00831自考英語語法簡答題

00831自考英語語法簡答題00831自考英語語法簡答題00831自考英語語法簡答題00831自考英語語法簡答題編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Chapter1．Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.請(qǐng)給出語法單位等級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)圖。HierarchyofgrammaticalunitsAtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesAmorphemeIngrammaticalterms,whileasentenceisthelargestunit(ofatext),awordisthesmallest,thelowestrankunittowhichagrammaticalfunctioncanbeassigned.However,asentencecanteamupwithothersentencestoformalargerlinguisticunit-text,andawordisnotthesmallestmeaningfulelementinthewritingsystem.Itcanbreakintosmallerelementswhicharecalledmorphemes.Sowehavetheaboveextendedhierarchyofgrammaticalunits.2．Definemorpheme,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,morphandallomorph.請(qǐng)給詞素，自由詞素，粘附詞素，形素和詞素變體下定義。1）Whatisamorpheme?

Amorphemeistheminimaldistinctivegrammaticalunit,andisthelowestunitingrammaticalhierarchy.Morphemesareactuallyabstractelementsofanalysis.Whatoccursisanorthographicforminwritingtermed"morph"whichrealizesthemorpheme.詞素是語法的最小區(qū)別性單位，即最低一級(jí)的語法單位。詞素的語音或拼寫法的體現(xiàn)叫形素。詞素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的環(huán)境中由若干不同的形素來體現(xiàn)。2）Whatarefreemorphemeandboundmorpheme?

Afreemorphemeisamorphemethathasameaningofitsownandcanbeusedindependently.Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative.Aboundmorphemeisamorphemethatdoesn'thaveameaningofitsownandcan'tbeusedindependently.Boundmorphemesonlypossessadditionalorgrammaticalmeanings.Generallyspeaking,freemorphemesoftencarrythemeaningandboundmorphemesoftenshowgrammaticalfeatures.3）Whatmorphandallomorph?

Amorphistherealizationofanorthographicforminwritingoraphoneticforminspeakingofamorpheme.Anallomorphisanindistinctivevariantofamorpheme.3．Distinguishroot,stem,andbaseasmorphologicalterms.(從形態(tài)上區(qū)分詞根、詞干、詞基三個(gè)概念)Whatisaroot,astemorabase?Theymayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferent.Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzableinmorphologicalterms.Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.4．Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix

前綴和后綴在語義和功能上有何區(qū)別？Theobvioussemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffixisthatthevastmajorityofprefixesdonotchangetheoriginalwordclass,andtheytendtobesemanticallyoriented,thatis,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.However,suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes,theydon'ttendtobesemanticallychanged.5．Nameatleastfivemethodsofword-formationandciteexamplesforeach.（舉例說明至少五種構(gòu)詞法）詞綴法、復(fù)合法、轉(zhuǎn)換法、拼綴法、逆生法、縮略法、首字母縮略法1）Affixation-awordisformedbyattachingalessermorpheme,anaffixtoamajorelement,i.e.abase(whichmayalreadyhaveoneormoreaffixesincorporatedinit).dislike,inexperienced,freedom…2）CompositionCawordisformedbycompoundingmorethanonebaseandthiswordfunctionsbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Compoundnouns-manservant,girl-friend,cut-throat,snowfall,deadline,aftermath,dropout;Compoundverbs,compoundadjectives,compoundprepositions,compoundconjunction,andcompoundpronouns,rhymedcompoundCneo-classiccompounds….3）ConversionCis"thederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.4）BlendingCablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwoormoreotherwords.motel,smog,newscast,medicare5）BackformationCmanynounsareformedfromverbs,suchasworkerandbackformationreferstoasimilarprocessonlyreversed.babysittercamebeforebabysit,chainsmokecameafterchainsmoker6）ShorteningCshorteningisaprocesswherebypartofawordisclippedsothattheoriginalword,usuallypolysyllabic,isshortenedtoasmallerword.adforadvertisement,phonefortelephone….7）AcronymCAnacronymisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.Alphabetisms(UFO,UN,pronouncedassequencesofletters),andacronyms(NATO,BASIC，laser,pronouncedasaword).6．Citeexamplesforthesimpleverbphrase,thecomplexverbphrase,thefiniteverbphraseandthenon-finiteverbphrase.舉例說明簡單動(dòng)詞詞組，復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組，限定性動(dòng)詞詞組和非限定性動(dòng)詞詞組。Averbphrasethatgoeswithoutauxiliariesistermed"thesimpleverbphrase",whichisjustamainverbor"modifier+mainverb";withauxiliaries,"thecomplexverbphrase".Enjoysin"Johnenjoysbeingflattered."And"fullyappreciate"in"Ifullyappreciateyourgenerosity."areofsimpleverbphrase.Evenexpertscanmakemistakes.Inthissentence"canmake"isacomplexverbphrase.Theheadwordorthefirstelementofafiniteverbphraseisafiniteverb,whichbearsthetensemarkerandinsomecaseskeepsinconcordwiththesubject,asin:Suelikesblackcoffee.Anon-finiteverbphraseisaphrasewhosefirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreeoftheconstraintsthatafiniteverbissubjectto,andhasthreenon-finiteforms.Ididn'texpectyoutobehere.Shehatesbeingcalledbythewrongname.7．Whatarethesevenclausepatterns

