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2022 業(yè):英語筆科目名稱:翻譯碩士英語 共10頁第1Choosetheoneanswerthatbestexplainstheunderlinedwordorphraseinthesentence.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(20points).Cross-StraitstensionsisnottoeaseuntilTaiwanindependence’sprovocations B. C. D.SnowturnedDatongintoaserenewhitefairy-tale B. C. D.China’sdramaticeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentundertheguidanceoftheCPChaveenthralledtheinternationalcommunity. B. C. D.NoneofthevaccinatedpatientshadserioussymptomscausedbyDeltaduringtheepidemicoutbreakinGuangzhouinMay. B. C. D.Lastyear,thefigurereachedastaggering498.2billion B. C. D.Despitetheongoingsuspicion,demonization,andcounterproductiverivalry,itisnotamathematicalformulawherebythedevelopingnationsgetcertainamountsofsanctionsrelief.actof B.actofdescribingsomebodyasC.actof D.actofdescribingsomebodyasThelong-termidealsandambitiousgoalshaveenabledtheCPCtojumpoutofthefettersofpragmatismandutilitarianism. B. C. D.Theclothesarecheap,butshewearsthemwithacertain B. C. D.SingaporewillnolongerpaytheCovid-19medicalbillsforpeople“unvaccinatedbychoice”,thegovernmentsaid,asthecountrygrappleswithasurgeincases. B. C. D.TheimmediatepastU.S.presidentwagedawaragainstuswithalethaldoseoftariffs,theimpactofwhichstilllingersonAmericanconsumers’wallets. B. C. D.Exceptunderspecialcircumstances,groundwaterthatisnotreplenishedeasilyshouldnotbe B. C. D.Increasedactivitybythesegroupscanalsoleadtoincreasedstatecorruptionandcontributetotheerosionofstatestability. B. C. D.GiantpandasareplayingandforaginginsidetheShenshupingbaseofChinaConservationandResearchCenterfortheGiantPandainWolongNationalNatureReserve.??颇棵Q:翻譯碩士英語??颇棵Q:翻譯碩士英語10PAGE2rollingB.harassingC.seekingfoodsD.seekingGeopoliticalconcernsarecreatingpressuresforeconomiestoreducetheirsupplydependenceonindividualcountrieswhiledecouplingisalreadyunderwayinimportanthigh-techindustries.isolatingB.associatingC.disclosingD.Ithaszoomedinonprovincial-leveldatatoprovidebetterinsightintoChina’sclimateandhealthproblemsindifferentregions.focusedB.accumulatedC.stimulatedD.His8-year-oldyoungerbrotheralsosuccumbedtothediseaseinlessthantworeceivedB.accustomedC.surrenderedD.Itmaynothavebeenthemostsustainableleadershipstrategy,butofcourse,SteveJobsbuckedmuchofmanagementconventionalplimentaryB.contradictoryC.supportableD.Althoughwedon’thaveenoughreliabledatatocomparewhethertheU.S.orChinahassufferedmore,itisallbutcertainthatretaliatorytariffshavecausedeconomicpaintobothparties.overchargedB.unbalancedC.vindicatoryD.Thisyear’sSinglesDayshoppingextravaganzahasstirredupconsumers’purchasingintentionB.indulgenceC.lustD.Amongthecity’s17national-levelintangibleculturalheritages,10arecraftsandfolkdisconnectedB.incomprehensibleC.discarnateD.Ineachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourunderlinedparts,markedwithA,B,CandD.Identifythepartthatisgrammaticallyincorrect.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(10EnvironmentalexpertsareurgingthoseUSpoliticiansopposedtoakeyinternationalagreementsetaside commercialinterestsinorderforthecountrytojointhepactaimedatpreservingDThebillionaireCEOElonMuskhadalreadysoldacombined$6.9billionworthofsharesin carcompanyTeslaasofNovDResearcherssaytheyhaveuncoveredthenamesof102NativeAmericanstudentswhodiedata operatedboardingschoolinDThecomingThanksgivingfestivalintheUnitedStateswillbethemostexpensiveinyearsbecauseof