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第06講構(gòu)詞法【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】1.掌握派生法、合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法,掌握高中詞匯記憶法2.側(cè)重培養(yǎng)通過語境上下文的推理判斷詞性的能力3.注重高中詞匯積累【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)】構(gòu)詞法主要包括派生、合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和截短縮略四大類。在近年高考中,直接體現(xiàn)在語法填空中的應(yīng)用主要有:給出形容詞提示詞,填寫副詞或名詞;給出動(dòng)詞,填寫名詞或形容詞;給出名詞,填寫形容詞。然而,構(gòu)詞法不僅僅體現(xiàn)在語法填空中,而是廣泛分布在閱讀、完形等各種題型中,是快速拓展詞匯量,深入理解語篇的法寶?!究键c(diǎn)剖析】考點(diǎn)一:派生法派生法就是由一個(gè)詞根加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。詞根是派生詞的基礎(chǔ),而詞綴起到?jīng)Q定派生詞的詞匯意義和語法屬性的作用。(一)形容詞的后綴和前綴1.名詞+-cial--形容詞benefit--beneficial有益的office--official官方的face--facial面部的race--racial種族的finance--financial金融的society--social社會(huì)的例1.【單句填空】(全國(guó)卷乙卷)lprovide___________(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.【答案】financial【解析】設(shè)空處后面有名詞aid,充當(dāng)provide的賓語,故修飾名詞應(yīng)當(dāng)使用形容詞作定語。2.名詞+-al(表示“有……屬性或者與……有關(guān)”)--形容詞agriculture--agricultural農(nóng)業(yè)的nature--national國(guó)家的education--educational教育的3.動(dòng)詞/名詞+-able/-ible--形容詞accept--acceptable可接受的value--valuablelove--lovablerely--reliable4.名詞+-ful--形容詞care--careful仔細(xì)的beauty--beautiful漂亮的use--useful有用的(全國(guó)卷II)BranchesofPlumBlossoms:The_________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.【答案】beautiful【解析】本題考查多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞。表示“漂亮的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的枝條”。多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),一般描繪性的形容詞放在表示大小、形狀的形容詞前面,容易被誤用為副詞。5.名詞+-y/-ly--形容詞wealth--wealthy富裕的friend--friendly友好的dead--deadly致命的rain--rainy多雨的noise--noisy吵鬧的luck--lucky幸運(yùn)的elder--elderly上年紀(jì)的【2021全國(guó)甲卷】Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand__________(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir_________(day)routines.【答案】watchtowers;daily【解析】句意“人們本該兩個(gè)小時(shí)就繞完城墻,但是我們停在不同的瞭望塔前拍照或者只是為了看看當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊纳睢薄P揎椕~routines應(yīng)當(dāng)使用形容詞,表示“日常生活”。6.動(dòng)詞+ive--形容詞act--active積極的create--creative有創(chuàng)造力的7.名詞+-ous--形容詞anxiety--anxious焦急的variety--various各種各樣的glory--glorious光榮的8.名詞+en(表示材料或質(zhì)地)--形容詞gold--golden金色的wood--wooden木制的9.動(dòng)詞+ent--形容詞diffee--different不同的depend--dependent依賴的10.名詞+less--形容詞home--homeless無家可歸的use--useless無用的care--careless粗心的11.以-some結(jié)尾的形容詞tiresome令人厭煩的troublesomeawesome12.以a-開頭的形容詞live--alive活著的wake--awake醒著的sleep--asleep睡著的afraid害怕的alone獨(dú)自的(二)動(dòng)詞的前綴和后綴1前綴en-+形容詞--動(dòng)詞rich--enrich使豐富large--enlarge變大;擴(kuò)大2.前綴en-名詞--動(dòng)詞danger--endanger使危險(xiǎn)3.形容詞/名詞+后綴-en--動(dòng)詞short--shorten縮短sharp--sharpen使尖銳deep--deepen加深dark--darken變暗strength--strengthen加強(qiáng)4.形容詞+-ify--動(dòng)詞simple--simplify使簡(jiǎn)化beauty--beautify使美化clear--clarify使凈化5.以-ize結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞real--realize意識(shí)到memory--memorize記憶;識(shí)記(三)名詞的后綴后綴例詞--age(狀態(tài);集合)shortage缺少;marriage婚姻--an/-ian(人,……家)American美國(guó)人;musician音樂家--ence/-ency(構(gòu)成抽象名詞)dependence依靠;frequency頻率--ance(性質(zhì),狀態(tài))importance重要性--ant/-ent(人)assistant助手;student學(xué)生--cion/-sion/-tion/-ation(動(dòng)作,狀態(tài))suspicion懷疑;tension緊張;repetition重復(fù);expect--expectation期望--ee(動(dòng)作承受者或受影響者)employee受雇者;refugee難民--er/or(人或物)writer作家;actor演員--ess(女性)actress女演員;waitress女服務(wù)員;hostess女主人--ism(主義,……教)communism共產(chǎn)主義--ist(……主義者,……家)communist共產(chǎn)主義者--ment(行為;結(jié)果;狀態(tài);性質(zhì))argument爭(zhēng)論;government政府;development發(fā)展--ship(關(guān)系,身份)friendship友誼--hood(身份;性質(zhì))childhood童年--th(結(jié)果,過程)growth成長(zhǎng)--ty(狀態(tài);性質(zhì))anxiety焦慮--ure(結(jié)果;行為;狀態(tài);實(shí)物)pressure壓力;picture圖畫;pleasure高興--al(動(dòng)作過程;結(jié)果)arrival到達(dá);approval同意(全國(guó)卷II)ChineseNewYearisa_______(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.