什么是七種基本的句型？Accordingtotheirstructure,clausesfallsintosevenmajorpatterns:SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVAandSVOA.S=subject,V=verb,C=complement,O=object,A=adverbial8．Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.什么是限定分句什么是非限定分句

Thefiniteclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicates.Thenon-finiteclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms.9．Definethesimplesentence,thecompoundsentenceandthecomplexsentence.給簡單句，并列句和復(fù)合句下定義。Aone-clausesentenceistermedasimplesentence;asimplesentencecontainsoneclause.Inasentencewithmorethanoneclause,iftheclausesarerelatedtooneanotherbycoordination,thissentenceiscalledacompoundsentence;bysubordinationacomplexsentence.10．Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext

我們?yōu)槭裁匆鼍渥佣W(xué)習(xí)語篇？Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.ChapterTwo1．Whatarethefourmajortypesofsentencesandwhatdiscoursefunctionsaretheynormallyassociatedwith

英語句子分為哪四種主要類型其語段功能是什么ThefourtypesofsentencesinEnglisharedeclaratives,interrogatives,imperativesandexclamatives.Declarativesareconcernedwithgivinginformationandassociatedwithstatements.Interrogativesareprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringinformationandassociatedwithquestions.Imperativesareprimarilyconcernedwithrequiringactionsandassociatedwithcommands.Exclamativesareprimarilyconcernedwithexpressingthespeaker'simpressionofsomethingandassociatedwithexclamations.2．Explaintheconditionsinwhichweneedtousenon-assertivewordsinpositivestatementsandassertivewordsinquestions.解釋在哪種情況下我們在肯定句中用非肯定詞和在問句中用肯定詞Inaffirmativesentencesinwhichthereareifclauses,putativeshouldclauses,andcomparativeclauses,non-assertivewordscanbeused.Non-assertivewordscanalsobeusedafterwordswithnegativeimport.Whenapositiveanswerisexpected,assertivewordscanbeusedinquestions,suchas:IstheresomenewsformeIssomebodywaitingforme

3．Howdowedeterminethescopeofnegation

如何確定否定范圍Therearefiveaspectsthatdeterminethescopeofnegation:1）Fromthenegativewordtotheendofthesentence:Idon'tknowhimatall.2）Differentintonationonanend-placeadverbial:Hedidn'tworkallthe(∨)week.=It'snottruethatheworkedalltheweek.3）Disjunctsorconjunctsareexcludedinthescope:Sureenough,nobodyisgoingtohelphim.4）Aparticularstress:Idon'tliketogoshoppingwithMaryonweekends.5）Allandeveryindifferentstresses:Allhisbooksdidnotsellwell.Whenalloreveryisstressed,itispartialnegation.4．WhataretheverbswhichtransferrednegationoftenoccurswithWhatistheirsharedsemanticfeature哪些動(dòng)詞后經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)否定轉(zhuǎn)移它們共同的語義特征是什么Transferrednegationoftenoccurswithsuchverbsthatexpressopinionasthink,believe,suppose,imagine,expect.Ithinkthathewon'tcometomorrow.(strongernegativeforce）Idon'tthinkhe'llcometomorrow.(farmorecommon）Idon'timagineTonywilllearnfromthislesson,willhe?

