2021年度大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練

(0818——0904)

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0818)

Passage1

Oceanographyhasbeendefinedas“Theapplicationofallsciencestothestudyofthesea''.Before

thenineteenthcenturyscientistswithaninterestintheseawerefewandfarbetween.

CertainlyNewtonconsideredsometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctantto

gotoseatofurtherhiswork.

Formostpeopletheseawasremote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelersor

otherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittlereasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutitJet

alonetoaskwhatlaybeneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion“whatisatthebottomof

theoceans?nhadtobeansweredwithanycommercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofa

telegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershadtoknowthedepth

profileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthofcablethathadtobemanufactured.

ItwastoMauryoftheUSNavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,for

informationonthismatter.Inthe1840s?Mauryhadbeenresponsiblefbrencouragingvoyages

duringwhichsoundingsweretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticandPacific

Oceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopularinleresiinhisbookThePhysical

GeographyoftheSea.

Thecablewaslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanentandreliable.Atthe

earlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenitwastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredin

livinggrowths>afactwhichdefieccontemporaryscientificopinionthattherewasnolifein(he

deeperpartsofthesea.

Withinafewyearsoceanographywasunderway.In1872Thomsonledascientificexpedition,

whichlastedfouryearsandbroughthomethousandsofsamplesfromthesea.Theirclassification

andanalysisoccupiedscientistsforyearsandledtoafive-volumereport,thelastvolumebeing

publishedin1895.

I、TheproposaltolayatelegraphcablefromEuropetoAmericamadeoceanographicstudiestake

onC.

A)anacademicaspectB)amilitaryaspect

C)abusinessaspectD)aninternationalaspect

2、ItwasDthataskedMauryforhelpinoceanographicstudies.

A)theAmericanNavyB)someearlyintercontinentaltravelers

C)thosewhoearnedalivingfromthesea

D)thecompanywhichproposedtolayanunderseacable

3^TheaimofthevoyagesMaurywasresponsibleforinthe1840wasD

A)tomakesomesoundingexperimentsintheoceans

B)tocollectsampleofseaplantsandanimals

C)toestimatethelengthofcablethatwasneeded

D)tomeasurethedepthsofthetwooceans

4、“Defied"inthe5thparagraphprobablymeans“C”

A)doubtedB)gaveproofioC)challengedD)agreedto

5、Thispassageismainlyabout____A

A)thebeginningsofoceanographyB)thelayingofthefirstunderseacable

B)theinvestigationofoceandepthsD)theearlyintercontinentalcommunications

Passage1(Theoriginaltexttranslating)

海洋學(xué)定義是“慶用所有科學(xué)來研究海洋”

19世紀(jì)此前，很少有科學(xué)家對(duì)研究海洋感興趣，固然，牛頓在她作品中對(duì)海洋做了杲些埋

論方面探討，但她并不情愿自己去海邊作進(jìn)一步研究。

對(duì)大多數(shù)人來說，海洋是遙遠(yuǎn)，除了初期穿越洲際旅行家們以及依托海洋維持生計(jì)人，幾乎

找不出理由要提出關(guān)于海洋問題，更不會(huì)問海洋表面下尚有些什么東西。人們第一次必要回

答“海洋底部是什么？"（1）這個(gè)問題是有商業(yè)上后果，當(dāng)時(shí)有人建議要鋪設(shè)一條從歐洲

到美洲電報(bào)纜線。工程師們必要理解路線縱深起伏形狀，才可以預(yù)計(jì)需要制造多長電纜。

（2）由于美國海軍莫里（Maury）,大西洋電報(bào)公司才在1853年得到了這方面信息。

19世紀(jì)40年代，（3）莫里負(fù)責(zé)推動(dòng)進(jìn)行測(cè)探工作海上航行，以此來調(diào)查北大西洋與太

平洋深度。此后，她出了一本叫做《海洋自然地貌》書，在這本書里她提到某些發(fā)現(xiàn)激起了

人們很大興趣。

人們鋪設(shè)了電纜，但直到1866年，才有了固定并且可靠連接。在初期努力中，電纜壞了，

而當(dāng)它被拉出來維修時(shí)，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)其表面覆蓋著（4）活生物。這一事實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)一種科

學(xué)觀點(diǎn)，即海洋較深層是不存在生命。

海洋學(xué)在此后幾年內(nèi)發(fā)展起來。1872年，湯姆森（Thomson）,帶頭進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)科學(xué)考

察，歷時(shí)4年，從海洋帶回了數(shù)以千計(jì)標(biāo)本?？茖W(xué)家們花了數(shù)年時(shí)間將它們分類并進(jìn)行分析,

