免選出錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng).這樣,才能保證該題目得分.因此,要堅(jiān)持寧缺勿濫,這一點(diǎn)與單項(xiàng)選擇題不同.(5)解答多項(xiàng)選擇題過程中,有時(shí)可以綜合使用多種方法來完成一個(gè)題目,已確認(rèn)選項(xiàng)的正確性.方法技巧典例分析01直接法【核心提示】直接從題設(shè)條件出發(fā),運(yùn)用有關(guān)概念、性質(zhì)、定理、法則和公式等知識(shí),通過嚴(yán)密地推理和準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)算,從而得出正確的結(jié)論,然后對(duì)照題目所給出的選項(xiàng)“對(duì)號(hào)入座”,作出相應(yīng)的選擇.涉及概念、性質(zhì)的辨析或運(yùn)算較簡單的題目常用直接法..【典例分析】典例1.(2023·湖南·模擬預(yù)測)已知某批零件的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)SKIPIF1<0單位:毫米SKIPIF1<0服從正態(tài)分布SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,現(xiàn)從該批零件中隨機(jī)取SKIPIF1<0件,用SKIPIF1<0表示這SKIPIF1<0件產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)值SKIPIF1<0不位于區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0的產(chǎn)品件數(shù),則(
)A.P(25.35<SKIPIF1<0<25.45)=0.8 B.E(X)=2.4C.D(X)=0.48 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】ACD【分析】根據(jù)正態(tài)分布的對(duì)稱性、概率公式,結(jié)合二項(xiàng)分布的公式,可得答案.【詳解】由正態(tài)分布的性質(zhì)得P(25.35<SKIPIF1<0<25.45)=1-2P(SKIPIF1<024.45)=1-2SKIPIF1<00.1=0.8,故A正確;則1件產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)值SKIPIF1<0不位于區(qū)間(25.35,25.45)的概率為P=0.2,所以SKIPIF1<0,故E(X)=3SKIPIF1<00.2=0.6,故B錯(cuò)誤;D(X)=3SKIPIF1<00.2SKIPIF1<00.8=0.48,故C正確;SKIPIF1<0,故D正確.故選:ACD.典例2.(2020·海南·高考真題)我國新冠肺炎疫情進(jìn)入常態(tài)化,各地有序推進(jìn)復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn),下面是某地連續(xù)11天復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)折線圖,下列說法正確的是A.這11天復(fù)工指數(shù)和復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)均逐日增加;B.這11天期間,復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)增量大于復(fù)工指數(shù)的增量;C.第3天至第11天復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)均超過80%;D.第9天至第11天復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)增量大于復(fù)工指數(shù)的增量;【答案】CD【解析】【分析】注意到折線圖中有遞減部分,可判定A錯(cuò)誤;注意考查第1天和第11天的復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)的差的大小,可判定B錯(cuò)誤;根據(jù)圖象,結(jié)合復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)的意義和增量的意義可以判定CD正確.【詳解】由圖可知,第1天到第2天復(fù)工指數(shù)減少,第7天到第8天復(fù)工指數(shù)減少,第10天到第11復(fù)工指數(shù)減少,第8天到第9天復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)減少,故A錯(cuò)誤;由圖可知,第一天的復(fù)產(chǎn)指標(biāo)與復(fù)工指標(biāo)的差大于第11天的復(fù)產(chǎn)指標(biāo)與復(fù)工指標(biāo)的差,所以這11天期間,復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)增量小于復(fù)工指數(shù)的增量,故B錯(cuò)誤;由圖可知,第3天至第11天復(fù)工復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)均超過80%,故C正確;由圖可知,第9天至第11天復(fù)產(chǎn)指數(shù)增量大于復(fù)工指數(shù)的增量,故D正確;【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考查折線圖表示的函數(shù)的認(rèn)知與理解,考查理解能力,識(shí)圖能力,推理能力,難點(diǎn)在于指數(shù)增量的理解與觀測.02特例法【核心提示】從題干(或選項(xiàng))出發(fā),通過選取符合條件的特殊情況(特殊值、特殊點(diǎn)、特殊位置、特殊函數(shù)等)代入,將問題特殊化或構(gòu)造滿足題設(shè)條件的特殊函數(shù)或圖形位置,進(jìn)行判斷.特殊化法是“小題小做”的重要策略.但要注意以下兩點(diǎn):第一,取特例盡可能簡單,有利于計(jì)算和推理;第二,若在取定的特殊情況下有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的結(jié)論相符,則應(yīng)選另一特例情況再檢驗(yàn),或改用其他方法求解.【典例分析】典例3.(2021·全國·統(tǒng)考高考真題)設(shè)正整數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0,記SKIPIF1<0.則(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】ACD【分析】利用SKIPIF1<0的定義可判斷ACD選項(xiàng)的正誤,利用特殊值法可判斷B選項(xiàng)的正誤.