5．Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaYES-NOquestionperform一般疑問句除了對(duì)陳述句的真實(shí)性發(fā)問外，還有什么其他作用？Theymayberegardedasthespeaker'sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumption.Theyarelikeimperatives.Won'tyoucomein?Theycanalsobelikeexclamations.Suchas:Isn'titlovely?6．WhatistheprimaryfunctionofaWH-question

特殊問句最主要的功能是什么？Spokenwithafinalfallingtone,WH-questionsaresometimescalled"informationquestions"becausetheyrequiresomespecificinformationinthereply.Theydonotquerythetruthofthestatement,whichistypicallyperformedbyYES-NOquestions:rather,theyaskfordetailsaboutapartofit.Or:TheprimaryfunctionofaWH-questionistoaskforinformationconcerningwhat,when,why,whose,who,whichandhow.7．Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions

選擇疑問句的兩大類型是什么？Alternativequestionsfallintotwosubclasses:oneisformedonthebasisofYES-NOquestions;theotheronthebasisofWH-questions:Whichwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?Whatwouldyoulike,coffeeortea?8．Explainthedifferencebetweenatagquestionwithafinalrisingtoneandonewithafinalfallingtone.闡述結(jié)尾升調(diào)或降調(diào)的附加疑問句的區(qū)別。Witharisingtone,thequestionexpressesthespeaker'sneutralexpectationofthehearer'sresponseandinvitesthehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Yetwithafallingtone,thespeakerasksforthehearer'sconfirmationofthestatementratherthanhisverificationofthetruth.Functionally,theformerisverymuchlikeaYES-NOquestion,whilethelattercanberegardedassimilartoanexclamation.***Irregularquestiontagsa．Afteranimperative,willyou,won'tyou

Bothareacceptable.

b．Whenthesubjectofthestatementiswordslikeeverybody,anybody,someone,noone,inthiscase,eitherheortheyisacceptable.c．Haveinastatementsometimesisanauxiliary,sometimesisafullverb.Sointhetagquestionwhethertousedon'torhaven'tdependsonthecontextualizedmeaningofhave.d．Withmodalauxiliariesinthesentence,Youcouldhaveheardthenewslastnight,couldn'tyou

didn'tyou?e．Statementsthatcontainnegativewordsorwordswhicharenegativeinmeaningareusuallyfollowedbypositivetags.9．Howdowereinforceacommand

如何對(duì)祈使句進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)？ThesubjectYOUisretainedforemphaticeffect.Itmaysuggestthespeaker'simpatience,insistence,orirritationwhenhewishestogetthingsdone.Oritmaybringtolightacontrast.TheexplicitYOUalwayscarriesstresstothateffect.Analternativewayofreinforcingacommandwiththesecondpersonsubjectistoaddaninitialdo.10．Whatarethetwomajortypesofexclamations

感嘆句的兩大類型是什么？Theyaretwomajortypesofexclamations:WHAT-andHOW-exclamations.Theformerisfollowedbyanounphrase,thelatterisfollowedbyanadjectiveoradverbChapterThree1．Whatisanounphrase

什么是名詞詞組？Nounphrasescanbeclassifiedpartlybyitsexternalfunctionsandpartlybyitsinternalstructure.Theheadwordofanounphraseistypicallyanounorpronoun,whichmaybepremodifiedand/orpostmodifiedbyavarietyofitemsonvariouslevelsrangingfromwordtophrase.（premodification+）headword(+postmodification)2．Whatisapropernoun

什么是專有名詞？Propernounsdenoteindividualpersons,places,etc.Apropernounbeginswithacapitalletter,hasnopluralformandcannotoccurafteranarticle,withonlyafewexceptions.Forexample,China,Europe,theUnitedStates,theAlps.3．Whatisacommonnoun

什么是普通名詞？Commonnounscanbeclassifiedintocountablenounsandmassnouns,ofwhichcountablenounsmaytakesingularandpluralforms.Countablenounsrefertothenounsthatcantakepluralforms.4．Whatisamassnoun

什么是物質(zhì)名詞？Accordingtothetextbook,theterm"MASS"ispreferredtotheterm"uncountable"toavoidtheambiguousmeaningofthelatterword.Massnounsrefertothenounsthatcannottakepluralformsascountablenounsdo.5．Whatisacollectivenoun

什么是集合名詞？Itmeansgroupsofpeople,animalsorthings.Itbelongstoasmallgroupofcommonnouns.Theyaregenerallycountablenounsbutevenwhentheytakethesingularform,theymustkeepinconcordwith/becompatiblewithapluralverb.People,committee,party,team,furniture6．Whatisaunitnoun

什么是單位名詞？Unitnoun,alsoreferredtoas"partitives",areaveryspecialclassofwordsusedtospecifythequantitiesofthemodifiednoun.Theyareespeciallyusefulwhenwewanttoindicatethepluralnotionofamassnoun.Theycanalsomodifycountablenounsbyreferringtotheirnumber,measure,shape,etc.7．Whatisnumber

什么是數(shù)？Numberisoneoftheimportantcriteriaindistinguishingclassesofnouns.Intermsofnumber,somenounsarevariableandsomeareusuallynot.Atable/tables,alaugh/laughs,butbuttercanneverbebuttersinitspluralform.Somewordscanbeusedasnounsindifferenceclasses,asinthefollowingpairs:Therearesixroomsinthehouse.Thereismuchroomfordiscussion.Don'tcountyourchickensbeforetheyarehatched.Doyoulikeboiledchicken.(meatofahenorcock)Theyouthofourcountryhaveideas.Twentyyouthsattendedthemeetingyesterday.Fromtheabovesentenceswecanseethatmanynounscanbevariableintheirclasses,andthushaveslightlydifferentmeanings.8．Whataresingularinvariables

什么是單數(shù)名詞？Singularinvariablesmainlyrefertopropernounsandmassnouns.Theformerones,becauseoftheiruniquereference,arenormallyinvariablesingularsevenwhensomeofthesenounsappearinthePluralform.Butsomegeographicalpropernounswithapluralformareusuallytreatedasplurals.Thelatter,massnoun,whetherabstractorconcreteisgenerallysingular,includingcertainnounsendinginCs.TheUnitedNations,TheNetherlands,thePhilippinescanbeeithersingular,orplurals.TheAlps,theMaldives,NiagaraFalls,alwaysplurals.TheJoneses,Acoustics,plastics,appendicitis,measles,mumps,rickets,billiards,butnotwaters,snows,whentheyappearinthepluralform,theyexpressintensity,greatquantity,andhavealiteraryflavor.Exceptions:Generallymeaslesoccursinchildren.Measlesaresometimescausedbyatapeworm(絳蟲).Dartsarenotallowedhere.Dartsarethrownateachturn.Marblesvaryinkindandquality.Theeconomicsoftheprojectarestillbeingconsidered.Theacousticsofthishallarefaultless.Hismathematicsareweak.Thechildrenareplayingonthesands(astretchofsand).ThisiswherethewatersoftheAmazonflowoutintothesea.(waterofthestatedriver)9．Whatarepluralinvariables

