（高考英語(yǔ)作文煉句）第31篇譯文老師筆記

PAGEPAGE11.據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織估計(jì),僅在2012年就有超過(guò)七百萬(wàn)人直接死于空氣污染,而這些污染大部分由燃燒化石燃料造成.考慮到核能不產(chǎn)生排放物,要是它能夠被廣泛使用以代替煤炭和天然氣,那么成百萬(wàn)人的壽命就能大幅延長(zhǎng).TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthatmorethan7millionpeopledied

asadirectresultof

(1.作為……的直接結(jié)果)airpollutionin2012alone,withmuchofthatpollutioncomingfromtheburningoffossilfuels.Giventhatnuclearpowerproducesnoemissions,wereitwidelyadopted

inplaceof

(2.代替)coalandgasmillionsoflivescouldbesignificantly

prolonged(3.延長(zhǎng)).

1-asadirectresultof

詞典釋義：result[r?'z?lt]

noun

BECAUSEOF

因?yàn)?/p>

ESSENTIAL

countable

or

onlysingular

■somethingthathappensorexistsbecauseofsomething

else

結(jié)果;后果?Theroadhasbeenwidened,but

the

result

isjustmoretraffic.道路被拓寬,但結(jié)果車流量卻更大了.?Hisbrokenlegis

the

direct

result

of

hisowncarelessness.他自己的粗心大意直接導(dǎo)致他摔斷了腿.?Itriedtorepaintthekitchenwalls

with

disastrous

results.我試圖重新粉刷一下廚房的墻,結(jié)果卻弄得一塌糊涂.?Toensure

good/thebest

results,useItaliantomatoesandfreshbasil.為了保證做好后口味好／最佳,要用義大利番茄和新鮮的羅勒.asaresultofsth

IMPROVER

■becauseofsomething

因?yàn)椤?由于…?Profitshavedeclinedasa

result

oftherecent

dropinsales.由于最近銷售量滑坡,利潤(rùn)下降了.

外刊例句：Asadirectresultof

this,critics

say,thenumberofwomenwhodieasaresultofbotched,amateurterminations

goesup.

()批評(píng)者認(rèn)為,這直接導(dǎo)致了更多婦女因?yàn)樵愀獾臉I(yè)余墮胎手術(shù)而死亡.

2-inplaceof

詞典釋義：inplaceofsb/sth

■insteadofsomeone

orsomething

代替,取代?Youcanusemargarinein

place

ofbutterin

somerecipes.有些食譜里,你可以用人造牛油代替牛油.

inplaceofinsomething’splace

phrase

instead

ofsomethingorsomeone

Theideawastoabandonthecommunistmodel,andcreatea

marketeconomyinitsplace.

Inplaceofordinarylightbulbs,youcouldusefluorescent

lamps.

外刊例句：NeilRobertson,theworldchampion,camefrom2-0downwith

breaksof68,101and80tobeatMarkWilliams,twiceworldchampion,3-2and

willwakeuptomorrowasthenewworldNo1,arollingsystemhavingbeen

adopted

inplaceof

asingle

revisionattheendofeachseason.

()世界冠軍尼爾·羅伯森在落后兩盤的情況下,以68、101和80直落三盤以3：2比分逆轉(zhuǎn)兩屆世界冠軍馬克.威廉姆斯,而他明天起來(lái)就會(huì)成為新的世界排名第一.新的滾動(dòng)更新排名系統(tǒng)已替代了以前每賽季末才更新一次的舊系統(tǒng).

替換表達(dá)：toreplace/insteadof/taketheplaceof/beasubstitutefor

3-beprolonged

詞典釋義：prolongUK

[pr?'l??]

US

[-'lɑ：?]

verb

transitive

■tomakesomethinglastalongertime

延長(zhǎng),拖延?Wewerehavingsuchagoodtimethatwedecidedto

prolongourstaybyanotherweek.我們過(guò)得非常愉快,決定再多待一個(gè)星期.?Shechewedeachdeliciousmouthfulasslowlyasshecould,prolonging

thepleasure.她細(xì)嚼慢咽,盡情地享受每一口美食.

