中考數(shù)學(xué)二輪復(fù)習(xí)壓軸題培優(yōu)專練專題19 方程思想在壓軸題中的應(yīng)用(原卷版)_第1頁(yè)
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專題19方程思想在壓軸題中的應(yīng)用方程思想在中考?jí)狠S題中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,主要表現(xiàn)在幾何壓軸題中的動(dòng)點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,幾何、函數(shù)壓軸題中的存在性問(wèn)題以及面積問(wèn)題和相似問(wèn)題等。通過(guò)設(shè)出未知數(shù),并用未知數(shù)表示出各線段的長(zhǎng)度,再根據(jù)勾股定理、相似三角形的性質(zhì)以及各幾何圖形的判定,列出方程,進(jìn)行求解。 (2022·上海·統(tǒng)考中考真題)平行四邊形SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0.(1)若SKIPIF1<0,①證明SKIPIF1<0為菱形;②若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng).(2)以SKIPIF1<0為圓心,SKIPIF1<0為半徑,SKIPIF1<0為圓心,SKIPIF1<0為半徑作圓,兩圓另一交點(diǎn)記為點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0.若SKIPIF1<0在直線SKIPIF1<0上,求SKIPIF1<0的值.(1)①連接AC交BD于O,證△AOE≌△COE(SSS),得∠AOE=∠COE,從而得∠COE=90°,則AC⊥BD,即可由菱形的判定定理得出結(jié)論;②先證點(diǎn)E是△ABC的重心,由重心性質(zhì)得BE=2OE,然后設(shè)OE=x,則BE=2x,在Rt△AOE中,由勾股定理,得OA2=AE2-OE2=32-x2=9-x2,在Rt△AOB中,由勾股定理,得OA2=AB2-OB2=52-(3x)2=25-9x2,從而得9-x2=25-9x2,解得:x=SKIPIF1<0,即可得OB=3x=3SKIPIF1<0,再由平行四邊形性質(zhì)即可得出BD長(zhǎng);(2)由⊙A與⊙B相交于E、F,得AB⊥EF,點(diǎn)E是△ABC的重心,又SKIPIF1<0在直線SKIPIF1<0上,則CG是△ABC的中線,則AG=BG=SKIPIF1<0AB,根據(jù)重心性質(zhì)得GE=SKIPIF1<0CE=SKIPIF1<0AE,CG=CE+GE=SKIPIF1<0AE,在Rt△AGE中,由勾股定理,得AG2=AE2-GEE=AE2-(SKIPIF1<0AE)2=SKIPIF1<0AE2,則AG=SKIPIF1<0AE,所以AB=2AG=SKIPIF1<0AE,在Rt△BGC中,由勾股定理,得BC2=BG2+CG2=SKIPIF1<0AE2+(SKIPIF1<0AE)2=5AE2,則BC=SKIPIF1<0AE,代入即可求得SKIPIF1<0的值.【答案】(1)①見解析;②SKIPIF1<0(2)SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)①證明:如圖,連接AC交BD于O,∵平行四邊形SKIPIF1<0,∴OA=OC,∵AE=CE,OE=OE,∴△AOE≌△COE(SSS),∴∠AOE=∠COE,∵∠AOE+∠COE=180°,∴∠COE=90°,∴AC⊥BD,∵平行四邊形SKIPIF1<0,∴四邊形SKIPIF1<0是菱形;②∵OA=OC,∴OB是△ABC的中線,∵SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn),∴AP是△ABC的中線,∴點(diǎn)E是△ABC的重心,∴BE=2OE,設(shè)OE=x,則BE=2x,在Rt△AOE中,由勾股定理,得OA2=AE2-OE2=32-x2=9-x2,在Rt△AOB中,由勾股定理,得OA2=AB2-OB2=52-(3x)2=25-9x2,∴9-x2=25-9x2,解得:x=SKIPIF1<0,∴OB=3x=3SKIPIF1<0,∵平行四邊形SKIPIF1<0,∴BD=2OB=6SKIPIF1<0;(2)解:如圖,∵⊙A與⊙B相交于E、F,∴AB⊥EF,由(1)②知點(diǎn)E是△ABC的重心,又SKIPIF1<0在直線SKIPIF1<0上,∴CG是△ABC的中線,∴AG=BG=SKIPIF1<0AB,GE=SKIPIF1<0CE,∵CE=SKIPIF1<0AE,∴GE=SKIPIF1<0AE,CG=CE+GE=SKIPIF1<0AE,在Rt△AGE中,由勾股定理,得AG2=AE2-GEE=AE2-(SKIPIF1<0AE)2=SKIPIF1<0AE2,∴AG=SKIPIF1<0AE,∴AB=2AG=SKIPIF1<0AE,在Rt△BGC中,由勾股定理,得BC2=BG2+CG2=SKIPIF1<0AE2+(SKIPIF1<0AE)2=5AE2,∴BC=SKIPIF1<0AE,∴SKIPIF1<0.本題考查平行四邊形的性質(zhì),菱形的判定,重心的性質(zhì),勾股定理,相交兩圓的公共弦的性質(zhì),本題屬圓與四邊形綜合題目,掌握相關(guān)性質(zhì)是解題的關(guān)鍵,屬是考??碱}目.(2022·廣東深圳·統(tǒng)考中考真題)一個(gè)玻璃球體近似半圓SKIPIF1<0為直徑,半圓SKIPIF1<0上點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0處有個(gè)吊燈SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0(1)如圖①,SKIPIF1<0為一條拉線,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上,SKIPIF1<0求SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)度.(2)如圖②,一個(gè)玻璃鏡與圓SKIPIF1<0相切,SKIPIF1<0為切點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0上一點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為入射光線,SKIPIF1<0為反射光線,SKIPIF1<0求SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)度.(3)如圖③,SKIPIF1<0是線段SKIPIF1<0上的動(dòng)點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為入射光線,SKIPIF1<0為反射光線交圓SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0從SKIPIF1<0運(yùn)動(dòng)到SKIPIF1<0的過(guò)程中,求SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)路徑長(zhǎng).(1)由SKIPIF1<0,可得出SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的中位線,可得出D為SKIPIF1<0中點(diǎn),即可得出SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)度;(2)過(guò)N點(diǎn)作SKIPIF1<0,交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)D,可得出SKIPIF1<0為等腰直角三角形,根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0,可得出SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,根據(jù)SKIPIF1<0,即可求得SKIPIF1<0,再根據(jù)勾股定理即可得出答案;(3)依題意得出點(diǎn)N路徑長(zhǎng)為:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,推導(dǎo)得出SKIPIF1<0,即可計(jì)算給出SKIPIF1<0,即可得出答案.【答案】(1)2;(2)SKIPIF1<0;(3)SKIPIF1<0【詳解】(1)∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0的中位線∴D為SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)∵SKIPIF1<0∴SKIPIF1<0(2)過(guò)N點(diǎn)作SKIPIF1<0,交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)D,∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0為等腰直角三角形,即SKIPIF1<0,又∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,∵SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,∴在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0;(3)如圖,當(dāng)點(diǎn)M與點(diǎn)O重合時(shí),點(diǎn)N也與點(diǎn)O重合.當(dāng)點(diǎn)M運(yùn)動(dòng)至點(diǎn)A時(shí),點(diǎn)N運(yùn)動(dòng)至點(diǎn)T,故點(diǎn)N路徑長(zhǎng)為:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.∵SKIPIF1<0.∴SKIPIF1<0.∴SKIPIF1<0.∴SKIPIF1<0,∴SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,∴N點(diǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)路徑長(zhǎng)為:SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,故答案為:SKIPIF1<0.本題考查了圓的性質(zhì),弧長(zhǎng)公式、勾股定理、中位線,利用銳角三角函數(shù)值解三角函數(shù),掌握以上知識(shí),并能靈活運(yùn)用是解題的關(guān)鍵.(2022·遼寧盤錦·中考真題)如圖,拋物線y=﹣SKIPIF1<0x2+bx+c與x軸交于A(﹣3,0),B兩點(diǎn)(A在B的左側(cè)),與y軸交于點(diǎn)C(0,9),點(diǎn)D在y軸正半軸上,OD=4,點(diǎn)P是線段OB上的一點(diǎn),過(guò)點(diǎn)B作BE⊥DP,BE交DP的延長(zhǎng)線于點(diǎn)E.