什么是復(fù)數(shù)名詞？Pluralinvariablessuggestthatsomenounsnormallyrepresentasinvariablepluralforms.Thenounsincludethenamesoftoolsandarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalparts（spectacles,glasses,jeans,compasses）,somecollectivenouns(cattle,people,police,vermin),geographicalnamesofmountainranges(theAlps,theRockies,theHimalayas),waterfalls(NiagaraFalls),groupsofislands(theMaldives,theBalkans,theBermudas)andothernounsendinginCs(arms,archives,contents).Note：Namesoftoolsandarticlesofdressconsistingoftwoequalparts,(whentheyareattributiveormodifier,-smustberemovedatrouserleg,aspectaclecase)（特別注意：當(dāng)由同樣兩部分構(gòu)成的工具或衣服作修飾語時(shí)，末尾的-s要去掉。）褲腿（atrouserleg）,眼鏡盒（aspectaclecase）.Somecollectivenouns，suchasfoliage,machinery,merchandise，areusedinconcordwithsingularverb),Thatgreenfoliagewasrestful.片片綠葉，寧靜恬適。Newmachinerywasintroducedinthefactory.該工廠引進(jìn)了新機(jī)器。Collectivenounssuchasaudience,class,committee,couple,crew,family,government,public,etc.canbesingularorplural,dependingontheircontext.Hisremainslieinthechurchyard.(corpse/body)他的遺體安放在這個(gè)墓地。Theremainsofthemealwas/werethrownaway.(theleftoversofthemeal)剩飯都扔掉了。10．Whatareirregularplurals

什么是不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)？Bydefinition,irregularpluralsareunpredictablefromtheformofcorrespondingsingulars,whichmeansthatgeneralizationisusuallynotapplicableandthatthepluralshavetobelistedandlearnedasindividuallexicalunits.Thegeneraltypesofirregularpluralinclude:nounswithirregularspellingorpronunciationofboth,nounswithzeropluralsandnounsthattakeforeignplurals.Irregularplurals:1）irregularspelling/pronunciation2）zeroplurals3）foreignplurals4）pluralcompounds11．Whatareforeignplurals

什么是外來詞復(fù)數(shù)？Wordsthatareborrowedfromotherlanguagesoftenhaveforeignplurals.Manysuchwordshavebecomenaturalizedandsotaketheregularpluralform(-s,-es).WordsthatstillkeepforeignpluralformsincludenounsendinginCa,-eau,-ex,-ix,-is,-on,-um,-us.Naturalized:Bonus-bonuses,metropolisCmetropolisesbureau-bureaux(French),indexCindices,indexes,(Latin)crisisCcrises(Greek)curriculumCcurricula,stimulusCstimulibacteriumCbacteriamemorandumCmemoranda,memorandumsphenomenonCphenomena12．Whatarepluralcompounds

什么是復(fù)合詞的復(fù)數(shù)？Pluralcompoundsmainlyconsistofthreewaysofforms:pluralizethelastelement,thefirstelement,andboththefirstandthelastelement.ChapterFor1．Whataredeterminers

什么是限定詞？Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.Intermsoffunction,theybreakintotwomajortypes:identifiersandquantifiers.Intermsoftheirrelativepositionswhentheyco-occur,theybreakintothreetypes:predeterminers,centraldeterminersandpostdeterminers.2．Whatarethedifferencesbetweendeterminersandadjectives

限定詞和形容詞有何區(qū)別？Thedifferencesbetweendeterminersandadjectivesareinanumberofsignificantways.1)determinersusuallyprecedeadjectivesinpremodification;2)thechoiceofdeterminersisoftendeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadjectives;3)adjectivesdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristics,butdeterminersdeterminestheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying;4)adjectivescanpostmodifytheheadword,butnotdeterminers(exceptenough).5)adjectiveshavecomparativeforms,inflectionalorperiphrastic,butnotdeterminers(exceptfew,little,manyandmuch).Co-occurrenceofdeterminersmeansdeterminersmayco-occurinthepremodificationofanounphrase;thatis,twoormoredeterminersmaymodifyoneandthesameheadword.Insuchcase,eachdeterminertakesarelativelyfixedpositioninthesequence.Articles:Asadeterminer,itpremodifiesaheadnoun.IntheEnglishlanguage,therearetwoarticles:thedefinitearticle"the"andtheindefinitearticle"a(n)".Thetwotermsindicatesomeofthesemanticimplicationsofarticleusage.Zeroarticle:itmeansnounsthatusepluralformsandgowithoutanarticle.3．Whatkindsofdeterminersareandarenotmutuallyexclusive