寫出了一種長達(dá)五卷報(bào)告，其中最后一卷于1895年出版。

1、從歐洲到美洲鋪設(shè)電報(bào)纜線是議使得海洋學(xué)研究是從_______出發(fā)

A）學(xué)術(shù)角度B）軍事角度C）商業(yè)角度D）國際角度

2、向莫里規(guī)定得到海洋學(xué)研究方面協(xié)助是

A）美國海軍B）某些初期穿越大洲旅行家

C）依托海洋維持生計(jì)人D）建議鋪設(shè)一條海底電纜公司

3、19世紀(jì)40年代，莫里負(fù)責(zé)海上航行目是要

A）在海上進(jìn)行測(cè)探實(shí)驗(yàn)B）收集海洋動(dòng)植物標(biāo)本

C）估測(cè)所需電纜長度D）測(cè)量?jī)蓚€(gè)海洋深度

4、第五段“field”一詞也許意思是

A）置疑B）證明C）挑戰(zhàn)D）批準(zhǔn)

5、這一段文章重要是關(guān)于

A）海洋學(xué)起步B）第一條海底電纜鋪設(shè)

C）對(duì)海洋深度研究D）初期洲際交流

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練（0819）

Passage2

Normallyastudentmustattendacertainnumberofcoursesinordertograduate,andeachcourse

whichheattendsgiveshimacreditwhichhemaycounttowardsadegree?InmanyAmerican

universitiesthetotalworkforadegreeconsistsofthirty-sixcourseseachlastingforonesemester.

Atypicalcourseconsistsofthreeclassesperweekforfifteenweeks；whileattendingauniversitya

studentwillprobablyattendfourorfivecoursesduringeachsemester.Normallyastudent.Would

expecttolaketouryearsallendingtwosemesterseachyear.Ilispossibleiospreadtheperiodof

workfbrthedegreeoveralongerperiod.Itisalsopossibleforastudenttomovebetweenone

universityandanotherduringhisdegreecourse,thoughthisisnotinfactdoneasaregular

practice.

Forverycoursethatthefollowsastudentisgivenagrade>whichisrecorded?andtherecordis

availableforthestudenttoshowtoprospectiveemployers.Allthisimposesaconstantpressure

andstrainofwork,butinspiteofthissomestudentsstillfindlimeforgreatactivityinstudent

affairs.Electionstopositionsinstudentorganizationsarousemuchenthusiasm.Theeffective

workofmaintainingdisciplineisusuallyperformedbystudentswhoadvisetheacademic

authorities.Anystudentwhoisthoughttohavebrokentherules?torexample,bycheatinghisto

appearbeforeastudentcourt.Withtheenormousnumbersofstudents,theoperationofthesystem

doesinvolveacertainamountofactivity.Astudentwhohasheldoneofthesepositionsof

authorityismuchrespectedanditwillbeofbenefittohimlaterinhiscareer.

6、NormallyastudentwouldatleastattendBclasseseachweek.

A)36B)12020D)15

7、AccordingtothefirstparagraphanAmericanstudentisallowedB___

A)toliveinadifferentuniversity

B)totakeaparticularcourseinadifferentuniversity

C)toliveahomeanddrivetoclasses

D)togettwodegreesfromtwodifferentuniversities

8、Americauniversitystudentsareusuallyunderpressureofworkbecause___A

A)theiracademicperformancewillaffecttheirfuturecareers

B)theyareheavilyinvolvedinstudentaffairs

C)theyhavetoobserveuniversitydiscipline

D)theywarntorunforpositionsofauthority

9^Somestudentsareenthusiasticforpositionsinstudentorganizationsprobablybecause____C—

A)theyhatetheconstantpressureandstrainoftheirstudy

B)theywillthenbeabletostaylongerintheuniversity

C)suchpositionshelpthemgetbetterjobs

D)suchpositionsareusuallywellpaid

10NThestudentorganizationsseemtobeeffectiveinB

A)dealingwiththeacademicaffairsoftheuniversity

B）ensuringthatthestudentsobserveuniversityregulations

C）evaluatingstudents'performancebybringingthembeforeacourt

D）keepingupthestudents'enthusiasmforsocialactivities

Passage2

普通，一名學(xué)生必要參加一定數(shù)量課程學(xué)習(xí)才可以畢業(yè)，她上每一門課都會(huì)得到學(xué)分，這些

學(xué)分累加起來，才干拿到學(xué)位。在許多美國大學(xué)里，要拿到學(xué)位就得上36門課，每門課要

上一種學(xué)期。（6）一門典型課程是每個(gè)星期上3節(jié)課，共上15個(gè)星期：而一名大學(xué)生也

許（6）每學(xué)期要學(xué)習(xí)4到5門課程。普通每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)當(dāng)上4年學(xué)，每年兩個(gè)學(xué)期。有也

