新概念第四冊(cè)Lesson+36+The+cost+of+government講義

新概念第四冊(cè)Lesson36Thecostofgovernment單詞精講disunited【釋義】分裂的，不團(tuán)結(jié)的?！驹~源】來(lái)自于dis-（否定前綴）和united（團(tuán)結(jié)的）的組合?！径陶Z(yǔ)】adisunitednation（一個(gè)分裂的國(guó)家）；adisunitedfamily（一個(gè)不和睦的家庭）?！纠洹緼disunitednationhastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。correspondingly【釋義】相應(yīng)地，相對(duì)地?！驹~源】來(lái)自于correspond（對(duì)應(yīng)）的副詞形式?！径陶Z(yǔ)】correspondinglyhigh（相應(yīng)地高）；correspondinglylow（相應(yīng)地低）?！纠洹縇ifeinthecityismoreexpensive,butsalariesarecorrespondinglyhigher。backward【釋義】落后的，向后的。【詞源】來(lái)自于back（后面）和-ward（表示方向的后綴）的組合?！径陶Z(yǔ)】abackwardcountry（一個(gè)落后的國(guó)家）；abackwardglance（向后看一眼）?！纠洹縄tshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry。incur【釋義】承擔(dān)，遭受?！驹~源】來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)incurrere，意為“跑入，遭遇”?！径陶Z(yǔ)】incurdebts（承擔(dān)債務(wù)）；incurlosses（遭受損失）?！纠洹緼disunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。administer【釋義】管理，執(zhí)行。【詞源】來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)administrare，意為“管理，照顧”?！径陶Z(yǔ)】administeracountry（管理一個(gè)國(guó)家）；administerjustice（執(zhí)行正義）?！纠洹縏heeconomyhasbeenbadlyadministeredbythepresentgovernment。administrative【釋義】行政管理的，行政的?！驹~源】來(lái)自于administer的形容詞形式?！径陶Z(yǔ)】administrativecosts（行政成本）；administrativetasks（行政任務(wù)）。【例句】Administrativecostsarecostsrelatedtothenormalrunningofthebusiness。analogous【釋義】類似的，相似的。【詞源】來(lái)自于希臘語(yǔ)analogos，意為“成比例的，相似的”?！径陶Z(yǔ)】analogousto（類似于）；analogoussituation（類似的情況）。【例句】Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation。overheads【釋義】一般費(fèi)用，管理費(fèi)用?！驹~源】來(lái)自于over（在...之上）和head（頭）的組合，意為“在頭頂上的費(fèi)用”?！径陶Z(yǔ)】administrativeoverheads（行政費(fèi)用）；fixedoverheads（固定費(fèi)用）?！纠洹縊verheadsarebusinesscoststhatarerelatedtotheday-to-dayrunningofthebusiness。initiative【釋義】主動(dòng)，積極性?！驹~源】來(lái)自于initiate（開(kāi)始，發(fā)起）的名詞形式?！径陶Z(yǔ)】taketheinitiative（采取主動(dòng)）；showinitiative（表現(xiàn)出積極性）?！纠洹縄ftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow。checker【釋義】檢查人員，收銀員。【詞源】來(lái)自于check（檢查）的名詞形式?！径陶Z(yǔ)】qualitychecker（質(zhì)量檢查員）；cashchecker（收銀員）?！纠洹縏hebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly。foreman【釋義】監(jiān)工，領(lǐng)班?！驹~源】來(lái)自于fore（前面）和man（人）的組合，意為“在前面的人”?！径陶Z(yǔ)】constructionforeman（建筑監(jiān)工）；factoryforeman（工廠領(lǐng)班）?！纠洹縏hebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly。dividend【釋義】紅利，股息?！驹~源】來(lái)自于拉丁語(yǔ)dividendum，意為“應(yīng)分配的東西”?！径陶Z(yǔ)】paydividends（支付股息）；dividendyield（股息收益率）?！纠洹縏hebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment。unduly【釋義】過(guò)度地，不適當(dāng)?shù)亍！驹~源】來(lái)自于un-（否定前綴）和due（適當(dāng)?shù)模┑慕M合?！径陶Z(yǔ)】undulyworried（過(guò)度擔(dān)心）；undulyinfluenced（受到不適當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懀！纠洹緼disunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。二、課文精講“Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句?！癐fanationisessentiallydisunited”是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，“itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether”是主句，其中“it”是形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是“toholdittogether”。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“essentially”：本質(zhì)上、基本上，是由名詞“essence”（本質(zhì)）加上后綴“-ally”構(gòu)成的副詞。例如：Heisessentiallyakindperson.“disunited”：分裂的、不團(tuán)結(jié)的，是由否定前綴“dis-”和“united”（團(tuán)結(jié)的）構(gòu)成的形容詞。“hold...together”：使……團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，例如：Weneedtoholdourteamtogether.“Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)并列句，由“and”連接。前半句“Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment”為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)；后半句“reducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry”中，“reduces”是謂語(yǔ)，“theamountofeconomicresources”是賓語(yǔ)，“correspondingly”是副詞作狀語(yǔ)，“thatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“economicresources”。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“correspondingly”：相應(yīng)地、相對(duì)地，是由動(dòng)詞“correspond”（對(duì)應(yīng)）加上后綴“-ingly”構(gòu)成的副詞?！癳conomicresources”：經(jīng)濟(jì)資源，例如：Naturalgasisanimportanteconomicresource.“Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句?！癷t”是形式主語(yǔ)，“shouldnotbeforgotten”是謂語(yǔ)，“howsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry”是真正的主語(yǔ)，是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“backward”：落后的，例如：abackwardarea（落后地區(qū)）?！癢herethecostofgovernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句?！癢herethecostofgovernmentishigh”是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，“resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow”是主句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)這里的“where”引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示在某種情況下（這里指政府成本高的情況）?！