【詳解】對(duì)于A選項(xiàng),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以,SKIPIF1<0,A選項(xiàng)正確;對(duì)于B選項(xiàng),取SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;對(duì)于C選項(xiàng),SKIPIF1<0,所以,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以,SKIPIF1<0,因此,SKIPIF1<0,C選項(xiàng)正確;對(duì)于D選項(xiàng),SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,D選項(xiàng)正確.故選:ACD.典例4.(2021·全國·高考真題)如圖,在正方體中,O為底面的中心,P為所在棱的中點(diǎn),M,N為正方體的頂點(diǎn).則滿足SKIPIF1<0的是()A. B.C. D.【答案】BC【解析】【分析】根據(jù)線面垂直的判定定理可得BC的正誤,平移直線SKIPIF1<0構(gòu)造所考慮的線線角后可判斷AD的正誤.【詳解】設(shè)正方體的棱長為SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)于A,如圖(1)所示,連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0(或其補(bǔ)角)為異面直線SKIPIF1<0所成的角,在直角三角形SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0不成立,故A錯(cuò)誤.對(duì)于B,如圖(2)所示,取SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,由正方體SKIPIF1<0可得SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,而SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,故B正確.對(duì)于C,如圖(3),連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,由B的判斷可得SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,故C正確.對(duì)于D,如圖(4),取SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0或其補(bǔ)角為異面直線SKIPIF1<0所成的角,因?yàn)檎襟w的棱長為2,故SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0不是直角,故SKIPIF1<0不垂直,故D錯(cuò)誤.故選:BC.03排除法【核心提示】排除法(淘汰法、篩選法)是充分利用選擇題有且只有一個(gè)正確的選項(xiàng)這一特征,通過分析、推理、計(jì)算、判斷,排除不符合要求的選項(xiàng),從而得出正確結(jié)論的一種方法.排除法使用要點(diǎn):1.從選項(xiàng)出發(fā),先確定容易判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)的選項(xiàng),再研究其它選項(xiàng);2.當(dāng)題目中的條件多于一個(gè)時(shí),先根據(jù)某些條件在選項(xiàng)中找出明顯與之矛盾的,予以否定,再根據(jù)另一些條件在縮小選項(xiàng)的范圍內(nèi)找出矛盾,這樣逐步篩選,它與特例(值)法、驗(yàn)證法等常結(jié)合使用.【典例分析】典例5.(2022·全國·統(tǒng)考高考真題)如圖,四邊形SKIPIF1<0為正方形,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,記三棱錐SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的體積分別為SKIPIF1<0,則(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】CD【分析】直接由體積公式計(jì)算SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,由SKIPIF1<0計(jì)算出SKIPIF1<0,依次判斷選項(xiàng)即可.【詳解】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,易得SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0,過SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0,易得四邊形SKIPIF1<0為矩形,則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,故A、B錯(cuò)誤;C、D正確.故選:CD.典例6.(2021·全國·統(tǒng)考高考真題)有一組樣本數(shù)據(jù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,…,SKIPIF1<0,由這組數(shù)據(jù)得到新樣本數(shù)據(jù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,…,SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0為非零常數(shù),則(
)A.兩組樣本數(shù)據(jù)的樣本平均數(shù)相同B.兩組樣本數(shù)據(jù)的樣本中位數(shù)相同C.兩組樣本數(shù)據(jù)的樣本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差相同D.兩組樣本數(shù)據(jù)的樣本極差相同【答案】CD【分析】A、C利用兩組數(shù)據(jù)的線性關(guān)系有SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0,即可判斷正誤;根據(jù)中位數(shù)、極差的定義,結(jié)合已知線性關(guān)系可判斷B、D的正誤.【詳解】A:SKIPIF1<0且SKIPIF1<0,故平均數(shù)不相同,錯(cuò)誤;B:若第一組中位數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0,則第二組的中位數(shù)為SKIPIF1<0,顯然不相同,錯(cuò)誤;C:SKIPIF1<0,故方差相同,正確;D:由極差的定義知:若第一組的極差為SKIPIF1<0,則第二組的極差為SKIPIF1<0,故極差相同,正確;故選:CD04數(shù)形結(jié)合法【核心提示】有些選擇題可通過命題條件中的函數(shù)關(guān)系或幾何意義,作出函數(shù)的圖象或幾何圖形,借助于圖象或圖形的作法、形狀、位置、性質(zhì)等,綜合圖象的特征,得出結(jié)論.【典例分析】典例7.(2023秋·浙江嘉興·高三統(tǒng)考期末)已知定義在SKIPIF1<0上的函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,其導(dǎo)函數(shù)分別為SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則(