許要花超過4年時(shí)間才干拿到學(xué)位，（7）也有也許一種學(xué)生在攻讀學(xué)位時(shí)在兩所不同大學(xué)

上課，然而，這事實(shí)上并不常用。

學(xué)生上每一門課都會(huì)有一種分?jǐn)?shù)，分?jǐn)?shù)是有記錄，（8）學(xué)生可以把她分?jǐn)?shù)記錄給將來雇主

看。這些為學(xué)生施加了學(xué)習(xí)上長期壓力和承擔(dān)。但盡管如此，有些學(xué)生還是能擠出時(shí)間來積

極參加學(xué)生活動(dòng)。競(jìng)選學(xué)生組織中職位可以激發(fā)很大熱情。（10）遵守紀(jì)律有效承諾普通

是由向校方建議學(xué)生們來執(zhí)行。任何被以為違背了規(guī)定學(xué)生，例如說，考試作弊學(xué)生，必要

在學(xué)生法庭上受審。學(xué)生數(shù)目眾多，則這一體系在動(dòng)作時(shí)就會(huì)涉及到為數(shù)不少學(xué)生活動(dòng)。（9）

在其中擔(dān)任過領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位學(xué)生就會(huì)很受人尊敬，對(duì)她將來事業(yè)也很有利。

6、普通一名學(xué)生每星期要上至少節(jié)課。

A）36B）12C）20D）15

7、依照本文第一段，美國學(xué)生可以

A）住在不同大學(xué)里B）在另一所大學(xué)上某一門特定課程

C）住在家里，開車去上課D）從兩所大學(xué)得到兩個(gè)學(xué)位

8、美國大學(xué)生普通都會(huì)感到學(xué)習(xí)壓力，由于

A）她們?cè)趯W(xué)術(shù)上體現(xiàn)會(huì)影響她們將來工作B）她們過多地參加學(xué)生活動(dòng)

B）她們必要遵守學(xué)校紀(jì)律D）她們想爭(zhēng)取領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位

9、有些學(xué)生熱衷于學(xué)生組織中職位也許是由于

A）她們痛恨學(xué)習(xí)上長期壓力和承擔(dān)B）這樣她們要吧在學(xué)校待得長某些

C）這種職位有助于她們找到較好工作D）這種職位普通報(bào)酬優(yōu)厚

10、學(xué)生組織似乎在方面卓有成效。

A）解決學(xué)校學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)B）保證學(xué)生遵守校紀(jì)

C）通過學(xué)生法庭審判衡量學(xué)生們體現(xiàn)D）保持學(xué)生們對(duì)社會(huì)活動(dòng)熱情

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)閱讀材料每日一練［0820)

Passage3

Doyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,

butDr.Kleitmanhasanewexplanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergycycle.

Duringthehourswhenyoulabourthroughyourworkyoumaysaythatyou're"hot”.That,strue.

Thetimeofdaywhenyoufeelmosienergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodyleniperatureisalits

peak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesintheafternoonor

evening.Noonehasdiscoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliarmonologuesas："Gel

up,John!You'llbelateforworkagain!”ThepossibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisat

histemperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamilyquarrellingendswhenhusbands

andwivesrealizewhattheseenergycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamilyhas.

Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearntomakeyoulifefititbetter.Habitcan

help,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayuplate

anyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabituallystayinguplaterthanyouwantto.If

yourenergyislowinthemorning>butyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,rise

beforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,butyou'llgetupsteamandworkbetterat

yourlowpoint.

Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawnandstretch.Siton

theedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputtingyourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearch

forcleanclothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,doroutineworkinthe

afternoonandsavetasksrequiringmoreenergyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.

11.Ifapersonfindsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobably_D

A)heisalazypersonB)herefusescofollowhisownenergycycle

C)heisnotsurewhenhisenergyislowD)heisathispeakintheafternoonorevening

C12.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccordingtothepassage?