癟hismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?！癟his”是主語(yǔ)，“maybeillustrated”是謂語(yǔ)，“bycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise”是方式狀語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“illustrate”：說(shuō)明、闡明，例如：Theexamplecanillustratehispoint.“compare...with...”：把……與……比較，例如：Compareyouranswerwithmine.“Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句?！癆nenterprise”是主語(yǔ)，“hastoincur”是謂語(yǔ)，“certaincostsandexpenses”是賓語(yǔ)，“inordertostayinbusiness”是目的狀語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“incur”：招致、引起，例如：Heincurredalotofdebts.“stayinbusiness”：繼續(xù)營(yíng)業(yè)，例如：Howcanwestayinbusinessduringthisdifficulttime?“Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost--thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句?！癋orourpurposes”是狀語(yǔ)，“we”是主語(yǔ)，“areconcernedonlywith”是謂語(yǔ)，“onekindofcost”是賓語(yǔ)，“thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness”是對(duì)“onekindofcost”的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“beconcernedwith”：關(guān)心、涉及，例如：Iamconcernedwithenvironmentalissues.“administer”：管理、執(zhí)行，例如：Thegovernmentadministersthelaws.“Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句?！癝uchadministrativeoverheadsinabusiness”是主語(yǔ)，“areanalogousto”是謂語(yǔ)，“thecostofgovernmentinanation”是賓語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“analogous”：類似的、相似的，例如：Thetwosituationsareanalogous.“Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。“Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelow”是主句，“totheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm”是程度狀語(yǔ)從句，其中“workinginthebusiness”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾“everyone”，“thatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“way”。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“totheextentthat”：達(dá)到……的程度，例如：Hewasangrytotheextentthathecouldn'tspeak.“promote”：促進(jìn)、提升，例如：Weshouldpromoteenvironmentalprotection.“Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。“Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere”是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，“thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow”是主句。在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，“asfallswithintheirsphere”是定語(yǔ)從句修飾“suchinitiative”。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“initiative”：主動(dòng)性、首創(chuàng)精神，例如：Heshowedgreatinitiativeinthisproject.“sphere”：范圍、領(lǐng)域，例如：Thisproblemiswithinmysphereofknowledge.“Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。“Itwillbelow”是主句，“becauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse”是原因狀語(yǔ)從句。在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中，“l(fā)ookingaftereachjob”是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾“oneman”，“whatheisdoing”是賓語(yǔ)從句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“l(fā)ookafter”：照顧、照料，例如：Shelooksafterherlittlesister.“keep...inline”：使……守規(guī)矩，例如：Theteachertriestokeepthestudentsinline.“reporton”：報(bào)告、匯報(bào)，例如：Hehastoreportonhisworkeveryweek.“Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。“ifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob”是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，“thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly”是主句，是一個(gè)并列句，由“and”連接。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“actina...manner”：以……方式行事，例如：Youshouldactinapolitemanner.“armiesof”：大批的、大量的，例如：Therearearmiesoftouristsduringtheholiday.“Asadministrativeoverheadsrise,sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。“Asadministrativeoverheadsrise”是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，“sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall”是主句，“andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment”是并列句。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“earnings”：收益、盈利，例如：Thecompany'searningsincreasedthisyear.“distributeasdividends”：作為股息分配，例如：Thecompanywilldistributepartofitsprofitsasdividends.“Itispreciselythesamewithanation.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句?！癐t”指代前面關(guān)于企業(yè)的情況，“ispreciselythesamewith”是謂語(yǔ)，“anation”是賓語(yǔ)。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)“precisely”：精確地、恰恰，例如：That'spreciselywhatImean.“Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,thegovernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofpoliceandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.”句子結(jié)構(gòu)這是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。“Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyala