專題03 閱讀理解議論文(解析版)-五年（2017-2021）高考英語真題分項匯編（浙江專用）

五年（2017-2021）高考英語真題分項匯編（浙江專用）閱讀理解·議論文1.（2021年1月，浙江高考）Atthestartofthe20thcentury，anAmericanengineernamedJohnElfrethWatkinsmadepredictionsaboutlifetoday.Hispredictionsaboutslowingpopulationgrowth，mobilephonesandincreasingheightwereclosetothemark.Buthewaswronginoneprediction：thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday.Today，inAustralia，mostchildrenonaveragefall2，000stepsshortofthephysicalactivitytheyneedtoavoidbeingoverweight.Intheearly1970s，40percentofchildrenwalkedtoschool，whilein2010，itwasaslowas15percent.Thedeclineisnotbecausewehaveallbecomelazy.Familiesarepressedfortime，manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse，oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing，livingincar﹣dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.Theothersideofthecoinisequallyadeprivation：forhealthandwell﹣being，aswellaslostopportunities（機會）forchildrentogettoknowtheirlocalsurroundings.Andforparentstherearelostopportunitiestowalkandtalkwiththeiryoungscholarabouttheirday.Mostparentswillhaveeagerlyaskedtheirchildabouttheirday，onlytomeetwitha"good"，quicklyfollowedby"I'mhungry".Thisisalsomyexperienceasamother.Butsomewhereoverthedailywalkmoreaboutmyson'sdaycomesout.Ihearhimmakingsenseoffriendshipanditslimits.Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.Manyprimaryschoolssupportwalkingschool﹣busroutes（路線），withdaysofregular，parent﹣accompaniedwalks.Doingjustoneoftheseafewtimesaweekisbetterthannothing.Itcanbetoughtobeginandtakesalittleplanning﹣runningshoesbythefrontdoor，lunchesmadethenightbefore，umbrellasonrainydaysandhatsonhotones﹣butit'scertainlyworthtrying.24．WhydoestheauthormentionWatkins'predictionsinthefirstparagraph？A.Tomakecomparisons.B.Tointroducethetopic.C.Tosupportherargument.D.Toprovideexamples.25．WhathascausedthedecreaseinAustralianchildren'sphysicalactivity？A.Plainlaziness.B.Healthproblems.C.Lackoftime.D.Securityconcerns.26．Whydoestheauthorfindwalkingwithhersonworthwhile？A.Shecangetrelaxedafterwork.B.Shecankeepphysicallyfit.C.Shecanhelpwithherson'sstudy.D.Shecanknowhersonbetter.答案與解析：24．【解析】第一段最后一句Buthewaswronginoneprediction:thateverybodywouldwalk10milesaday.提到沃特金斯關于人們每天走10英里路的預言是錯誤的。結(jié)合后文對此的解釋一人們忙于生存，進而講到人們也沒有時間陪孩子走路上學。由此可推知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的預言，是為了引出文章的主題。故選B項。【答案】B25．【解析】根據(jù)第三段中的Familiesarepressedfortime,manywithbothparentsworkingtopayfortheirhouse,oftenworkinghoursnotoftheirchoosing,livingincar-dependentneighborhoodswithlimitedpublictransport.可知，導致澳大利亞兒童走路減少的原因是父母忙于工作掙錢，沒有時間陪他們鍛煉。故選C項?！敬鸢浮緾26．【解析】根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Thisistheunexpectedandrareparentalopportunitytohearmore.可知,作者覺得和兒子一起散步能讓她聽到兒子的更多想法,更了解她的兒子。故選D項?！敬鸢浮緿2.（2018年6月，浙江高考）Asculturalsymbolsgo,theAmericancarisquiteyoung.TheModelTFordwasbuiltatthePiquettePlantinMichiganacenturyago,withthefirstrollingofftheassemblyline（裝配線）onSeptember27,1908.Onlyelevencarswereproducedthenextmonth.ButeventuallyHenryFordwouldbuildfifteenmillionofthem.ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.Formostofthelastcentury,thecarrepresentedwhatitmeanttobeAmerican—goingforwardathighspeedtofindnewworlds.Theroadnovel,theroadmovie,thesearethemosttypicalAmericanideas,bornofabundantpetrol,cheapcarsandanever-endinginterstatehighwaysystem,thelargestpublicworksprojectinhistory.In1928HerbertHooverimaginedanAmericawith“achickenineverypotandacarineverygarage.”Sincethen,thissocietyhasmovedonward,neverlookingback,asthecartransformedAmericafromafarm-basedsocietyintoanindustrialThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.InAmericathedemandforoilhasgrownby22percentsince1990.Theproblemsofexcessive（過度的）energyconsumption,climatechangeandpopulationgrowthhavebeendescribedinabookbytheAmericanwriterThomasL.Friedman.Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（經(jīng)濟）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.“Theabilitytodesign,buildandexportgreentechnologiesforproducingcleanwater,cleanairandhealthyandabundantfoodisgoingtobethecurrencyofpowerinthenewcentury.”1.Whyishamburgermentionedinparagraph2?A.ToexplainAmericans’lovefortravellingbycar.B.ToshowtheinfluenceofcarsonAmericanculture.C.TostressthepopularityoffastfoodwithAmericans.D.TopraisetheeffectivenessofAmerica’sroadsystem.2.WhathastheuseofcarsinAmericaledto?A.Declineofeconomy.B.Environmentalproblems.C.Ashortageofoilsupply.D.Afarm-basedsociety.3.WhatisFriedman’sattitudetowardsAmerica’sfuture?A.Ambiguous.B.Doubtful.C.Hopeful.D.Tolera【答案】1.B2.B3.C【解析】文章講述了汽車在美國經(jīng)濟和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽車帶來的環(huán)境問題。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段ModernAmericawasbornontheroad,behindawheel.ThecarshapedsomeofthemostlastingaspectsofAmericanculture:theroadsidediner,thebillboard,themotel,eventhehamburger.可知，現(xiàn)代美國誕生于公路和汽車，汽車塑造了美國文化最持久的一些方面。Hamburger就是汽車塑造的美國文化的一個方面。用這個例子是在說明汽車對美國文化的影響，故選B。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段ThecarsthatdrovetheAmericanDreamhavehelpedtocreateaglobalecologicaldisaster.可知，美國汽車的迅速發(fā)展，導致全球生態(tài)災難，也就是造成環(huán)境問題。故選B。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的Hefearstheworst,buthopesforthebest.和最后一段中的Friedmanpointsoutthatthegreeneconomy（經(jīng)濟）isachancetokeepAmericanstrength.可見，F(xiàn)riedman雖然對未來擔心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了發(fā)展綠色經(jīng)濟是保持美國實力的一個機會的想法?？梢奆riedman對未來是充滿希望的，故選C。3.（2017年11月，浙江高考）Thereareenergysavingstobemadefromallrecyclablematerials,sometimeshugesavings.Recyclingplasticsandaluminum,forinstance,usesonly5%to10%asmuchenergyasproducingnewplasticorsmelting（提煉）aluminum.Longbeforemostofusevennoticedwhatwenowcall"theenvironment,"BuckminsterFullersaid,"Pollutionisnothingbuttheresources（資源）wearenotharvesting.Weallowthemtobeleftaroundbecausewe'vebeenignorantoftheirvalue."Totakeoneexample,let'scomparethethrowawayeconomy（經(jīng)濟）witharecyclingeconomyaswefeedacatforlife.Sayyourcatweigh5kgandeatsonecanoffoodeachday.Eachemptycanofitsfoodweights40g.Inathrowawayeconomy,youwouldthrowaway5,475cansoverthecat's15-yearlifetime.That's219kgofsteel-morethanafifthofatonandmorethan40timesthecat'sweight.Inarecyclingeconomy,wewouldmakeonesetof100canstostartwith,thenreplacethemoverandoveragainwithrecycledcans.Sincealmost3%ofthemetalislostduringreprocessing,we'dhavetomakeanextra10canseachyear.Butinall,only150canswillbeusedupoverthecat'slifetime-andwe'llstillhave100leftoverforthenextcat.Insteadofusingup219kgofsteel,we'veusedonly6kg.Andbecausetheprocessofrecyclingsteelislesspollutingthanmakingnewsteel,we'vealsoachievedthefollowingsignificantsavings:inenergyuse-47%to74%;inairpollution-85%;inwaterpollution-35%;inwateruse-40%.4.WhatdoesBuckminsterFullersayaboutpollution?A.Itisbecomingmoreserious.B.Itdestroystheenvironment.C.Itbenefitstheeconomy.D.Itistheresourcesyettobeused.5.Howmanycanswillbeusedupinacat's15-yearlifetimeinarecyclingeconomy?A.50 B.100C.150 D.2506.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Topromotetheideaofrecycling.B.Tointroduceanenvironmentalist.C.Todiscussthecausesofpollution.D.Todefendthethrowawayeconomy.【答案】4.D5.C6.A【解析】本文首段點明主旨：回收利用可大大節(jié)約資源，并引用偉大建筑師富勒的話和養(yǎng)貓喂食的例子肯定循環(huán)經(jīng)濟的價值所在。4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段BuckminsterFuller的話：Pollutionisnothingbuttheresourceswearenotharvesting.Weallowthemtobeleftaroundbecausewe’vebeenignorantoftheirvalue.可知，他認為污染只不過是我們沒有收獲的資源。由于我們對它們的價值一無所知，因此讓它們白白浪費。故選D。5.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段Butinall,only150canswillbeusedupoverthecat’slifetime可以推斷出，循環(huán)經(jīng)濟下，要養(yǎng)活一只存活15年的貓需要用掉150個罐。故選C。6.寫作目的題。文章通過養(yǎng)貓喂食的例子，用數(shù)字對比了循環(huán)經(jīng)濟和一次性經(jīng)濟消耗資源的不同結(jié)果，目的是推廣回收利用的理念。故選A。4.