A)Unawarenessofenergycycles.B)Familiarmonologues

C)Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle

D)Attemptstocontroltheenergycycleofotherfamilymembers

13.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathishowpointinthemorning,heshouldC_

A)changehisenergycycleB)overcomehislaziness

C)getupearlierthanusualD)gotobedearlier

l4.YouareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwillA

A)helptokeepyourenergyfbrtheday'swork

B)helpyoutocontrolyourtemperearlyintheday

C)enableyoutoconcentrateonyourroutinework

D)keepyourenergycycleundercontrolallday

B15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

A）Gettingofftoworkwithaminimumefforthelpssaveone'senergy

B）Dr.Kletmanexplainswhypeoplereachtheirpeaksatdifferenthoursofday.

C）Habithelpsapersonadapttohisownenergycycle

D）Childrenhaveenergycycles,too.

Passage3

你與否發(fā)現(xiàn)早上起床很困難以至于是一種痛苦？這也允許以被稱作懶惰，但克萊特曼博士有

一種新解釋。她已證明每個(gè)人均有一種日能量周期。

在你工作時(shí)候，你也許會(huì)說你很“熱力沒錯(cuò)！一天當(dāng)中你覺得精力最為充沛時(shí)候就是你體

溫周期達(dá)到頂峰時(shí)候。對(duì)某些人來說，這一頂峰會(huì)在午前到來。而對(duì)另某些人來說，則到下

午或是晚上才來到。（15）還沒有人可以提示為什么會(huì)這樣，但這導(dǎo)致了人們都很熟悉那

種自言自語，例如（11）“該起床了，約翰！又要上班遲到了！”對(duì)這種煩惱也許性解釋就

是她體溫與能量頂峰在晚上到來。（12）當(dāng)夫婦們理解到能量周期意義，并得知每個(gè)家庭

成員能量周期是哪一種類型時(shí)候，諸多家庭爭(zhēng)端便結(jié)束了。

你無法變化你能量周期，但你理解到自己周期之后可以使你生活更加適合它?？巳R特曼博士

以為習(xí)慣是有協(xié)助。也許你很想睡覺，但覺得你無論如何都得熬夜。習(xí)慣性地延遲睡覺時(shí)間

可以在一定限度上對(duì)抗你周期。（13）如果你早上能量低，但在一大清早有件很重要工作

要做，就比平時(shí)早些起床。這樣做不會(huì)變化你周期，但你可以在能量低時(shí)候鼓起干勁，更好

地工作。

（14）慢慢地開始一天工作有助于節(jié)約能量。起床時(shí)放松地打個(gè)哈欠，伸伸懶腰，在床上

坐一會(huì)兒再下地。前一天晚上把干凈衣服放好，這樣就不用手忙腳亂地處處亂翻。盡量在下

午做常規(guī)工作，把需要更多能量與注意力任務(wù)留到最佳狀態(tài)時(shí)候來解決。

11、如果一種人覺得早起很難，很有也許

A）她是個(gè)懶情家伙B）她不肯遵循自己能量周期

C）她不清晰自己什么時(shí)候能量低D）她高峰在下午或晚上

12、依照本文，卜面哪種情形會(huì)導(dǎo)致家庭爭(zhēng)端？

A）沒故意識(shí)到存在能量周期B）熟悉自言自語

C）一名家庭成員變化了她能量周期D）企圖控制其她家庭成員能量周期

13、如果一種人想在她能量低點(diǎn)一一上午工作得更有效率，她應(yīng)當(dāng)______

A）變化她能量周期B）克服她懶惰

C）比平時(shí)起得早些D）早些睡覺

14、建議你起床時(shí)打個(gè)哈欠，伸伸懶腰，由于這樣會(huì)

A）協(xié)助你保持一天工作能量B）協(xié)助你在一天開始就控制脾氣

C）使你專注于常規(guī)工作D）使你全天能量都得到控制

15、下面哪個(gè)說法不對(duì)的？

A）花最小力氣開始工作有助于節(jié)約能量

B）克萊特曼博士解釋了為什么人們?cè)谝惶飚?dāng)中不同步間達(dá)到能量頂峰

C）習(xí)慣協(xié)助人適應(yīng)自己能量周期

D）孩子也有能量周期

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每H一練(0821)

Passage4

Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackby重點(diǎn)mixed-abilityteachingOnthecontrary,

boththeirknowledgeandexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesin

streamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.It

canhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afteralbitcanbequite

discouragingtobeatthebottomofthetopgrade!

Besides?itisratherunrealtogradepeoplejustaccordingtotheirintellectualability.Thisisonly

oneaspectoftheirtotalpersonality.Weareconcernedtodeveloptheabilitiesofallourpupilsto

thefull,notjusttheiracademicability.Wealsovaluepersonalqualitiesandsocialskills,andwe

findthatmixed-abilityteachingcontributestoalltheseaspectsoflearning.