)A.SKIPIF1<0是奇函數(shù) B.SKIPIF1<0是周期函數(shù)C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】BCD【分析】通過函數(shù)的奇偶對(duì)稱性和圖像的平移,結(jié)合導(dǎo)數(shù)的運(yùn)算,得到函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的對(duì)稱性,得到周期,再由周期計(jì)算函數(shù)值驗(yàn)證選項(xiàng).【詳解】由SKIPIF1<0知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0為偶函數(shù),又SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的圖像關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0軸對(duì)稱,所以SKIPIF1<0的圖像關(guān)于直線SKIPIF1<0對(duì)稱,有SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0(c為常數(shù)),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0;由SKIPIF1<0,兩邊同時(shí)求導(dǎo),有SKIPIF1<0,可知SKIPIF1<0為奇函數(shù),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0仍然是奇函數(shù),圖像關(guān)于原點(diǎn)對(duì)稱,又SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0的圖像關(guān)于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0中心對(duì)稱,有SKIPIF1<0;函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0滿足以上函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的性質(zhì),但SKIPIF1<0不是奇函數(shù),A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0,則有SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0為周期函數(shù),B選項(xiàng)正確;SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的一個(gè)周期,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,D選項(xiàng)正確;由SKIPIF1<0周期為4知SKIPIF1<0也是SKIPIF1<0的一個(gè)周期,所以SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,C選項(xiàng)正確.故選:BCD.【點(diǎn)睛】此題通過函數(shù)的奇偶性和對(duì)稱性,結(jié)合導(dǎo)數(shù)的運(yùn)算,尋找函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖像的對(duì)稱中心是解題關(guān)鍵,原函數(shù)與導(dǎo)函數(shù)圖像的聯(lián)系,奇偶性的聯(lián)系,都是解題的思路.典例8.(2022·江蘇宿遷·高三期末)在平面直角坐標(biāo)系SKIPIF1<0中,若對(duì)于曲線SKIPIF1<0上的任意點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,都存在曲線SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0成立,則稱函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0具備“SKIPIF1<0性質(zhì)”.則下列函數(shù)具備“SKIPIF1<0性質(zhì)”的是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】BD【解析】【分析】四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以做出簡圖,對(duì)于選項(xiàng)A和選項(xiàng)C,可在圖中選取特殊點(diǎn)驗(yàn)證排除;選項(xiàng)B、選項(xiàng)D可在圖中任意選擇點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,觀察是否存在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0成立,即可做出判斷.【詳解】選項(xiàng)A,如圖所示,曲線SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0取得SKIPIF1<0時(shí),要使得點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0成立,那么點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0落在直線SKIPIF1<0上,而此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0兩直線是平行的,不存在交點(diǎn),故此時(shí)不滿足在SKIPIF1<0上存在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0成立,故選項(xiàng)A錯(cuò)誤;選項(xiàng)B,如圖所示,曲線SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)于曲線SKIPIF1<0上的任意點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,都存在曲線SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0成立,故選項(xiàng)B正確;選項(xiàng)C,如圖所示,曲線SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0取得SKIPIF1<0時(shí),要使得點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0成立,那么點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0落在直線SKIPIF1<0上,而此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0兩曲線不存在交點(diǎn),故此時(shí)不滿足在SKIPIF1<0上存在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0成立,故選項(xiàng)C錯(cuò)誤;選項(xiàng)D,如圖所示,曲線SKIPIF1<0,對(duì)于曲線SKIPIF1<0上的任意點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,都存在曲線SKIPIF1<0上的點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0成立,故選項(xiàng)D正確;故選:BD典例9.(2022·全國·統(tǒng)考高考真題)已知正方體SKIPIF1<0,則(