(1)求拋物線解析式;(2)若SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0,求點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo);(3)點(diǎn)F為第一象限拋物線上一點(diǎn),在(2)的條件下,當(dāng)∠FPD=∠DPO時(shí),求點(diǎn)F的坐標(biāo).(1)將A(﹣3,0),C(0,9)代入拋物線y=﹣SKIPIF1<0x2+bx+c,建立方程組,求解即可;(2)易證△DPO∽△BPE,所以SKIPIF1<0,設(shè)OP=t(0<t<6),所以BP=6﹣t,由相似比可得,BE2=SKIPIF1<0,PE2=SKIPIF1<0,在Rt△BPE中,利用勾股定理建立方程可求出t的值,即可得出點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo);(3)如過(guò)點(diǎn)D作DG⊥PF于點(diǎn)G,過(guò)點(diǎn)G作GN⊥x軸于點(diǎn)N,過(guò)點(diǎn)D作DM⊥GN交NG的延長(zhǎng)線于點(diǎn)M,易證△DPO≌△DPG(AAS),所以O(shè)D=GD=4,OP=PG=2,由一線三等角可得△MDG∽△NGP,所以DG:GP=MD:GN=MG:PN=2:1,設(shè)PN=m,則MG=2m,所以GN=4﹣2m,DM=8﹣4m,由平行四邊形的性質(zhì)可得8﹣4m=2+m,解得m=SKIPIF1<0,可得GSKIPIF1<0,由待定系數(shù)法可求得直線PF的解析式為:SKIPIF1<0,聯(lián)立直線PF的解析式和拋物線的解析式可得出點(diǎn)F的坐標(biāo).【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0(2)P(2,0)(3)F(5,4)【詳解】(1)將A(﹣3,0),C(0,9)代入拋物線y=﹣SKIPIF1<0x2+bx+c,∴SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.∴拋物線的解析式為:y=﹣SKIPIF1<0x2+SKIPIF1<0x+9.(2)∵拋物線的解析式為:y=﹣SKIPIF1<0x2+SKIPIF1<0x+9,∴B(6,0),∵BE⊥DP,∴∠E=∠DOP=90°,∵∠DPO=∠BPE,∴△DPO∽△BPE,∴SKIPIF1<0,,設(shè)OP=t(0<t<6),∴BP=6﹣t,∴BE2=SKIPIF1<0,PE2=SKIPIF1<0,在Rt△BPE中,由勾股定理可得,BE2+PE2=PB2,∴SKIPIF1<0+SKIPIF1<0=(6﹣t)2,解得t=58(舍)或t=2,∴P(2,0);(3)如圖,過(guò)點(diǎn)D作DG⊥PF于點(diǎn)G,過(guò)點(diǎn)G作GN⊥x軸于點(diǎn)N,過(guò)點(diǎn)D作DM⊥GN交NG的延長(zhǎng)線于點(diǎn)M,∴∠DOP=∠DGP=90°,∵∠FPD=∠DPO,DP=DP,∴△DPO≌△DPG(AAS),∴OD=GD=4,OP=PG=2,∵GN⊥x軸,DM⊥GN,∴∠M=∠GNP=90°,∵∠DGM+∠MDG=∠DGM+∠PGN=90°,∴∠MDG=∠PGN,∴△MDG∽△NGP,∴DG:GP=MD:GN=MG:PN=2:1,設(shè)PN=m,則MG=2m,∴GN=4﹣2m,∴DM=8﹣4m,∴8﹣4m=2+m,解得m=SKIPIF1<0,∴ON=2+SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0,GN=4﹣2×SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0,∴G(SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0),設(shè)直線PF的解析式為:y=kx+b′,∴SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,∴直線PF的解析式為:SKIPIF1<0,令SKIPIF1<0=SKIPIF1<0,解得x=5或x=SKIPIF1<0(舍),∴F(5,4).本題屬于二次函數(shù)綜合題,涉及待定系數(shù)法求函數(shù)解析式,相似三角形的性質(zhì)與判定,全等三角形的性質(zhì)與判定,二次函數(shù)上點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)特征等知識(shí),第(2)問(wèn)關(guān)鍵是利用相似三角形的面積比等于相似比的平方表達(dá)出BE2和PE2;第(3)問(wèn)關(guān)鍵是構(gòu)造相似三角形,建立方程.1.(2022·山東菏澤·菏澤一中??寄M)如圖1,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0平分SKIPIF1<0,連接SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.(1)求SKIPIF1<0的度數(shù);(2)如圖2,連接SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于E,連接SKIPIF1<0,求證:SKIPIF1<0;(3)如圖3,在(2)的條件下,點(diǎn)G為SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn),連接SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)F,若SKIPIF1<0,求線段SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng).2.