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Lesson18HowCloseareArtificialNosestoDevelopmentandWhatarethePotentialUses?(第十八課人工嗅覺的發(fā)展及其應(yīng)用)
Vocabulary(詞匯)ImportantSentences(重點(diǎn)句)QuestionsandAnswers(問答)Problems(問題)
StevenSunshineisvicepresidentofresearchandbusinessdevelopmentatCyranoSciences,Inc.,astartupcompanydevelopinga“nosechip”.Heoffersthefollowinganswer.Universitiesandcompaniesareputtingconsiderableeffortintoimprovingtheunderstandingofhowthehumannoseworksandonsimulatingolfactionelectronically.Becausethefivesensesaresoimportanttoourinterpretationoftheworldaroundus,wecanexpecttoseecontinuedprogressoverthenextdecadeinenhancingandextendingoursensorycapabilitiesthroughnewchemicalandelectronictechnologies.[1]
Thehumannoseusesacomplexsystemofinterconnectedreceptorsandneurons,whichconductsignalstothebrainforinterpretation.Thesignalsfromthesenervestraveldirectlytothelimbicsysteminthebrain.Whenanaromaissensed,themoleculesfromthevaporinteractwithnumerousreceptors,causingthemtosendasignaltothebrain.Thepatternofsignalsisrecognizedandinterpretedbythebrainbasedonpriortraining.
Anelectronicnoseworksinasimilarfashion.Anarrayofchemicalsensorsisusedtomimictherangeofproteinreceptorsinthehumannose.Eachofthesesensorsismadetoresponddifferentlytodifferentodors.Thesignalsfromthesesensorsareconnectedviaelectronicstoamicroprocessororcomputer.Theelectronicsreplacestheneuronsintheolfactorylimbicsystemandthecomputerormicroprocessoractsasthebrain.Thesignalsthatgetsenttothecomputercanbeinterpretedusingspecialpatternrecognitionsoftware.
Forexample,wedonothaveaspecificSwissCheesereceptorinournosebutwhenwesmellSwissCheese,numerousreceptorsinthenosearestimulated.Thisinturncausesnumerouslimbicsystemolfactoryneuronstofire,sendingacomplexpatternorelectricalsignaturetothebrain.[2]IfwehavesmelledSwissCheesepreviouslyandstoreditsspecificelectricalsignature,werecognizethearomathatournosehassensedasSwissCheese.Thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wemustbetaughtwhatthis“fingerprint”issothatwecanrecognizeitinthefuture.Thehumannoseisclearlymoresensitivetosomesmellsthantoothers.Whilethismayinpartbeevolutionaryinnature,itisalsopossibletolearntosmellcertainsubstances.
AtCyranoSciences,Inc.wearecommercializinganelectronicnosetechnologyinventedattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Thistechnologyinvolvesanarrayofsensorscomposedofpolymersthatarefilledwithconductiveparticles.Whenthesesensorscomeincontactwithavapor,thepolymerexpandschangingtheresistanceofthecomposite.Thischangeinresistanceistransmittedtoacomputerandthepatternderivedfromthesensorarrayisusedtodeterminethetype,quantityorqualityoftheodorthatwassensed.Thistypeofinformationisusefulinawiderangeofindustriesincludingthechemical,automotive,medical,petroleum,food,andfragrances.
Onespecificapplicationofinterestisnon-invasivemedicaldiagnostics.Priortotheinventionofsophisticatedmedicalequipment,smellwasacommondiagnostictool(e.g.DiabetesMellitusliterallymeans“sweeturine”).Whilesmellisstillusedasasecondarydiagnostictoolinsomeillnesses,thelackofareliableandobjectiveanalyticaltoolhaspreventeditswidespreadusageinmodernmedicine.[3]Adependableelectronicnosemayallowforaresurgenceintheuseofsmellinthenon-invasivediagnosisofdisease.
Anotherpossibleapplicationoftheelectronicnoseisinareaswherehumansordogsarecurrentlyusedtoidentifysmells.Dogsarecommonlyusedtodetectexplosivesorcontrabandagriculturalgoodsinairports.CyranoSciencesandtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyarejointlyinvestigatingtheuseoftheelectronicnoseforlandminedetection.Othersareworkingonsimilarsystems.