Inourclassrooms,weworkinvariousways.Thepupilsoftenworkingroups：thisgivesthemthe

opportunitytolearntoco-operate,toshare,andtodevelopleadershipskills.Theyalsolearnhow

tocopewithpersonalproblemaswellaslearninghowtothink?tomakedecisions,toanalyseand

evaluate,andtocommunicateeffectively.Thepupilslearnfromeachotheraswellasfromthe

teacher.

Sometimesthepupilsworkinpairs；sometimestheyworkonindividualtasksandassignments,

andtheycandothisattheirownspeed.Theyalsohavesomeformalclassteachingwhenthisis

appropriate.Weencourageourpupilstousethelibrary,andweteachthemtheskillstheyneedin

ordertodothisefficiently.Anadvancedpupilcandoadvancedwork：itdoesnotmatterwhatage

thechildis.Weexpectourpupilstodotheirbest>nottheirleast?ar.dwegivethemevery

encouragementtoattainthisgoal.

16.Inthepassagetheauthor'sattitudetowards“mixed-abilityteaching^^isC_D__沒有

理解mixed-abilityteaching意思

A)criticalB)queslioningC)approvingD)objective

17.By"heldback'XLine1)theauthormeans"___D”

A)madetoremaininthesameclassesB)forcedtostudyinthelowerclasses

C)drawn吸'力totheirstudiesD)preventedfromadvancing

18.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcernshouldbethedevelopmentofthe

students_B_

A)personalqualitiesandsocialskillsB)totalpersonality

C)learningabilityandcommunicativeskillsD)intellectualability

B19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinthethirdparagraph?

A)Groupworkgivespupilstheopportunitytolearntoworktogetherwithothers

B)Pupilsalsolearntodeveloptheirreasoningabilities

C)Groupworkprovidespupilswiththeopportunitytolearntobecapableorganizers.

D)Pupilsalsolearnhowtoparticipateinteachingactivities.

AB20.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageisto

A)arguefbrteachingbrightandnot-soObrightpupilsinthesameclass

B)recommendpairworkandgroupworkforclassroomactivities

C)offeradviceontheproperuseofthelibrary

D)emphasizetheimportanceofappropriateformalclassroomteaching

Passage4

(16)(17)咱們發(fā)現(xiàn)，聰穎孩子如果接受不按能力分班教學(xué)，很少會(huì)因而被拖后了。相反,

她們?cè)谥R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面均有長進(jìn)。咱們以為把學(xué)生按照能力分班有諸多弊端。這種做法沒有

考慮到孩子們發(fā)展情形各不相似這一事實(shí)。對(duì)聰穎孩子和不太聰穎孩子均有不良影響。畢竟,

在最佳那一檔里做最差學(xué)生也夠令人灰心了！

此外，只依照人智力水平來對(duì)人進(jìn)行分類也是頗不現(xiàn)實(shí)。這僅僅是所有人品特性一種方面罷

了。(18)咱們關(guān)懷是讓所有學(xué)生都能充分發(fā)展各方面能力，而不但僅是學(xué)術(shù)能力。咱們也

很看重個(gè)人品質(zhì)與社交技能，而咱們發(fā)現(xiàn)不按能力分班教學(xué)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)所有這些方面都很有益。

在教室里，咱們以不同方式工作。(19)(A)學(xué)生們普通會(huì)以小組為亙位進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)；這樣她

們便有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)互相合伙、分享，以及(19)(C)培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)技能。她們還能學(xué)到如何解決

個(gè)人問題，以及(19)(B)如何思考，如何作決定，如何分析和評(píng)價(jià)，與如何進(jìn)行有效交

流。學(xué)生們不但向教師學(xué)習(xí)，也可以互相學(xué)習(xí)。

有時(shí)，學(xué)生們也會(huì)以結(jié)對(duì)方式學(xué)習(xí)：尚有時(shí)，她們自己完畢個(gè)人任務(wù)，她們可以按照自己速

度來做。在恰當(dāng)時(shí)候，她們也要接受正規(guī)課堂教學(xué)。咱們勉勵(lì)學(xué)生們使用圖書館，因此咱們

要教她們所需技巧，才十有效地運(yùn)用好圖書館。一種先進(jìn)學(xué)生可以做先進(jìn)」.作，而她年齡多

大并不重要。咱們盼望學(xué)生們可以最大限度而不是最小限度地發(fā)揮她們能力，咱們也會(huì)盡量

勉勵(lì)她們達(dá)到定目的。

16、在文中，作者對(duì)“不按能力分班教學(xué)”持態(tài)度。

A）批判B）懷疑C）贊同D）客觀

17、第一行“heldback”意思是

A）可以待在同樣班級(jí)里B）被迫在較差班里學(xué)習(xí)