)A.直線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0所成的角為SKIPIF1<0 B.直線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0所成的角為SKIPIF1<0C.直線SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0所成的角為SKIPIF1<0 D.直線SKIPIF1<0與平面ABCD所成的角為SKIPIF1<0【答案】ABD【分析】數(shù)形結(jié)合,依次對(duì)所給選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行判斷即可.【詳解】如圖,連接SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以直線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0所成的角即為直線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0所成的角,因?yàn)樗倪呅蜸KIPIF1<0為正方形,則SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,故直線SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0所成的角為SKIPIF1<0,A正確;連接SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,又SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故B正確;連接SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0為直線SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0所成的角,設(shè)正方體棱長為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以,直線SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0所成的角為SKIPIF1<0,故C錯(cuò)誤;因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0平面SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0為直線SKIPIF1<0與平面SKIPIF1<0所成的角,易得SKIPIF1<0,故D正確.故選:ABD05概念辨析法【核心提示】概念辨析法是從題設(shè)條件出發(fā),通過對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)概念的辨析,進(jìn)行少量運(yùn)算或推理,直接選出正確結(jié)論的方法.這類題目一般是給出的一個(gè)創(chuàng)新定義,或涉及一些似是而非、容易混淆的概念或性質(zhì),需要考生在平時(shí)注意辨析有關(guān)概念,準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分相應(yīng)概念的內(nèi)涵與外延,同時(shí)在審題時(shí)多加小心.【典例分析】典例10.(2023春·江蘇揚(yáng)州·高三統(tǒng)考開學(xué)考試)高斯是德國著名數(shù)學(xué)家,近代數(shù)學(xué)奠基者之一,享有“數(shù)學(xué)王子”的稱號(hào),用其名字命名的“高斯函數(shù)”為:設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,用SKIPIF1<0表示不超過x的最大整數(shù),則SKIPIF1<0稱為高斯函數(shù).例如SKIPIF1<0已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0則下列說法中正確的有(
)A.函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增B.函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象關(guān)于直線SKIPIF1<0對(duì)稱C.函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0D.方程SKIPIF1<0只有一個(gè)實(shí)數(shù)根【答案】BCD【分析】根據(jù)絕對(duì)值的幾何意義去絕對(duì)值可判斷A,利用對(duì)稱性判斷B,根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0的值域可判斷C,根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0的值域分類討論可求D.【詳解】SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上不是單調(diào)遞增,A錯(cuò)誤;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0為奇數(shù)時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0為偶數(shù)時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,此時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0圖象關(guān)于直線SKIPIF1<0對(duì)稱,B正確;由題可得SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí)SKIPIF1<0,所以函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域是SKIPIF1<0,C正確;若SKIPIF1<0,則方程SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,但SKIPIF1<0,所以此時(shí)無解;若SKIPIF1<0,則方程SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,但SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,滿足題意,若SKIPIF1<0,則方程SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,但SKIPIF1<0,不滿足題意,所以方程SKIPIF1<0只有一個(gè)實(shí)數(shù)根為SKIPIF1<0,D正確,故選:BCD.