何種限定詞相互排斥何種限定詞相互不排斥Predeterminersorcentraldeterminersaremutuallyexclusive.Thatis,inoneandthesamenounphrase,therecouldbeonlyonepredetermineroronecentraldeterminer.Postdeterminersarenotmutuallyexclusivethatis,inoneandthesamenounphrase,therecouldbetwoormorepostdeterminers.4．Givetwoexamplestoillustratetheorderofdeterminers.舉兩個(gè)例子說明限定詞的順序。Theorderofdeterminersisfixedwhentheyco-occur:Predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminerForexample:alltheotherstudents(Predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminer)allthethreeotherstudents(Predeterminer+centraldeterminer+postdeterminer+postdeterminer)5．Whataregenericreferenceandspecificreference什么是類指和特指

Genericreference:Itdenotesclassmembershipanditcanalsorefertoaclassasawhole.Itisrealizedbyasingularcountablenounthatgoeswithanindefinitearticle"a(n)",orasingularcountablenounwithadefinitearticle"the"orapluralcountablenounthatgoeswithoutanarticle.Specificreference:Itcanbemadeeitherinadefinitewayorinanindefiniteway.Definitespecificreferenceidentifiesthereferentinquestionandisrealizedbyanounwithadefinitearticle"the".Indefinitespecificreference,however,pointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass,anditisrealizedbyasingularcountablenounwithanindefinitearticle"a(n)".類指：Apandaisarareanimal.Thepandaisarareanimal.Pandasarerareanimals.零冠詞IwishIhadadogofmyown.特指：Thereisadoginfrontofthehouse.不確定特指。Adogchargedatmelastnight.不確定特指Thedoggavebirthtoalitterofpuppies.確定特指6．Canthedefinitearticlebeusedforgenericreferenceandtheindefinitearticleforspecificreference

Iftheycan,giveoneexampleforeachuse.定冠詞可用于類指嗎不定冠詞可用于特指嗎請(qǐng)舉例。Thedefinitearticlecanbeusedforgenericreference.Forexample,Thepandaisarareanimal.Thepandaherestilldenotesthewholespecies.Theindefinitearticlecanalsobeusedforspecificreference.Forexample,AdogchargedatmewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.Hereadogpointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclass."a"showsindefinitespecificreference.7．Underwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandviceversa.什么情況下用屬格，不用of-詞組；在什么情況下用of-詞組，不用屬格？1）Thegenitiveiscommonlypreferredwithnounsreferringtopeople.Mary'sT-shirt.Cf.theT-shirtofMaryStones,thepassportofJohnSmithTheof-phraseistypicallypreferredwithnounsreferringtoinanimate,lifelessobjects.thecolorofthecar.2）Theof-phraseisrequiredwithanounphrasewhoseheadwordisaclassifyingadjective.thewelfareofthepoor.Thegenitiveisexclusivelyusediftherelationbetweenthenounsisoneofdefinition,classification,etc,ratherthanpossessions.theteacher'sbook3）Generally,of-phraseisnotusedwithfirstnames(wecan'tsaytheT-shirtofMary),butwouldbeacceptablewithfullnames.4）Thegenitiveisalsousedwithnounsdenotingtime.threeyears'time.Formsofgenitive:Thegenitiveisgenerallyformedinwritingbyadding'stosingularnounsandtothepluralnounsthatdonotendin-s.Pluralnounsthatendin-stakeapostropheasgenitivemarker.Groupgenitive復(fù)合名詞或名詞短語的所有格:thegroupgenitiveisatermthatreferstothegenitiveformedbyadding"'s"tothelastelementofapostmodifiedorcoordinatednounphrase.Localgenitive地點(diǎn)屬格:Thegenitiveissometimesusedalonewithoutafollowingnoun.Nounsusedinthelocalgenitiveareinvariablynounsreferringtopersonsanddenotingresidence,publicbuildings,placeswherebusinessisconducted.Doublegenitive雙重屬格:Itisalsoreferredtoasthe"postgenitive".Thedoublegenitiveissocalledbecauseitisacombinationofthegenitiveandtheof-phrase.8．Whataresomeoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto雙重屬格有哪些限制Someoftheconstraintsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjecttoare:1）Thesecondnouninthedoublegenitiveconstructionalmostalwaysreferstopersons,nevertoobjects.2）Thefirstnounusuallyhasindefinitereference(typicallypremodifiedbytheindefinitearticle)andthesecondnounisalwaysdefinite.3）Exceptionstotherulearethecaseswherethefirstnounispremodifiedbyademonstrativeorpostmodifiedbyarelativeclause.9．某些限定詞用法舉例：Many（后位限定詞）otherstudentsareabsentfromclass.Hismany（后位）colleaguesspeakhighlyofhim.Many（前位）acolleaguespeakshighlyofhim.Ihaveneverseensuch（前位）agirl.Threesuch（后位）booksWhat（前位限定詞）adayitis!ChapterFive1．Auxiliaryverbs什么叫助動(dòng)詞？