（2017年6月，浙江高考）GettinglesssleephasbecomeabadhabitformostAmericankids.Accordingtoanewsurvey(調(diào)查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.Howmuchsleepyouneeddependsalotonyourage.Babiesneedalotofrest:mostofthemsleepabout18hoursaday!Adultsneedabouteighthours.Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal(理想的).ButthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyfoundthat35%of10-to12-year-oldsgetonlysevenoreighthours.Andguesswhatalmosthalfofthesurveyedkidssaidtheydobeforebedtime?WatchTV.“MorechildrenaregoingtobedwithTVson,andtherearemoreopportunities(機會)tostayawake,withmorehomework,theInternetandthephone,”saysDr.MaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityMedicalSchool.Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecanzxxkgetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep.Otherexpertssaypartoftheproblemischemical.Changinglevelsofbodychemicalscalledhormonesnotonlymaketeenagers’bodiesdevelopadultcharacteristics,butalsomakeithardforteenagerstofallasleepbefore11pm.Becausesleepinessissuchaproblemforteenagers,someschooldistrictshavedecidedtostarthighschoolclasseslaterthantheyusedto.Threeyearsago,schoolsinEdina,Minnesota,changedthestarttimefrom7:25amto8:30am.Students,parentsandteachersarepleasedwiththeresults.7.WhatisthenewNationalSleepFoundationsurveyon?A.Americankids’sleepinghabits. B.Teenagers’sleep-relateddiseases.C.Activitiestopreventsleeplessness. D.Learningproblemsandlackofsleep.8.Howmanyhoursofsleepdo11-year-oldsneedeveryday?A.7hours. B.8hours.C.10hours. D.18hours.9.WhydoteenagersgotosleeplateaccordingtoCarskadon?A.Theyareaffectedbycertainbodychemicals.B.Theytendtodothingsthatexcitethem.C.Theyfollowtheirparents’examples.D.Theydon’tneedtogotoschoolearly.【答案】7.A8.C9.B【解析】這是一篇議論文。首先用數(shù)據(jù)告訴我們美國孩子睡眠狀況堪憂，接著告訴我們孩子在不同年齡段需要不同的睡眠時間，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介紹了一些學校為了讓孩子們有更多的睡眠時間而推遲了上課的時間。7.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第一段“Accordingtoanewsurvey(調(diào)查)bytheNationalSleepFoundation,51%ofkidsaged10to18gotobedat10pmorlateronschoolnights,eventhoughtheyhavetogetupearly.LastyeartheFoundationreportedthatnearly60%of7-to12-year-oldssaidtheyfelttiredduringtheday,and15%saidtheyhadfallenasleepatschool.”可知，第一段向我們說明美國有51%的10到18歲的孩子上床睡覺的時間偏晚，也調(diào)查了60%的7到12歲的孩子在白天感到疲憊，15%的孩子會在學校睡著，所以這些調(diào)查都是關于美國孩子的睡眠習慣的。故選A項。8.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第二段“Formostschool-agechildren,tenhoursisideal”可知，11歲的上學小孩子的睡眠時間需要10個小時，故選C項。9.細節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)第三段“Shesaystheseactivitiesatbedtimecangetkidsallexcitedandmakeithardforthemtocalmdownandsleep”,可知，Carskadon說，睡前的這些活動會讓孩子們興奮不已，讓他們難以平靜下來入睡。所以Carskadon認為孩子們睡覺晚的原因是他們會在睡前做一些讓他們興奮的活動。故選B項。5.（2016年10月，浙江高考）Digitaltechnology-emailandsmartphonesespecially-havevastlyimprovedworkers'abilitytobeproductiveoutsideofatraditionaloffice.Evenso,mostwhite-collarworkstillhappensinanoffice.Onereasonisthat,accordingtofindingsofanewsurvey(調(diào)查)ofofficeworkersconductedbyWakefieldResearchfortheITcompanyCitrix,mostbossesaredoubtfulaboutremoteworking.Halfoftheworkerssaytheirbossdoesn'tacceptit?andonly35percentsayit’stolerated.Skepticalbosseswilllikelyhavetheirdoubtsreinforced(加深)bythesamesurvey,whichshowsthat43percentofworkerssaythey’vewatchedTVoramoviewhile“working”remotely,while35percenthavedonehousework，and28percenthavecookeddinner.Itistrue,however，thatworkingathomemakespeoplemuchmoreefficient(高效的)，becauseitallowsworkerstotakecareofannoyinghouseworkwhilestillgettingtheirjobsdone.It’smuchfaster,forexample,toshopforgroceriesataquartertothreethantostandinlineduringtheafter-workrush.Thefactthatsuchpracticesremainofficiallyunacceptedreflectshowfarwehaven'tcomeasasocietyfromthedayswhenweexpectedeveryfull-timeworkertobesupportedbyafull-timehomemaker.MorebroadlytheWakefieldsurveysuggeststhatemployersmaybemissinga