典例11.(2020·海南·高考真題)信息熵是信息論中的一個(gè)重要概念.設(shè)隨機(jī)變量X所有可能的取值為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,定義X的信息熵SKIPIF1<0.()A.若n=1,則H(X)=0B.若n=2,則H(X)隨著SKIPIF1<0的增大而增大C.若SKIPIF1<0,則H(X)隨著n的增大而增大D.若n=2m,隨機(jī)變量Y所有可能的取值為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則H(X)≤H(Y)【答案】AC【解析】【分析】對(duì)于A選項(xiàng),求得SKIPIF1<0,由此判斷出A選項(xiàng);對(duì)于B選項(xiàng),利用特殊值法進(jìn)行排除;對(duì)于C選項(xiàng),計(jì)算出SKIPIF1<0,利用對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)可判斷出C選項(xiàng);對(duì)于D選項(xiàng),計(jì)算出SKIPIF1<0,利用基本不等式和對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)判斷出D選項(xiàng).【詳解】對(duì)于A選項(xiàng),若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以A選項(xiàng)正確.對(duì)于B選項(xiàng),若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,兩者相等,所以B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤.對(duì)于C選項(xiàng),若SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0隨著SKIPIF1<0的增大而增大,所以C選項(xiàng)正確.對(duì)于D選項(xiàng),若SKIPIF1<0,隨機(jī)變量SKIPIF1<0的所有可能的取值為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0).SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0由于SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以D選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤.故選:AC【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本小題主要考查對(duì)新定義“信息熵”的理解和運(yùn)用,考查分析、思考和解決問題的能力,涉及對(duì)數(shù)運(yùn)算和對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)及不等式的基本性質(zhì)的運(yùn)用.06構(gòu)造法【核心提示】構(gòu)造法是一種創(chuàng)造性思維,是綜合運(yùn)用各種知識(shí)和方法,依據(jù)問題給出的條件和結(jié)論給出的信息,把問題作適當(dāng)?shù)募庸ぬ幚?,?gòu)造與問題相關(guān)的數(shù)學(xué)模式,揭示問題的本質(zhì),從而溝通解題思路的方法.常見構(gòu)造函數(shù)、構(gòu)造(割補(bǔ))圖形、不等式或數(shù)列等.【典例分析】典例12.(2023春·安徽·高三合肥市第六中學(xué)校聯(lián)考開學(xué)考試)已知e是自然對(duì)數(shù)的底數(shù),則下列不等關(guān)系中正確的是(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】ABC【分析】構(gòu)造函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.證明SKIPIF1<0,即可判斷選項(xiàng)BCD,再利用B和冪函數(shù)的性質(zhì)判斷選項(xiàng)A,即得解.【詳解】BCD選項(xiàng)分別等價(jià)于SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,構(gòu)造函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.則SKIPIF1<0.當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)單增;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0內(nèi)單減.因此SKIPIF1<0.所以SKIPIF1<0(當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時(shí)取等)于是SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.故SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以選項(xiàng)D錯(cuò)誤,選項(xiàng)BC正確.因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以選項(xiàng)A正確.故選:ABC.典例13.(2022·全國·統(tǒng)考高考真題)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0及其導(dǎo)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域均為SKIPIF1<0,記SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0均為偶函數(shù),則(
)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】BC【分析】方法一:轉(zhuǎn)化題設(shè)條件為函數(shù)的對(duì)稱性,結(jié)合原函數(shù)與導(dǎo)函數(shù)圖象的關(guān)系,根據(jù)函數(shù)的性質(zhì)逐項(xiàng)判斷即可得解.【詳解】[方法一]:對(duì)稱性和周期性的關(guān)系研究對(duì)于SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0為偶函數(shù),所以SKIPIF1<0即SKIPIF1<0①,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0關(guān)于SKIPIF1<0對(duì)稱,則SKIPIF1<0,故C正確;對(duì)于SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0為偶函數(shù),SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0
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