Theydonotcomplywiththedefinitionofverb,becausetheyarenotusedalone,exceptinellipticalsentences.Buttheysharesomeoftheverbcharacteristics,sotheyareclassifiedasasubdivisionofverbs.2．Simpleverbphrase什么是簡單動(dòng)詞詞組

Averbphrasethatconsistsofaheadwordonlyisreferredtoasasimpleverbphrase.3．Complexverbphrase:什么是復(fù)雜動(dòng)詞詞組？

Averbphrasethathaspremodificationisreferredtoasacomplexverbphrase.4．Classificationofverbs動(dòng)詞是如何分類的？

Verbscanbeclassifiedintolexicalverbsandauxiliaries.Lexicalverbscanbefurtherdividedintotransitive,intransitiveandcopulaverbs（系動(dòng)詞）.Andauxiliariesalsocanbefurtherdividedintoprimaryandmodalverbs.5．Tense時(shí)

EnglishverbshavetwotensesCthepresenttenseandthepasttense,whicharetermedthesimplepresent(tense)andthesimplepast(tense)iftheverbisnotpremodifiedbyanyauxiliary6．Thesimplepresent一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)？

Itisprimarilyusedtoexpressthepresenttimeandtypicallyimpliesthesenseofpermanence.Otherusesofthesimplepresentincludereferencetothepastandtothefutureinappropriatecontexts.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1）eternaltruth,generaltimelessstatement,scientificstatements表示客觀存在，如客觀真理、格言等。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.Pridegoesbeforeafall.2）thepresentexistenceorstateofaffairsandthetimespanissomewhatlimited.表示現(xiàn)狀Heisanhonestman.Yourshoessmellawful.3）regularrecurrence表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣動(dòng)作Icycletowork.4）thepresentationofaneventthathappenssimultaneouslywithspeech,suchasdeclarationswherethespeechandtheactionarethesamething,sportscommentariesordemonstrationsofhowtodosth.表示瞬間動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事情用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又可分為3類：宣布說話與動(dòng)作發(fā)生，比賽解說，做演示時(shí)的說明。InthenameofGod,Ipronounceyoumanandwife.5）Thepasteventsorstatesdenotedbythesimplepresentarebroughtuptothepresenttimeasiftheywereactuallyhappeningatthemomentofspeech,foraneffectofdescriptivevividness.Newspaperheadlines,photographiccaptions,stagedirectionsandutteranceswithverbsofcommunication.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在特定的環(huán)境下可表示過去時(shí)間。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的這種特殊用法常見于小說敘述中。除此之外，還可用于新聞標(biāo)題、圖片解說等。6）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)間主要有兩種情況。一是在從句里，二是在主句里，表示不可更改的將來事情。We'llhavetostayathomeifitrainstomorrow.TomorrowisSaturday.Thetrainleavesat20:00.7．Thesimplepasttense一般過去時(shí)？

Itisprimarilyassociatedwithreferenceto