Deodorants,soaps,perfumesandwinesareallconsumerproductsdevelopedwiththehelpofhumansensorypanels.Replacingoraugmentingthehumanapproachwithanobjectiveelectronicnoseiscurrentlyunderinvestigation.Thistoolwouldnotonlybeusefulinthedevelopmentofnewproductsbutalsoforqualitycontrolinthemanufacturingenvironment.Manymanufacturingfloorsareequippedwithautomatedvisualinspection.
Aninexpensiveandreliablenose-on-a-chipmayallowforautomatedaromainspectionduringthemanufactureofmanyproducts.Indeed,theymaydoforsmellwhattheclosedcircuittelevisioncamerahasdoneforvision.Ifinterestcontinuesatitscurrentrate,smellingdeviceswillsoonbecomeubiquitousinoursociety.1.?olfactionn.嗅覺。
2.?sensoryadj.感覺的,感官的。
3.?neuronn.[解]神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,神經(jīng)元。
4.?limbicadj.邊的,緣的,分支,主干的。
5.?aroman.芳香,香氣,香味。
6.?moleculen.[化]分子,些許。Vocabulary
7.?vaporn.水汽,水蒸氣,無實(shí)質(zhì)之物vi.蒸發(fā),自夸vt.使蒸發(fā)n.自夸者。
8.?proteinn.[生化]蛋白質(zhì)adj.蛋白質(zhì)的。
9.?odorn.氣味,名聲。
10.?evolutionaryadj.進(jìn)化的。
11.?polymern.聚合體。
12.?compositeadj.合成的,復(fù)合的n.合成物。
13.?petroleumn.石油。
14.?fragrancen.芬芳,香氣,香味。
15.?non-invasiveadj.非入侵的。
16.?diagnosticsn.診斷學(xué)。
17.?DiabetesMellitusn.[醫(yī)]糖尿病。
18.?resurgencen.蘇醒。
19.?contrabandn.違法交易,違禁品,走私adj.禁運(yùn)的,非法買賣的。
20.?deodorantn.除臭劑adj.除臭的。
21.?ubiquitousadj.到處存在的,(同時(shí))普遍存在的。
[1]Becausethefivesensesaresoimportanttoourinterpretationoftheworldaroundus,wecanexpecttoseecontinuedprogressoverthenextdecadeinenhancingandextendingoursensorycapabilitiesthroughnewchemicalandelectronictechnologies.
因?yàn)槲骞俑杏X對(duì)于理解我們周圍的世界是如此的重要,可以期待,通過新的化學(xué)和電子技術(shù),在十年后我們可以看到在加強(qiáng)和擴(kuò)展我們的感覺能力方面會(huì)有持續(xù)的進(jìn)步。句中because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。ImportantSentences
[2]Thisinturncausesnumerouslimbicsystemolfactoryneuronstofire,sendingacomplexpatternorelectricalsignaturetothebrain.
這又引起無數(shù)的邊緣系統(tǒng)嗅覺神經(jīng)元開始工作,發(fā)送復(fù)雜模式或電子信號(hào)到大腦。句中sending分詞短語作句子的狀語。
[3]Whilesmellisstillusedasasecondarydiagnostictoolinsomeillnesses,thelackofareliableandobjectiveanalyticaltoolhaspreventeditswidespreadusageinmodernmedicine.
盡管嗅覺在一些疾病中仍然被用做輔助的診斷手段,然而缺乏可靠和客觀的分析工具阻礙了它在現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)中的廣泛應(yīng)用。secondary,輔助的。
(1)?Inthesecondparagraph,thehumannoseisacomplexsystemwhichconsistsof().
A.?interconnectedreceptorsandneurons
B.?signalstothebrainforinterpretation
C.?thelimbicsysteminthebrain
D.?BandC.QuestionsandAnswers
(2)?Inthethirdparagraph,anelectronicnoseworksinthefashionof().
A.?differentsensorsaremadetorespondtosameodors
B.?allthesensorsaremadetorespondtosameodor
C.?eachofthesesensorsismadetoresponddifferentlytodifferentodors
D.?noneabove
(3)?Inthefourthparagraph,“tolearntosmellcertainsubstances”isbasedon().
A.?thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wedonotneedtomemorizeit
B.?thefirsttimeweencounterasmell,wemustbetaughtwhatthiswhatthis“fingerprint”is
C.?thehumannoseisclearlymoresensitivetosomesmellsthantoothers
D.?whenwesmellsomething;numerousreceptorsinthenosearestimulated
(4)?Thepossib
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