highfoodprices,whicharealsohurtingmanyofthecountry’sfoodbanks,whichtensofmillions peopleintheUSThisyear,vaccinemakersfromaroundtheglobetookthetopspotinthelistof“ChangetheWorld”. Zero-toleranceapproachtothevirusisaresponsetoarisingcallinthecountryforaneasinessofthe measurestohaltthelatestwaveoftheDThe2022WinterOlympicswillbethefirstGamesinhistoryexclusivelypowerallvenueswithclean energyfromrenewableDThecountry’scommitmenttopeakcarbonemissionsby2030andachievingcarbonneutralityby poseschallengestothecoalDThemembersofEDGandotherstaffsdisplayedtaichimartialartsandtraditionalChinesecostumes Reykjavik,launchinga“Chinesehurricane”intheIcelandic Goldenrodisoftenreferredtoas“theflowerofthedevil”,asitspreadsextremelyfastandcausesother plantsDReadingcomprehension(40points).SectionAMultipleChoiceQuestionsInthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbysixteenmultiple-choicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERPassageShewasasmallwoman,oldandwrinkled.Whenshestartedwashingforus,shewasalreadypastseventy.MostJewishwomenofherageweresickly,weak,brokeninbody.Butthiswashwoman,smallandthinasshewas,possessedastrengththatcamefromgenerationsofpeasantancestors.Motherwouldcountouttoherabagoflaundrythathadaccumulatedoverseveralweeks.Shewouldthenliftthebag,putitonhernarrowshoulders,andcarryitthelongwayhome.Shewouldbringthelaundrybackabouttwoweekslater.Mymotherhadneverbeensopleasedwithanywashwoman.Yetshechargednomorethantheothers.Shewasarealfind.Washingclotheswasnoteasyinthosedays.Theoldwomanhadnotapwhereshelivedbuthadtobringinthewaterfromapump.Fortheclothesandbedclothestocomeoutsoclean,theyhadtobescrubbedthoroughlyinawashtub,rinsedwithwashingsoda,soaked,boiledinanenormouspot,starched,thenironed.Everypiecewashandledtentimesormore.Thatwinterwasaharshone.Thestreetswereicy.Nomatterhowmuchweheatedourstove,thewindowswerecoveredwithfrost.Thenewspapersreportedthatpeopleweredyingofthecold.Coalbecamedear.Thewinterhadbecomesoseverethatparentsstoppedsendingchildrentoschool.Ononesuchdaythewashwoman,nownearlyeightyyearsold,cametoourhouse.Mothergaveherapotofteatowarmherself,aswellassomebread.Theoldwomansatonakitchenchairtremblingandshaking,andwarmedherhandsagainsttheteapot.Herfingernailswerestrangelywhite.Thesehandsspokeofthestubbornnessofmankind,ofthewilltoworknotonlyasone’sstrengthpermitsbutbeyondthelimitsofone’sThebagwasbig,biggerthanusual.Whenthewomanplaceditonhershoulders,itcoveredhercompletely.Atfirstshestayed,asthoughshewereabouttofallundertheload.Butaninnerstubbornnessseemedtocallout;no,youmaynotfall.Adonkeymaypermithimselftofallunderhisburden,butnotahumanbeing,thebestofcreation.Morethantwomonthspassed.Thefrosthadgone,andthenanewfrosthadcome,anewwaveofcold.Oneevening,whilemotherwassittingnearthelampmendingashirt,thedooropenedandasmallpuffofsteam,followedbyagiganticbag,entered.Irantowardtheoldwomanandhelpedherunloadherbag.Shewaseventhinnernow,morebent.Shecouldnotutteraclearword,butmumbledsomethingwithhersunkenmouthandpalelips.Aftertheoldwomanhadrecoveredsomewhat,shetoldusthatshehadbeenill,veryill.ButGodhadnotyetwantedtotakethispoorsoultoHimself.Shebegantofeelbetter,andassoonasshewasabletostandonherfeetoncemore,sheresumedherwashing.Notjustours,butthewashofseveralotherfamiliestoo.Butshenevercameback.Thewashshehadreturnedwasherlasteffortonthisearth.Nowatlastherbody,whichhadlongbeensupportedonlybytheforceofhonestyandduty,hadfallen.Hersoulpassedintothosesphereswhereallholysoulsmeet.Themostsuitabletitleforthestoryis