外刊例句：ByfailingtocometogethertodenounceMrMugabe

unequivocally,theyhavenotonly

prolonged

Zimbabwe'sagony;theyhavedamagedthewholeofsouthernAfrica,both

materiallyandintermsofAfrica'sreputation.

()他們未能齊心合力公開檢舉馬伽比,這將不僅使津巴布韋人民承受更長(zhǎng)久的痛苦,還將給整個(gè)非洲南部地區(qū)帶來(lái)物質(zhì)上的和名譽(yù)上的損害.

替換表達(dá)：belengthened/extended

Q：后半句的假設(shè)也可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣?感覺并不是完全不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)啊.A：核能被大范圍使用以代替煤和石油從目前來(lái)看還是一個(gè)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo),這里用虛擬語(yǔ)氣比較好一點(diǎn).

Q：請(qǐng)問(wèn)peopledieddirectlyofairpollution,mostof

whichcamefromtheburningoffossilfuels,請(qǐng)問(wèn)這樣用非限制定從寫能不能?mostofwhich表示"這些污染大部分”的意思?A：可以,這樣寫沒(méi)問(wèn)題,句子改寫得不錯(cuò)!

Wereitwidelyadoptedinplaceofcoalandgasmillionsof

livescouldbesignificantlyprolonged.

[分析]本句的主干部分為millionsoflives

couldbesignificantlyprolonged,這是一個(gè)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu).句首是一個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,在省略連詞if的非真實(shí)條件句中需要使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),即將一些助動(dòng)詞如had、should和be的虛假式were放在句首.

2.核電站產(chǎn)生的能源讓其他清潔能源相形見絀,而且它持久可靠.考慮到這一點(diǎn),核能是替代化石能源以及滿足我們能源需求的熱門選擇,盡管公眾的反對(duì)仍會(huì)成為主要阻礙.Theenergyproducedbynuclearplants

dwarfs

(1.讓……相形見絀)othercleanenergysources,anditisaconstantandreliablesupply.

Withthisinmind(2.考慮到這一點(diǎn)),nuclearpoweris

theprimecandidatefor(3.……的熱門選擇)replacingfossilfuelsandmeetingourenergyneeds,althoughpublicoppositionwillcontinuetobe

amajorobstacle(4.主要障礙).

1-dwarf

詞典釋義：dwarf

●●○○○1.VERB

動(dòng)詞

使顯得矮小;使相形見絀

Ifonepersonor

thing

isdwarfed

byanother,thesecondissomuchbiggerthanthefirstthatit

makesthemlookverysmall.

【語(yǔ)法信息】：beV-ed

【語(yǔ)法信息】：Vn?Hisfigureis

dwarfedbythehugeredMcDonald'ssign...在巨大的紅色麥當(dāng)勞標(biāo)志牌下,他顯得很矮小.

?TheUSairtravelmarket

dwarfsthatofBritain.與美國(guó)航空旅行市場(chǎng)比起來(lái),英國(guó)的航空旅行市場(chǎng)相形見絀.

外刊例句：Butananalysisofthefirst1,000investorstocomplainto

BrooklandsSecurities-abrokerfirmwhichmovedintothefirm'sofficesand

boughtsomeofitsassets-showstheFSCScouldpayoutasmuchas￡300mto

the9,000clientsofthehigh-pressuresalesoutfit,whichwentinto

liquidationlastsummer.Thiswill

dwarf

otherFSCSsinglecompanypayouts.

()但通過(guò)分析那最早的1000名抱怨BrooklandsSecurities公司(一家贖買了自身財(cái)產(chǎn)的經(jīng)紀(jì)人事務(wù)所)的投資者發(fā)現(xiàn),金融服務(wù)補(bǔ)償計(jì)劃可以給9000名該高壓銷售公司的顧客發(fā)放3億英鎊補(bǔ)償,而這家公司已于去年夏天宣告破產(chǎn).這筆補(bǔ)償遠(yuǎn)比任何一筆單個(gè)公司提供的FSCS補(bǔ)償都要高.

替換表達(dá)：overshadow/eclipse/outshine/put…intheshade

2-withthisinmind

詞典釋義：withthis

inmind18.PHRASE

短語(yǔ)

以…為目標(biāo)(或理由、基礎(chǔ));考慮到

Ifyoudosomething

with

aparticularthing

in

mind,youdoitwiththatthingasyouraimoras

thereasonorbasisforyouraction.

【搭配模式】：PHRafterv?Thesefamiliesneedsupport.Withthisin

mind

agroupof35specialistsmetlastweekend.這些家庭需要幫助.為此35位專家組成的小組上周末會(huì)面進(jìn)行了商談.

外刊例句：Withthisinmind,theOakRidge

NationalLaboratoryinTennesseeplannedtohostaweekly"SouthernAccent

Reduction”class,invitingprospectiveparticipantsto"berememberedfor

whatyousay,nothowyousayit”.

()位于田納西州的橡樹嶺國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室考慮到這一點(diǎn)后,計(jì)劃舉辦名為"弱化南部口音”的周課,幫助參與者"讓別人注意他們說(shuō)了什么而非他們的說(shuō)話方式.”

替換表達(dá)：consideringthis

3-theprimecandidatefor

詞典釋義：3.

beaprimecandidate/target(forsth)

tobethepersonorthing

thatismostsuitableormostlikelytobechosenforaparticularpurpose是(某事物)的首選目標(biāo)：?Theschoolisa

primecandidateforclosure.這所學(xué)校最有可能關(guān)閉.?Oldpeoplearea

primetargetforthieves.老年人是竊賊的首選目標(biāo).

prime[pra?m]

adjective

[before

noun]

IMPROVER

■mainormostimportant

首要的,主要的;基本的

?Thisisa

prime

example

of1930s

architecture.這是20世紀(jì)30年代建筑風(fēng)格的一個(gè)重要范例.?the

prime

suspectinamurderinvestigation謀殺案調(diào)查中的主要嫌疑犯?a

prime

sourceofevidence證據(jù)的主要來(lái)源?Thepresidentisa

prime

(=likely)

target

fortheassassin'sbullet.總統(tǒng)是這名刺客的主要目標(biāo).

外刊例句：Atitsmostfar-reaching,lifethatevolvedinthelake

fromthesimpleorganismsthatdrainedintoitmillionsofyearsagocould

showuswhatwemightfindinthewaterydepthspredictedtoliebeneaththe

icycrustofEuropa,oneofJupiter'smoonsand

theprimecandidatefor

findinglifeonanotherworld.()在其最深處,生命從那數(shù)百萬(wàn)年來(lái)吮吸湖中營(yíng)養(yǎng)的簡(jiǎn)單有機(jī)物進(jìn)化而來(lái),這讓我們明白：我們將可能在位于"歐洲”冰面地殼地下的水中找到什么.這是木星的眾多衛(wèi)星之一,也是探索其他世界生物的首要選擇之一.

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

hotpick點(diǎn)評(píng)：沒(méi)有hotpick這一用法,這里應(yīng)該改為theprimecandidatefor

4-amajorobstacle

詞典釋義：

obstacleUK

['?b.st?.kl]

US

['ɑ：b-]

noun

countable

■somethingthatblocksyousothatmovement,goingforward

oractionarepreventedormademoredifficult

障礙;阻礙;妨礙?Thebiggest

obstacle

inourwaywasatreetrunkin

theroad.我們路上最大的障礙是橫在路上的一棵樹.?Thisdecisionhasremovedthelast

obstacle

to

thehostages'release.這個(gè)決定清除了釋放人質(zhì)的最后障礙.