C）吸引學(xué)習(xí)D）阻礙發(fā)展

18、作者觀點(diǎn)是：教師重要應(yīng)關(guān)懷學(xué)生___________發(fā)展

A）個(gè)人品質(zhì)與社交技能B）整個(gè)人品特性

C）學(xué)習(xí)能力與交流能力D）智力水平

19、下面哪個(gè)說法沒有在第三段提到？

A）以小組為單位進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)給學(xué)生們學(xué)習(xí)互相合伙機(jī)會(huì)

B）學(xué)生們也要學(xué)習(xí)培養(yǎng)她們推理能力

C）以小組為單位學(xué)習(xí)讓孩子們有機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)怎么做一種有能力組織者

D）學(xué)生們還學(xué)習(xí)如何參加到教學(xué)活動(dòng)中去。

20、作者寫本文用意是

A）提出要讓聰穎孩子與不太聰穎孩子在同樣班里接受教誨

B）推薦在教室活動(dòng)中采用結(jié)對(duì)或分組學(xué)習(xí)方式

C）提出對(duì)的運(yùn)用圖書館建議

D）強(qiáng)調(diào)合理進(jìn)行正規(guī)課堂教學(xué)重要性

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0822)

Passage5

NursingatBethIsraelHospitalproducesthebestpatientcarepossible.Ifwearetosolvethe

nursingshortage,hospitaladministrationanddoctorseverywherewoulddowelltofollowBeth

Israel'sexample.

AtBethIsraeleachpatientisassignedtoaprimarynursewhovisitsatlengthwiththepatientand

constructsafull-scalehealthaccountthatcoverseverythingfromhismedicalhistorytohis

emotionalstate.Thenshewritesacareplancenteredonthepatient'sillnessbutwhichalso

includeseverythingelsethatisnecessary.

Theprimarynursestayswiththepatientthroughhishospitalization,keepingtrackwithhis

progressandseekingfurtheradvicefromhisdoctor.IfapatientatBethIsraelisnotrespondingto

treatment,itisnotuncommonforhisnursetoproposeanotherapproachtohisdoctor.Whatthe

doctoratBethIsraelhasintheprimarynurseisatruecolleague.

NursingatBethIsraelalsoinvolvesadecentralized(分散)nursingadministration；everyfloor,

everyunitisaself-containedorganization.Therearenurse-managersinsteadofheadnurses；in

additiontotheirmedicaldutiestheydoalltheirownhiringanddismissing,employeeadvising,

andtheymakesalaryrecommendations.Eachunit'snursesdecideamongthemselveswhowill

workwhaishiftsandwhen.

BethIsrael'snurse-in-chiefranksasanequalwithothervicepresidentsofthehospital.Shealsois

amemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommittee>whichinmosthospitalsincludesonlydoctors.

21.WhichofthefollowingbestcharacterizedthemainfeatureofthenursingsystematBethIsrael

Hospital?

A)Thedoctorgetsmoreactiveprofessionalsupportfromtheprimarynurse

B)Eachpatientistakencareofbyaprimarynursedayandnight

C)Theprimarynursewritescareplansfbreverypatient

D)TheprimarynursekeepsrecorcsofthepatientJshealthconditionseveryday.

22.Itcaninferredfromthepassagethat

A)comparedwithotherhospitalsnursesatBethIsraelHospitalaremorepatient

B)inmosthospitalspatientcareisinadequatefromtheprofessionalpointofview

C)inmosthospitalsnursesgetlowsalaries.

D)comparedwithotherhospitalsnurseshavetoworklongerhoursatBeihIsraelHospital

23.Aprimarynursecanproposeadifferentapproachoftreatmentwhen

A)thepresentoneisrefusedbythepatient

B)thepatientcomplainsaboutthepresentone

C)thepresentoneprovestobeineffective

D)thepatientisfoundunwillingtocooperate

24.Themaindifferencebetweenanurse-managerandaheadnurseisthattheformer

A)isamemberoftheMedicalExecutiveCommitteeofthehospital

B)hastoarrangetheworkshiftsoftheunit,snurses

C)canmakedecisionsconcerningthemedicaltreatmentofapatient

D)hasfullresponsibilityintheadministrationoftheunit,snurses.

