歸于艾滋病的英文

演講人：日期：歸于艾滋病的英文目錄IntroductiontoAIDSEtiologyandPathogenesisofAIDSDiagnosisandTestingforAIDSTreatmentandManagementofAIDSPreventionandControlofAIDSSocialandPsychologicalAspectsofAIDS01IntroductiontoAIDSAIDSstandsforAcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome,aconditioncausedbythehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)HIVtargetsanddestructionCD4Tlymphocytes,acriticalcomponentoftheimmunesystem,leavingthebodyvulnerabletoinfectionsanddiseasesAIDSisalifethreadingconditionthatcanleadtosevereIllnessanddeathifnottreatedDefinitionandOverviewThefirstcasesofAIDSwerereportedintheUnitedStatesintheearly1980s,primaryamongmenwhohavesexwithmenHIVwasidentifiedasthecauseofAIDSin1984Sincethen,significantprogresshasbeenmadeinunderstandingthevirus,developingtreatments,andpreventingnewinfectionsHistoryandDiscoveryofAIDSAIDShasaffectedmillionsofpeopleworldwide,withsignificantimpactsonhealth,social,andeconomicwellbeingAccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),approximately38millionpeoplewerelivingwithHIVgloballyin2021SubSaharanAfricaisthemostaffectedregion,accountingformorethanhalfofallpeoplelivingwithHIVSignificanteffectsarebeingmadegloballytopreventnewinfections,providetreatmentandcareforthoselivingwithHIV,andidentifyAIDSasapublichealththreatGlobalImpactandStatistics02EtiologyandPathogenesisofAIDSHIVVirusHumanImmunodeficiencyVirus(HIV)isthecausativeagentofAIDSItbelongstothefamilyofRetrovirusandgenusLentivirusLifeCycleHIVreplicatesincellsbyacomplexlifecycleinvolvingmultiplestagessuchasattachment,fusion,reversetranscription,integration,translation,assembly,andreleaseAttachmentandFusionHIVbindstospecificreceptorsonthehostcellsurface,fuseswiththecellmembrane,andreleasesitsgeneticmaterialintothecycloneHIVVirusandItsLifeCycle01TheviralRNAisconvertedintoDNAbytheenzymereversetranscriptaseReverseTranscription02ThevirtualDNAintegratesintothehostcell'sgenome,becomingapermanentpartofthecell'sgeneticmaterialIntegration03TheintegratedviralDNAistransferredintoRNA,whichisthentranslatedintoproteinsbythehostcell'smachineryTranslationandTranslation04Thenewvirtualparticlesassemblyinthehostcell,butofffromthecellmembrane,andarereleasedtoaffectothercellsAssemblyandReleaseHIVVirusandItsLifeCycleModesofTransmissionHIVistransmittedprimarilythroughsexualcontactwithanaffectedperson,exposuretoaffectedbloodorbloodproducts,andfrommothertochildduringpregnancy,childbirth,orbreakfeedingRiskFactorsRiskfactorsforHIVinfectionincludeunprotectedsexualintercourse,havingmultiplesexualpartners,injectiondrugusewithsharedneedsorsymmetries,andreceivingbloodtransfersororganictransfersfrominfecteddonorsModesofTransmissionandRiskFactorsPathogenesisHIVinfectionsanddestructioncellsoftheimmunesystem,specificallyCD4+T-cells,whichareessentialforfightinginfectionsandcancerAsthenumberofCD4+T-cellsdecreases,theimmunesystembenefitsprogressivelyweaker,leadingtoopportunisticinfectionsandcancerPathogenesisandClinicalManifestationsClinicalManifestationsTheclinicalpresentationsofAIDSvarywidelyandcanincludefever,fatigue,weightloss,nightsweats,swollenlymphnodes,diarrhea,cough,shortnessofbreadth,skinrashes,andneurologicalsymptomssuchasfusionandmemorylossOpportunisticinfectionssuchasPneumocystispneumonia(PCP)andtuberosityarealsocommoninpeoplewithAIDSPathogenesisandClinicalManifestations03DiagnosisandTestingforAIDSDiagnosticCriteriaandProceduresAdetailedmedicalhistoryandphysicalexaminationareessentialtodiagnoseAIDSandruleoutotherpotentialcausesofthesymptomsMedicalHistoryandPhysicalExaminationThepresenceofcancersignsandsymptoms,suchaspersistentfever,weightloss,andswollenlymphnodes,mayindicateAIDSClinicalManifestationsBloodtestsareconductedtodetectthepresenceofHIVantibodiesorthevirusitselfLaboratorytestsThesetestsdetectantibioticsproducedbytheimmunesysteminresponsetoHIVinfectionHIVAntibodyTestsThesetestsdetectthepresenceofHIVinthebloodbymeasuringtheamountofvirusinthebloodplasmaHIVRNATestsThistestmeasuresthenumberofCD4cells,atypeofwhitebloodcellsthatplaysacriticalroleintheimmunesystemandistargetedbyHIVCD4CountTypesofTestsAvailableforAIDSApositiveHIVantibodytestindicatorsthatthepersonhasbeenaffectedwithHIVHowever,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonhasAIDS,asitcantakeyearsforHIVtoprogresstoAIDSIftheHIVRNAtestresultisundetectable,itmeansthattheamountofvirusinthebloodistoolowtobemeasuredThisisagoodindicationthatthetreatmentisworkingeffectivelyAlowCD4countindicatorsthattheimmunesystemhasbeensignificantlyweakenedbyHIV,increasingtheriskofdevelopingAIDSrelatedillnessesPositiveHIVAntibodyTestUndetectableViralLoadLowCD4CountInterpretationofTestResults04TreatmentandManagementofAIDSCombinationofdrugsARTtypologicallyinvolvestheuseofacombinationofantiviraldrugs,knownasantiviraltherapy(ART),tosuppressthereplicationofHIVinthebodyReducingvirtualloadThegoalofARTistoreducetheamountofHIVintheblood(virtualload)toundetectablelevels,whichhelpsrestoreimmunefunctionandreducetheriskoftransmittingthevirustoothersLifelongtreatmentARTiscommonlyalifetimetreatment,asHIVcanbereboundiftreatmentisstoppedAntiviralTherapy(ART)PreventinginfectionsPeoplewithAIDSareatincreasedriskofdevelopingopportunisticinfections(OIs),whichareinfectionsthatoccurmorefrequentlyoraremoresevereinpeoplewithweakenedimmunesystemsPreventingtheseinfectionsisanimportantpartofmanagingAIDSTreatingOIsIfanOIdoesoccur,promptdiagnosisandtreatmentarecriticaltopreventseriouscomplicationsRegularmonitoringRegularmonitoringforOIsandotherAIDSrelatedapplicationsisessentialtoensureprompttreatmentManagingOpportunisticEffectsSymptommanagementPalliativecareaimstoimprovethequalityoflifeofpeoplewithAIDSbymanagingsymptomssuchaspain,fatigue,andnaseaNutritionalsupportNutritionalsupportmaybenecessarytomaintainweightandstrength,aswellastopreventmalnutritionComprehensivetherapiesComprehensivetherapies,suchasmass,acquisition,andyoga,maybeusedtohelpmanagesymptomsandimprovequalityoflifePsychosocialsupportPsychosocialsupportisanimportantaspectofpalliativecare,aspeoplewithAIDSmayexperienceemotionalstress,sigma,andsocialisolationPalliativeCareandSupportingMeasures05PreventionandControlofAIDS010203EducationandAwarenessIncreasingknowledgeandunderstandingofAIDSthroughcomprehensiveindividualeducationprograms,mediacampaigns,andcommunityoutreachEncouragingSaferSexPracticesEncouragingtheuseofconventions,limitingthenumberofsexualpartners,andavoidingunprotectedsexHarmReductionforInjectingDrugUsersProvidingcleanneedsandsymmetries,opioidsubstitutiontherapy,andaccesstodrugtreatmentprogramsPrimaryPreventionStrategiesEarlyDetectionandDiagnosisFacilityaccesstoHIVtestingandcounseling,andsourcingregularscreeningforthoseathigherriskLinkagetoCareandTreatmentEnsuringthatthosediagnosedwithHIVarelinkedtoappropriatemedicalcareandtreatmentservicesPreventingMothertoChildTransmissionOfferingantiviraltherapy(ART)topregnantwomenwithHIVtoreducetheriskoftransmissiontotheirbabiesSecondaryPreventionMeasuresTertiaryPreventionandControlEffortsManagingHIV/AIDSrelatedIllnessProvidingcomprehensivemedicalcareandsupportservicestothoselivingwithHIV/AIDS,includingtreatmentforopportunisticinfectionsandothercomorbiditiesPalliativeCareandSupportOfferingpalliativecareservicestoimprovethequalityoflifeforthoselivingwithadvancedHIV/AIDSPreventingFurtherTransmissionEncouragingindividualswithHIVtoadapttotreatmentrequirementsandachievingvirtualcompressiontoreducetheriskoftransmittingthevirustoothersStrengtheningSurveillanceandEpidemiologicalMonitoringEnhancingsurveillancesystemstomonitortheepisode,identifyingemergingtrends,andevaluatingtheeffectivenessofpreventionandcontrolmeasures06SocialandPsychologicalAspectsofAIDSNegativeStereotypingAIDSisoftenassociatedwithnegativeStereotypes,suchasbeing"dirty"or"dangerous,"whichcanleadtodiscriminationandsocialexclusionLossofSocialStatusInmanycultures,anAIDSdiagnosiscanresultinalossofsocialstatusandrespect,duetothesigmaattachedtothediseaseIsolationandLonelinessPeoplelivingwithAIDSmayexperienceisolationandlonelinessasaresultoffe