外刊例句：ButevensomeveteranobservershopetheIRA'sunexpected

offeronMay6thtoopenarmsdumpstoforeigninspectorshasremovedthe

last

majorobstacle

toprogress.

()但即使是極富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的觀察者也希望,隨著愛爾蘭共和軍于五月六日對(duì)外國(guó)檢查人員公共其隱藏軍火庫(kù),和平進(jìn)程的最后阻礙能隨之而消去.

替換表達(dá)：themainstumblingblock(tosth)/themainimpediment(tosth)/

amajorhindrance

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

mainobstruction點(diǎn)評(píng)：obstruction通常指指對(duì)生意、法律或政府的阻撓,妨礙,例如：MrGuestrefusedtolettheminandnowfacesacriminalchargeof

obstruction.格斯特先生因?yàn)閷⑺麄兙苤T外,現(xiàn)在面臨妨礙公務(wù)的刑事指控.Obstruction用在該語(yǔ)境中不合適.

3.在過(guò)去的大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)中,全球人類的生活水平大幅度提高.然而,當(dāng)今全球性的污染比以往任何時(shí)候都嚴(yán)重,環(huán)保組織在持續(xù)表達(dá)對(duì)于我們周圍的自然環(huán)境遭受破壞程度的憂慮.Overthepastcenturyorsotherehasbeenanenormousimprovementinlivingstandardsacrosstheglobe.However,worldwidepollutiontodayismoreseriousthanithaseverbeenand

environmentalgroups(1.環(huán)境保護(hù)組織)continuetoexpress

dismay(2.憂慮)atthelevelofdamagedonetoour

naturalsurroundings(3.周圍的自然環(huán)境).

1-environmentalgroups

詞典釋義：environmental

●●●●○1.ADJ

形容詞

自然環(huán)境保護(hù)的;生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)的;環(huán)保的

Environmental

meansconcernedwith

theprotectionofthenaturalworldofland,sea,air,plants,andanimals.

【搭配模式】：ADJn?...economicand

environmental

legislation.經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)法規(guī)

?...the

environmental

claimsbeingmadeforsomeproducts...要求一些產(chǎn)品注重保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的主張?Environmentalgroupsplantostagepublicprotestsduring

theconference.環(huán)境保護(hù)組織計(jì)劃在會(huì)議期間組織公眾抗議活動(dòng).

group2.N-COUNT

可數(shù)名詞

集體;群體;團(tuán)體

A

group

isaset

ofpeoplewhohavethesameinterestsoraims,andwhoorganizethemselvesto

workoracttogether.

【搭配模式】：ususuppN?...theMinorityRightsGroup...少數(shù)民族權(quán)益團(tuán)體?Membersofanenvironmental

group

arestagingaprotestinsideachemicalplant.一個(gè)環(huán)保組織的成員正在一家化工廠里舉行抗議活動(dòng).

外刊例句：TheCommonwealthBank’sfirstclimatepolicystatementhas

beencriticisedby

environmental

groups

andsparkedonegrouptolodgeashareholderresolutiontoforce

thecompanytoimplementitsstatedcommitmenttotheParisagreement.

()英聯(lián)邦銀行的氣候政策宣言已遭環(huán)保組織批評(píng),而且,在此刺激下,另一組織也舉行股東投票大會(huì)以強(qiáng)迫該銀行履行其要遵守巴黎協(xié)定的諾言.