25.Theauthor'saltitudetowardsthenursingsystemalBethIsraelHospitalis

A)negativeB)neutralC)criticalD)positive

Passage5

BethIsrael醫(yī)院為患者提供有也許得到最佳護(hù)理。如果咱們打算改進(jìn)護(hù)理中局限性，(25)

各地醫(yī)院行政管理與醫(yī)生只要努力以BethIsrael醫(yī)院為榜樣就可以了。

在BethIsrael醫(yī)院，每個(gè)病人都會(huì)被分派一名重要護(hù)士，她與病人進(jìn)行詳盡交談，并會(huì)擬

出一份全面健康報(bào)告，涵蓋所有病人病史到其精神狀況。然后她會(huì)寫出一份護(hù)理籌劃，以患

者病癥為中心，并涉及所有必須內(nèi)容。

（21）（22）病人重要護(hù)士在其住院期間會(huì)與她在一起，對(duì)她進(jìn)展進(jìn)行記錄，并從醫(yī)生

那里得到進(jìn)一步建議。（23）如果一位在BethIsrael醫(yī)院病人對(duì)其治療手段沒有回應(yīng)話，

她護(hù)士普通會(huì)寫出另一份提案交給醫(yī)生。在BethIsrael醫(yī)院重要護(hù)士是醫(yī)生真正意義上同

事。

在BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理工作尚有一種分散行政管理；每一層樓、每一種單元都是獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)。

（24）有護(hù)士經(jīng)理而沒有護(hù)士長；她們除了有醫(yī)務(wù)工作之外還負(fù)責(zé)自己?jiǎn)卧陀门c開除，

解決雇員建議，并提出建議薪水。每個(gè)單元護(hù)士一起決定其中誰在何時(shí)輪哪一班。

BethIsrael醫(yī)院首席護(hù)士與醫(yī)院副院長職位相稱。她還是執(zhí)行醫(yī)療委員會(huì)成員之一，而在

大多數(shù)醫(yī)院只有醫(yī)生才干加入這一委員會(huì)。

21、下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最佳地描述了Be【hIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體制重要特點(diǎn)？

A）醫(yī)生從重要護(hù)士那里得到更加積極專業(yè)支持

B）每個(gè)病人都由一名重要護(hù)士日夜照顧

C）重要護(hù)士為每一名病人寫護(hù)理籌劃

D）重要護(hù)士每天都記錄病人健康狀況

22、由本文可以推出

A）與其他醫(yī)院相比，BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)士更有耐心

B）在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院里，對(duì)患者護(hù)理從專業(yè)角度來看還不夠

C）在大多數(shù)醫(yī)院里，護(hù)1薪水很低

D）與其他醫(yī)院護(hù)士相比，BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)士工作時(shí)間更長。

23、在時(shí)候，重要護(hù)士可以提出一份不同治療方案。

A）患者回絕采用當(dāng)前療法B）患者對(duì)當(dāng)前療法有牢騷

C）當(dāng)前治療無效D）在發(fā)現(xiàn)患者不肯進(jìn)行合伙

24、在護(hù)士經(jīng)理與護(hù)士長之間重要區(qū)別是前者

A）是醫(yī)院執(zhí)行醫(yī)療委員會(huì)成員B）必要安排該單元護(hù)士輪班

C）可以就對(duì)病人冶療做出決定D）全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)該單元護(hù)士行政管理工作

25、作者對(duì)BethIsrael醫(yī)院護(hù)理體制態(tài)度是

A）否定B）批判C）中立D）積極

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0823)

Passage6

Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies-andothercreatures-learntodothings

becausecertainactsleadto"rewards"；andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitused

alsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages?hadtobedirectly

relatedtosuchbasicphysiological(生理)"drives“asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords,ababy

wouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort,nototherwise.

Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsinthe

worldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.

Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward“thebabiesandsoteach

themtocarryoutsomesimplemovements,suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Then

henoticedthatababy.Whohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoon

makingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren's

responsesinsituationswherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas

fourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”a

displayoflights-andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringabout

thisresult,fbrinstance*twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasthreeturnstooneside.

Papousek'slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadetheinteresting

observationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughthey

would“smileandbubble''when:hedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatiswasnot

primarilythesightofthelightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccesstheywereachievingin

solvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskilLandthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgeto

makesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.