(2022·海南??凇ずD先A僑中學(xué)校聯(lián)考模擬)如圖①,在正方形SKIPIF1<0中,點(diǎn)E、F、G、H分別在邊SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0上,若SKIPIF1<0,(1)求證:SKIPIF1<0;(2)如果把題目中的“正方形”改為“長(zhǎng)方形”、若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0(如圖②),求SKIPIF1<0的值;(3)如果把題目中的“SKIPIF1<0”改為“SKIPIF1<0與SKIPIF1<0的夾角為45°”(如圖③),若正方形SKIPIF1<0的邊長(zhǎng)為2,SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng)為SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng).3.(2022·河南洛陽(yáng)·統(tǒng)考二模)如圖1,在四邊形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在邊SKIPIF1<0上,且SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.作SKIPIF1<0,交線段SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,連結(jié)SKIPIF1<0.(1)求證:SKIPIF1<0;(2)如圖2,若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的長(zhǎng);(3)如圖3,若SKIPIF1<0的延長(zhǎng)線經(jīng)過(guò)SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0的值.4.(2022·寧夏吳忠·校考一模)已知:如圖,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0從點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0出發(fā),沿SKIPIF1<0向點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0勻速運(yùn)動(dòng),速度為SKIPIF1<0;過(guò)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0作SKIPIF1<0,交SKIPIF1<0于點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,同時(shí),點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0從點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0出發(fā),沿SKIPIF1<0向點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0勻速運(yùn)動(dòng),速度為SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)一個(gè)點(diǎn)停止運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),另一個(gè)點(diǎn)也停止運(yùn)動(dòng),連接SKIPIF1<0.設(shè)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間為SKIPIF1<0,解答下列問(wèn)題:(1)當(dāng)t為何值時(shí),四邊形SKIPIF1<0為平行四邊形?(2)設(shè)四邊形SKIPIF1<0的面積為y(cm2),試確定y與t的函數(shù)關(guān)系式;(3)在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中,是否存在某一時(shí)刻t,使SKIPIF1<0?若存在,請(qǐng)說(shuō)明理由,若存在,求出t的值.5.(2022·山東青島·??级#┮阎鐖D,矩形SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0以每秒SKIPIF1<0個(gè)單位從點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0向點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0運(yùn)動(dòng),同時(shí)點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0沿著SKIPIF1<0以每秒SKIPIF1<0個(gè)單位從SKIPIF1<0向SKIPIF1<0運(yùn)動(dòng),在點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0運(yùn)動(dòng)的同時(shí),作SKIPIF1

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