替換表達(dá)：greengroups

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

environment

protectionorganization點(diǎn)評(píng)：environment

protection這一說(shuō)法不常見,environmentprotectionorganization應(yīng)該改為environmentalgroups/organizations

2-dismay

詞典釋義：dismay[d?'sme?]

noun

uncountable

■afeelingofunhappinessanddisappointment

沮喪,灰心,失望?Aidworkersweresaidtohavebeen

filledwith

dismay

bytheappallingconditionsthattherefugeeswerelivingin.據(jù)說(shuō)援助人員看到難民所處的惡劣生活環(huán)境時(shí)都感到非常沮喪.?Thesupporterswatched

in/with

dismay

as

theirteamlost6-0.球隊(duì)的支持者們郁悶地看著自己的球隊(duì)以０比６的比分輸?shù)袅吮荣??Shediscovered,

to

her

dismay,thatherexam

wasawholemonthearlierthanshe'dexpected.她郁悶地發(fā)現(xiàn)考試比她預(yù)料的早了整整一個(gè)月.

外刊例句：Unbidden,manyexpress

dismay

athisinflammatoryquestioningoftheNaziHolocaust,citingthisasan

exampleofanticsthatachievenothingforIran.()出乎意料的是,許多專家對(duì)其煽動(dòng)人心的納粹災(zāi)難質(zhì)疑感到失望,把它作為一個(gè)反面例子——一場(chǎng)于伊朗局勢(shì)毫無(wú)意義的鬧劇.

替換表達(dá)：anxiety/worry

3-naturalsurroundings注意在表示"n-環(huán)境”時(shí),surroundings是復(fù)數(shù).

詞典釋義：naturalUK

['n?t?.?r.?l]

US

[-?-]

adjective

NOTARTIFICIAL

非人為的

ESSENTIAL

■asfoundinnatureandnotinvolvinganythingmadeor

donebypeople

天然的,非人為的;非人造的?a

natural

substance自然物質(zhì)?Peoplesaythatbreast-feedingisbetterthan

bottle-feedingbecauseit'smore

natural.人們認(rèn)為母乳喂養(yǎng)比用奶粉喂養(yǎng)好,因?yàn)槟溉楦鼮樘烊??Hediedfrom

natural

causes

(=becausehe

wasoldorill).他是自然死亡.?Floodsandearthquakesare

natural

disasters.洪水和地震是自然災(zāi)害.

ESSENTIAL

■describesanabilityorcharacteristicthatyouwereborn

with

(能力)天生的;(特性)固有的?natural

beauty自然美?a

natural

talentforsports運(yùn)動(dòng)天賦?She'sa

natural

blonde(=Herhairisnot

artificiallymadealightercolour).她天生一頭金發(fā).

ADVANCED

■describesfoodordrinkwhichispureandhasnochemical

substancesaddedtoitandisthereforethoughttobehealthy

(食物或飲品)天然的,純的,無(wú)添加劑的?natural

mineralwater天然礦泉水?natural

ingredients天然成分

surroundings

●●○○○1.N-PLURAL

復(fù)數(shù)名詞

環(huán)境

Whenyouaredescribingthe

placewhereyouareatthemoment,ortheplacewhereyoulive,youcanrefer

toitasyour

surroundings

.

【搭配模式】：oftpossN?Schumacheradaptedeffortlesslytohisnew

surroundings.舒馬赫非常輕松地適應(yīng)了新環(huán)境.?...apeacefulholidayhomeinbeautiful

surroundings.環(huán)境優(yōu)美寧?kù)o的度假屋

外刊例句：Eachoneofthosefailedcommitments–likeprotectingthe

greenbelt,protectingbiodiversity,establishingecologicallycoherent

marineconservationzonesorsupportingenvironment-friendlyfarming–erodes

thebenefitsprovidedbyour

natural

surroundings

justalittlemore.

()每一個(gè)沒(méi)有履行的承諾,如保護(hù)綠化帶、保護(hù)生物多樣性,建立海洋生態(tài)保護(hù)區(qū),和建立綠色耕作模式,都將更進(jìn)一步損害自然給予我們的好處.