26.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich

A)aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB)willmeettheirphysicalneeds

C)willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD)willsatisfytheircuriosity

27.papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy

A)wouldmakelearnedresponseswhenitsawthemilk

B)wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

C)wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswhenithadenoughtodrink

D)wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink

28.Inpapousek'sexperimentbabiesmakelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto

A)havethelightsturnedonB)pleasetheirparents

C)berewardedwithmilkD)bepraised

29.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause-

A)thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”

B)thesightofthelightswasinteresting

C)theyneednotlumbacktowaichthelights

D)theysucceededin'"switchingon“thelights

30.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflectionof

A)abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworld

B)thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneeds

C)theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblems

D)afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills

Passage6

在過去一段時(shí)間里，這樣一種理論為人們廣泛接受，嬰兒一一尚有其她生物一一學(xué)習(xí)去做事

情是由于杲些特定行為有“回報(bào)”；并且毫無疑問這是事實(shí)。但人們還曾普遍以為，有效回

報(bào)，至少在初期，必然是與基本生理“驅(qū)動(dòng)力”直接有關(guān)，例如口渴或饑餓。換句話說，嬰

兒會(huì)為食物、料或某種身體上舒服而學(xué)習(xí)，不會(huì)是為其他。

當(dāng)前人們已經(jīng)清晰，并非如此。（26）嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)以某種方式行事，除了為成功成果以外,

還會(huì)為沒有回報(bào)后果而行事。

Papousek是這樣開始進(jìn)行研究：地用牛奶以及普通方式“回報(bào)”嬰兒，想以此教會(huì)她們做

某些簡(jiǎn)樸動(dòng)作，例如把頭轉(zhuǎn)到一側(cè)或另一側(cè)。日后她發(fā)既有一種已經(jīng)吃飽了奶嬰兒，不肯再

要牛奶，卻顯然很樂意繼續(xù)做出學(xué)會(huì)反映。（27）于是她開始研究在沒有牛奶狀況下嬰兒

瓜。她不久發(fā)現(xiàn)甚至只有4個(gè)月大嬰兒也能學(xué)會(huì)將頭左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，（28）只要這動(dòng)作能“打

開開關(guān)”。用燈光批示一一事實(shí)上她們還可以學(xué)會(huì)相稱復(fù)雜轉(zhuǎn)頭來得到這種效果，例如說，

兩下左兩下右?；蛘呱踔潦窍蛞粋?cè)連轉(zhuǎn)三下。

Papousek在嬰兒正前方放置燈，地發(fā)現(xiàn)了有趣事情，有時(shí)嬰兒并不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)回去近看這些燈，

雖然當(dāng)燈打開時(shí)候，她們會(huì)“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作響工Papousek得出結(jié)論，（29）她們

并不是重要由于看到燈光而高興，而是為她們?cè)诮鉀Q問題時(shí)成功，對(duì)技巧純熟掌握，以及（3

0）一種人類基本渴望，要弄清這世界意義并使之在故意識(shí)控制之下。

26、依照本文作者所說，嬰兒會(huì)學(xué)做事。

A）與歡樂直接有關(guān)B）會(huì)滿足她們身體需要

C）帶給她們成功感D）滿足她們好奇心

27、Papousek在其研究中注意到，嬰兒-

A）在看到牛奶時(shí)會(huì)做出學(xué)會(huì)反映B）在有足夠飲料時(shí)會(huì)做出學(xué)會(huì)動(dòng)作

C）沒有牛奶也可以繼續(xù)簡(jiǎn)樸動(dòng)作D）在有足夠飲料時(shí)會(huì)把頭左右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)

28、在Papousek實(shí)驗(yàn)中，嬰兒做出學(xué)會(huì)頭部動(dòng)作是為了

A）讓燈打開B）得到牛奶回報(bào)

C）讓其父母高興D）被表揚(yáng)

29、嬰兒會(huì)對(duì)燈光“微笑并且嘴里咿呀作響”是由于-

A）燈光與某些基本“驅(qū)動(dòng)力”直接有關(guān)

B）看到燈光很有趣C）她們不需要轉(zhuǎn)回去開燈

D）她們成功地“打開了”燈光“開關(guān)”

30依照Papousek,嬰兒做成某件事喜悅反映了

A）一種人類基本渴望，要理解并控制世界

B）對(duì)某種生理需求滿足

C）她們解決復(fù)雜問題強(qiáng)烈愿望

D）顯示所學(xué)到技巧人類基本愿望

大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試閱讀材料每日一練(0824)

Passage7

Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomeotherwaydoesnotlive

uptothemanufacturer^claimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarranty(保單),oramyother

recordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.Inmostcases,thisactionwillproduceresults.

However,ifitdoesnoi,therearevariousmeanstheconsumermayusetogainsaiisfaction.

Asimpleandcommonmethodusedbymanyconsumersistocomplaindirectlytothestore

manager.Ingeneral?th