The B.TheOldJewishC.TheStubbornOld D.TheHard-workingOldTheadjectivethatcanbeusedtodescribethecharacterofthewashwomanis B. C. D.alloftheThewriterofthestorymightbe B.a C.a D.aWhenthewashwomandied,shewasnearlyinher A.60s B.70s C.80s D.90sPassageBraveNewWorld,writtenbyAldousHuxleyandpublishedin1932,wasaboutthebigtechnologicalrevolutionabouttotakeplace,thatofbiotechnology.Inthenovel,thehatchingofpeopleisnotinwombsbut,aswenowsay,invitro;thedrugsoma,givespeopleinstanthappiness;themodificationofbehaviorwillbethroughconstantsubliminalrepetitionand,otherhugechangesthatwillhappeninthefuture.Thisnoveldescribesadystopia.Init,theevilisnotsoobviousbecausenooneishurt;indeed,thisisaworldinwhicheveryonegetswhattheywant.Asoneofthecharactersnotes,“TheControllersrealizedthatforcewasnogood,”andthatpeoplewouldhavetobeseducedratherthancompelledtoliveinanorderlysociety.Inthisworld,diseaseandsocialconflicthavebeenabolished;thereisnodepression,madness,loneliness,oremotionaldistress.Noonetakesreligionseriouslyanylonger,nooneisintrospectiveorhasunrequitedlongings,thebiologicalfamilyhasbeenabolished,noonereadsShakespeare.Butnoone(saveJohntheSavage,thebook’sprotagonist)missesthesethings,either,sincetheyarehappyandhealthy.InthewordsofbioethicistLeonKass,“Unlikethemanreducedbydiseaseorslavery,thepeopledehumanizedinBraveNewWorldarenotmiserable,don’tknowthattheyaredehumanized,and,whatisworse,wouldnotcareiftheyknew.Theyare,indeed,happyslaveswithaslavishhappiness.”Whatissoimportantaboutbeingahumanbeinginthetraditionalway,whichisdifferentfromthesituationdescribedbyHuxley?Afterall,whatthehumanraceistodayistheproductofanevolutionaryprocessthathasbeengoingonformillionsofyears,onethatwithanyluckwillcontinuewellintothefuture.Therearenofixedhumancharacteristics,exceptforageneralcapabilitytochoosewhatwewanttobe,tomodifyourselvesinaccordancewithourdesires.Sowhoistotellusthatbeinghumanandhavingdignitymeansstickingwithasetofemotionalresponsesthataretheaccidentalbyproductofourevolutionaryhistory?Thereisnosuchthingasabiologicalfamily,nosuchthingashumannatureora“normal”humanbeing,andeveniftherewere,whyshouldthatbeaguideforwhatisrightandjust?Huxleyistellingus,ineffect,thatweshouldcontinuetofeelpain,bedepressedorlonely,orsufferfromdebilitatingdisease,allbecausethatiswhathumanbeingshavedoneformostoftheirexistenceasaspecies.Huxleywasright.Hetellsusthroughhisnovelthatthemostsignificantthreatposedbycontemporarybiotechnologyisthepossibilitythatitwillalterhumannatureandtherebymoveusintoa“posthuman”stageofhistory.Thisisimportant,Iwillargue,becausehumannatureexists,isameaningfulconcept,andhasprovidedastablecontinuitytoourexperienceasaspecies.Itis,conjointlywithreligion,whatdefinesourmostbasicvalues.Humannatureshapesandconstrainsthepossiblekindsofpoliticalregimes,soatechnologypowerfulenoughtoreshapewhatwearewillhavepossiblemalignconsequences.Biotechnology,incontrasttomanyotherscientificadvances,mixesobviousbenefitswithsubtleharmsinoneseamlesspackage.Theremaybeproductsofbiotechnologythatwillbesimilarlyobviousinthedangerstheyposetomankind—forexample,superbugs,newviruses,orgeneticallymodifiedfoodsthatproducetoxicreactions.Likenuclearweaponsornanotechnology,theseareinawaytheeasiesttodealwithbecauseoncewehaveidentifiedthemasdangerous,wecantreatthemasastraightforwardthreat.Themoretypicalthreatsraisedbybiotechnology,ontheotherhand,arethosecapturedsowellbyHuxley,andaresummedupinthetitleofanarticlebynovelistTomWolfe,“Sorry,butYourSoulJustDied.”Medicaltechnologyoffersusinmanycasesadevil’sbargain:longerlife,butwithreducedmentalcapacity;freedomfromdepression,togetherwithfreedomfromcreativityorspirit;therapiesthatblurthelinebetweenwhatweachieveonourownandwhatweachievebecauseofthelevelsofvariouschemicalsinourbrains.Whatshouldwedoinresponsetobiotechnologythatinthefuturewillmixgreatpotentialbenefitswiththreatsthatareeitherphysicalandovertorspiritualandsubtle?Theanswerisobvious:Weshouldusethepowerofthestatetoregulateit.Andifthisprovestobebeyondthepowerofanyindividualnation-statetoregulate,itneedstoberegulatedonaninternationalbasis.Weneedtostartthinkingconcretelynowabouthowtobuildinstitutionsthatcandiscriminatebetweengoodandbadusesofbiotechnology,andeffectivelyenforcetheserulesbothnationallyandinternationally.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dystopia”anidealbutnonexistentpoliticalandsocialwayofabadplace,averyunpleasantimaginaryworldinwhichominoustendenciesofthepresentsocial,politicalandtechnologicalorderareprojectedintoadisastrousfutureculminationcertaincultural,institutionalanddiscursivespacesthataresomehow“realandimagined”space,livedspace,thewaythatpeopleactuallyliveinandexperiencethaturbanWhichofthefollowingwaysisnothowpeopleinthe“bravenewworld”theylivehappilyanddon’tknowwhatpaintheycangeteverythingtheytheycherishlove,friendshipandothertheydon’thavetheconceptofbiologicalWhichofthefollowingattitudesmightnotbelongtotheauthorofthisheagreeswithhebelievesthesoulofpeoplelivinginthebravenewworldhebelievestheworlddescribedintheBraveNewWorldisaposthumanstageofhethinksbiotechnologybringsonlyalotofbenefits,andnoharm,totheAccordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingtechnologiesisthemostsomeharmfulbio-nucleargeneticallymodifiedPassageMarch2020.Adeadlyvirussweepsaroundtheworld.Overnight,ourlivesareputonpause.Butaswestop,remarkablethingsstarttochangeinthenaturalworld.Clearerair.Cleanerwaters.Andanimalsstartingtoflourishinwayswehadn’tseenfordecades.ThisistheyearEarthchanged.Justhoursintolockdown,manyofusnoticethesilence.Withglobaltrafficnoisereducedbyupto70%,thereisanewsoundtobeheard,birdsong.Andit’snotjustnoiselevelthatreduces,thespeedatwhichairpollutiondropsaroundtheglobeisstaggering.Withindays,LosAngelesexperiencesitsbestairqualityfor40years.AndinIndia,whichtypicallysuffersfromsomeoftheworstpollutionintheworld,just12daysafterlockdown,abreathtakingsightappears.ThehighestmountainrangeonEarth,theHimalayas,hiddenbehindsmogfor30years,issuddenlyvisibletopeoplewholiveinacityover200kilometersaway.It’savividillustrationthatthemomentwepaused,theEarthwasabletobreatheagain.Lockdownextendsintoweeks.Andthetravelbanslimitourmovementstillfurther.Airtravelhasjustfallenoffacliff.It’sdownroughly90%worldwide.Globalshippingtrafficdropsby17%inthefirstthreemonthsoflockdown,improvingthelivesofanimalsacrosstheoceans.Globally,aquarterofbusinessesareshut.Bars,restaurantsandcafésremainclosed.Theretailbusinessisshutdown.Withurbancentersalmostdeserted,remarkablepicturesemergeofanimalstakingadvantageofcityliving.InJapan,thecityofNarahasbeenhometoagroupofsikadeerforatleast1,300years.Mostofthemeadowstheyreliedonforfoodhadbeentakenoverbybuildings,soricebrancrackersfromthe13annualvisitorstoNara’stemplesbecomeavitalpartoftheirdiet.Butthepandemicchangedthat.Theirfavoritetakeoutdisappearedovernight.Nopeoplemeansnocrackers.There’sconcernthatthedeermightstarve.Butsomeoftheoldergenerationappeartohaveaplan.Theyleadagroupoutofthetemplegrounds.Andtheyseemtoknowexactlywherethey’regoing.They’reheadingdownamajorroaddeepintotheconcretejungleofthecity.Butwherewilltheyfindfoodinthisurbansprawl?Afteratwo-and-a-halfkilometertrek,thegroupcomestoahalt.Infrontofthemisapatchofgrasslandwhichwasoncepartoftheirgrazinggrounds.Remarkably,theolderdeerseemtohaveremembereditastheplacewheretheyusedtofeed.Anditprovideseverythingtheyneed:freshgrass,leavesandherbs.Overthefollowingweeks,theygrazeacrossapatchworkofthesesurvivingscrapsofland.Andtherewasanotherupsidetotheabsenceofpeople.Scientistshavediscoveredthatnotonlydidthisnewdietmakethemhealthier,butfewervisitorsmeantlessplastictrash,whichcankilldeer.Evenwhenitseemsthatanimalsbenefitfromourpresence,inmanycases,they’reactuallybetteroffwithoutus.Thisisayearinwhichmanyofushavefoundcomfortinthenaturalworld,ayearinwhichtheworldhaschangedinextraordinaryways.Whatinspirationcanwetakefromthismomenttofindwaystobettercoexistwithnature?InIndia,somearealreadyseizingthechancetolivemoreharmoniouslyalongsidesomeverypowerfulyetendangeredanimals.AfullygrownAsianelephantneedstoeat150kilosoffoodeveryday.Butwithonly5%oftheirnaturalhabitatremaining,andwithmuchoftheirforesthomereplacedbyfarmland,elephantshereoftenraidcropstosurvive.Inresponse,thefarmerstrytodefendtheirfields.Acrossthecountry,around400humansandahundredelephantsarekilledintheseconflictseveryyear.Butonecommunityistryinganewapproachtosolvingtheproblem.Alongtheforestedge,theyplantabufferzoneoffast-growingwildriceandgrassesfortheelephantstoeat.Stayingclosetotheedgeoftheforest,theelephantschoosetofeastonlyonthecropsplantedforthem.Before,thefarmersusedtochasethemaway.Butnow,thingshavechanged.Itfeelsgood.Theastonishingspeedandvarietyofnature’sresponsehasshownthatevenmodestchangestoourlivescanmakeavitaldifferencetowildlifearoundtheworld.Therecouldbesomesmallshutdownseverysinglesummer,forinstance,nightlybeachclosures,whichdon’thavetobeduringtheday.Verysmallalterationsthatpeoplecandomakesurethathumansandwildlifearebothsuccessfultogether.Thisextraordinaryyear,theyearEarthchanged,hasnotonlyshownusthatwecanhelpwildlifetoflourish,butifwechoosetodoso,wecanalsotransformthehealthoftheplanetforall.It’shightimenowthatweshouldcontributeineverysmallwaywecantoreducethepollution.Andfarfrombeingseparatefromthenaturalworld,ourlivesareinterconnectedindeepandsurprisingways.What’sthebesttitlefortheWhatDidthePandemicBringtotheTheYearEarthHowtheAnimalsLivedDuringtheWhatHarmsHasMankindDonetotheAccordingtotheauthor,whatwerethelivesoftheanimalslikeduringthetheyweretheybecameverypoorwithouttheylivedmorehappilythanmanyanimalswereWhattheauthorwantstoconveythroughthispassageis humansareharmfultothehumansareharmfultothehumansshouldrealizetheyareinterconnectedwiththenaturalwithouthumans,animalscanlivebetteronthePassageIfweassumethatatransitionalperiodofthelifecycle,akintoadolescence,organizedaroundpubertyandofvariablelength,existsalmostuniversally,thenextquestioniswhatformsittakesandwhetheritsfeatures,too,areuniversal.EthnographicresearchinSamoaconductedbyanthropologistMargaretMeadbroughttheissueofculturaldifferenceintheexperienceofadolescencetothefore.Herbook,ComingofAgeinSamoa,famouslychallengedHall’s“stormandstress”modelandarguedthatunlikeAmericanculture,Samoanculturedidnotplacejudgmentsandpressuresonadolescenceandwasmorerelaxed.Samoanadolescencewasrelativelytranquilandenjoyable,whichledtoMead’sassertionoftheprimacyofnurtureovernature.Sincethen,asizeableliteratureinpsychologyandanthropologyhasdevelopedwhichhasaddressedcross-culturaldifferencesinadolescence.SchlegelandBarry’scross-culturalstudyofadolescentsintribalandtraditionalsocietiesusingdatacollectedfromover175societiesaroundtheworlddemonstratedthatadolescenceasadistinctive,sociallymarkedstageoflifeisubiquitous.Theseresearchersputforwardabiosocialtheory,arguingthatthesocialstageofadolescenceisaresponsetothedevelopmentofthereproductivecapacity.Mostnotably,however,thesecross-culturalstudieschallengethenotionthatfeaturesof“stormandstress”andaperiodofpsychologicalcrisisareuniversalinevitabilitiesinadolescence.Forexample,whilemildformsofantisocialbehaviorwerepresentinsomesocieties,itwascertainlynotgeneralizableasafeature.Similarly,aggressiveandviolentbehavioroccurredinaminorityofculturesandwhenpresentwasheavilygenderedwithaggressioningirlsbeingparticularlylow.Cross-culturalresearchersstressthatthemeaningsofdevelopmentaltasksassociatedwithadolescencesuchastheestablishmentofindependenceorautonomymaydifferaccordingtoculture,andmaybesubjecttochangeovertime.Forexample,developingindependenceinsomeculturesmaymeantakingondutiesorcareforsiblingsorelders,andnotnecessarilyseparatingfromadultsandorientingtowardspeers.Basedonastudycomparingfiveculturesthatcouldbecontrastedas“traditional”and“modern”or“collectivistic”and“individualistic,”Trommsdorffsuggestedthat“turbulent”featuressuchasintergenerationalconflictstemfromthefocusonattainingindependencefromparentsduringthisperiodandarelinkedtoculturalvaluesofindividualisminWesternsocieties.Certainly,inmanycultures,particularlyinpre-industrialsocieties,adolescenceisnotmarkedbysuchacharacterizationorpsychologicalturmoil,andthus,boththecharacterizationandlengthofthislifestagevaryaccordingtoculture.Puberty,too,whichisclearlygroundedinbiologyacrosscultures,interactswiththelocalenvironment.Menarche,whichmarksthebeginningofpubertyingirls,isoccurringincreasinglyearlyinindustrializedcountriessuchasJapanortheUSA.Thisfindingmaybeconnectedtochangesindietaryintake.Evenifpubertycouldbethebiologicalmarkerofthestartofadolescenceineveryculture,theendpointislessclear.Insummary,adolescenceconceptualizedasaprolongedperiodofidentitydevelopmentlinkedtoincreasedautonomy,intergenerationalconflict,peer-relatednessandsocialpsychologicalanxieties,isnotthenormacrosscultures.Indeed,thesefeaturesseemtodependondegreesofindividualism,social/economicroleexpectations,genderandclass.Ahistoricalappreciationofadolescenceasacategoryofscienceaswellascross-culturalinvestigationsoftheexperienceofadolescencedemonstratesthatcharacteristicsassociatedwiththisdevelopmentalstagemaynotonlyhavebiologicalbasesbutalsosocialandculturalorigin.Accordingtotheauthorofthepassage,fromherobservationthatadolescenceinSamoaisdifferentfromadolescenceinAmerica,MargaretMeadarguedthatSamoancultureisdifferentfromAmericanculturehasalargerpartinshapinghumanbehaviorthandoesadolescentsaretreatedbetterinSamoathantheyareinpeoplegothroughthesamebasiclifeexperiencesinallsocietiesbutdosoatdifferenttimesintheirAccordingtotheauthor,SchlegelandBarry’scross-culturalstudyofadolescentsintribalandtraditionalsocietiesshowedthatthephenomenonofadolescenceisfoundadolescenceisatimeofgreatconflictineveryanti-socialbehavioralwaysincreasesduringadolescentboysbecomeaggressiveineveryTrommsdorff,whosestudyiscitedinthepassage,wouldmostlikelyagreem

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