替換表達(dá)：thenaturalenvironment

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

environment

surrounding點(diǎn)評(píng)：surrounding是形容詞,要表示"自然環(huán)境”,應(yīng)該用surroundings,此外,沒(méi)有environmentsurroundings的說(shuō)法,應(yīng)該改為natural

surroundings(2)

ouradjacent

naturalarea點(diǎn)評(píng)：adjacent是指建筑物臨近的,毗鄰的,例如：Westayedinadjacentrooms.我們住在毗連的房間里.adjacent用在語(yǔ)境中不合適.(3)

surrounding

naturalenvironment點(diǎn)評(píng)：surrounding

naturalenvironment表達(dá)不夠自然,這里可以改為naturalsurroundings

Q：dismayatthelevelof,這里的at應(yīng)該理解為與dismay搭配還是與thelevelof搭配?為什么不用別的介詞on之類的?A：at是跟前面的dismay搭配的,dismayatsomething是一個(gè)固定說(shuō)法,例如柯林斯詞典例句：The

ministersexpressed

dismayat

the

continuedpracticeofethniccleansing.部長(zhǎng)們表達(dá)了對(duì)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的種族清洗的憂慮.

Q：damagedoneto是一個(gè)什么樣的用法呢這里用done是為什么呢?A：這里相當(dāng)于expressdismayatthelevelofdamage(whichis)

donetoournaturalsurroundings,donetoournatural

surroundings這一部分是后置定語(yǔ).

However,worldwidepollutiontodayismoreseriousthanit

haseverbeenandenvironmentalgroupscontinuetoexpressdismayatthe

levelofdamagedonetoournaturalsurroundings.

[分析]本句是一個(gè)由and連接的并列句,前一分句的主干是worldwidepollutiontodayismoreserious,其后是一個(gè)由than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句.后一分句的主干是environmentalgroups

continuetoexpressdismay,其后是由at引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),其中donetoournaturalsurroundings是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾damage.

4.在近些年來(lái)環(huán)境保護(hù)組織表達(dá)了對(duì)于食物里程增加的擔(dān)憂.他們指出,如果一箱蘋果產(chǎn)自本地的生產(chǎn)商而不是從地球的另一端空運(yùn)過(guò)來(lái),那么這對(duì)于環(huán)境的破壞顯然會(huì)小很多.Inrecentyearsenvironmentalgroupshaveraisedconcernsovertheincreasein

foodmiles(1.食物里程).Theyarguethatifaboxofapplesis

sourced

(2.產(chǎn)自……)fromlocalproducersratherthan

flownin(3.從……空運(yùn)過(guò)來(lái))fromtheothersideoftheworld,thenclearlylessdamagewillbedonetotheenvironment.

1-foodmiles

詞典釋義：foodmiles

pluralnoun

■thedistancebetweentheplacewherefoodisgrownor

madeandtheplacewhereitiseaten

食物里程(食品從種植地或生產(chǎn)地,到被食用的地方間的距離)

外刊例句：Thelackofcommentontheimpactthattensofthousandsof

foodmiles

haveontheenvironment

willraisetheireofothers.

()對(duì)于千萬(wàn)里食物里程對(duì)環(huán)境帶來(lái)的影響甚少談及,這將導(dǎo)致其他人感到憤怒.

學(xué)生錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：(1)

foodmileage

/themilesofourfoodtravels點(diǎn)評(píng)："食物里程”應(yīng)該采用通用說(shuō)法food

miles(2)

lengthof

food點(diǎn)評(píng)：表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)確,這里應(yīng)該改為food

miles

2-issourcedfrom

詞典釋義：source2.VERB

動(dòng)詞

尋找(產(chǎn)品或原料的)貨源

Inbusiness,ifapersonorfirm

sources

aproductoraraw

material,theyfindsomeonewhowillsupplyit.

【語(yǔ)法信息】：Vn

【語(yǔ)法信息】：V-ed

【語(yǔ)法信息】：AlsoVfromn

【FIELD標(biāo)簽】：BUSINESS商?Togethertheytraveltheworld,sourcingclothesforthe

small,privatelyownedcompany...他們一道走遍世界各地,為那家私營(yíng)小公司尋覓服裝貨源.

?About60percentofanavera