答案為celebration。【答案】celebration【解析】主考察的英語構(gòu)詞知識(shí),由動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槊~的后綴-tion。改詞的變形規(guī)則是去掉原來動(dòng)詞celebrate當(dāng)中不發(fā)音的e字母,再加ion就成了原動(dòng)詞的名詞形式。改句中意思是“慶祝活動(dòng)”(英語解釋為anaccasionorpartywhenyoucelebratesomething),改空前面已經(jīng)有了不定冠詞a,故填celebration。2.動(dòng)詞+-al--名詞arrive--arrival到達(dá)survive--survival幸存approve--approval同意(全國(guó)乙卷)Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome____61____(educate)abouttheareas-bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe____62____(develop)ofthelocalareas.【答案】educated;development【解析】61空內(nèi)為動(dòng)詞,考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,謂語或者非謂語形式。此題為固定搭配,become/be+~ed+介詞;故答案為:educated.[拓展]此題為常見考法,beinterestedin,beamazedat,beconcernedabout這些詞組必須記牢。62空內(nèi)為動(dòng)詞,考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換,設(shè)空前為定冠詞the后面應(yīng)當(dāng)使用名詞。此題為the+名詞+of結(jié)構(gòu),故填development。(四)副詞的后綴1.形容詞+-ly--副詞(以某種方式)slow--slowly緩慢地extreme--extremely極度地complete--completely完全地2.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的單詞,改y為i,加-lyhappy--happily高興地merry--merrily快樂地3.去e加-lytrue--truly真正地4.以-le結(jié)尾的形容詞去e加lysimple--simply簡(jiǎn)單地gentle--gently溫柔地terrible--terribly糟糕地possible--possibly可能地(五)表示否定或相反意義的意義1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不,非able--unable不能夠cover--uncover揭露polite--impolite不禮貌的honest--dishonest不誠(chéng)實(shí)的patient--impatient不耐煩的regular--irregular不規(guī)則的legal--illegal非法的2.mis-錯(cuò)誤地lead--mislead誤導(dǎo)take--mistake誤會(huì);誤解understand--misunderstand誤解3.-less表示否定或相反意義的后綴use-useless無用的hope--hopeless毫無希望的home--homeless無家可歸的總結(jié):常用前綴表否定un-:unhappy,uncomfortable,unconscious,undoubtedly(毋庸置疑地),unlock(開··...·鎖),undress(脫衣),unpack(打開行李),unsay(收回說過的話)in-:incorrect,informal,indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的),invaluable(極有價(jià)值的;極寶貴的)im-:impossible,impolite,imperfect,impatient,immoral(不道德的)il-:illegal(違法的),illogical(不合邏輯的)ir-:irregular(不規(guī)則的),irresistible(不可抗拒的),irrelevant(不相關(guān)的)dis-:discover,disagree,disappear,dislike,disbelief,dishonest,dishonorable(不體面的)mis-:misunderstand,misjudge,misread,mislead(誤導(dǎo)),misfortune(不幸)non-:non-smoker,nonstop,nonsense(胡說),non-drinker不喝酒的人表重復(fù)re-:retell,reconsider,rearrange,react(作出反應(yīng)),renew(更新),reusable(可再用的),refresh(使恢復(fù)精力)表中間mid-:midnight,midpoint(中點(diǎn)),midway(中途),mid-July(七月中旬)表超出extra-:extraordinary,extracurricular(課外的),extra-official(非官方的)表超級(jí)super-:supermarket,superstar(超級(jí)明星),superpower(超級(jí)大國(guó))表微小micro-:microscope(顯微鏡),microcomputer(微機(jī))表小的mini-:miniskirt,minibus(小型巴士:面包車)表遠(yuǎn)tele-:telescope,telephone,television,telephotograph(傳真照片)表千kilo-:kilometer(千米),kilogram(千克),kilowatt(千瓦)表變化trans-:translate,transform,transport,transformer(變壓器)表后于post-:postpone(延遲),postgraduate(研究生),postwar(戰(zhàn)后的)先于pre-:pre-school(學(xué)齡前的),pre-war(戰(zhàn)前的),prehistoric(史前的)相互inter-:international,interview,interchange(互換)前部;預(yù)先fore-:forehead,foreword(序言),foreman(領(lǐng)班),forearm(前臂),foresee,forecast,foretell(預(yù)言;預(yù)料)自動(dòng)auto-:automatic,automobile(汽車),autopilot(自動(dòng)駕駛儀)半semi-:semicircle,semisolid(半固體的),semiconductor(半導(dǎo)體)副vice-:vice-chairman,vice-manager,vice-president(副總統(tǒng))過多over-:overeat(吃得過多),overexcited,overpopulated(人口過多的)使成為;把...放入:en-:encourage(鼓勵(lì)),endanger(危及),enable(使能夠),enrich(使富裕),empower(授權(quán)),encase(把······裝入箱),encage(把······關(guān)在籠)構(gòu)成形容詞或副詞a-:asleep,alive,alike,awake,alone,apart,aloud,ahead常用名詞后綴表示行為者-er:worker,teacher,painter,waiter,performer,winner,Londoner(倫敦人),northerner(北方人),container(容器),cooker(炊具),opener(開啟的人或工具),heater(取熱器),timer(計(jì)時(shí)員;計(jì)時(shí)器),cutter(切割者;切割工具)-or:visitor,actor,sailor,inventor,conductor,director,translator,operator,survivor(幸存者)-ar:liar(說謊者),beggar(乞丐),scholar(學(xué)者)-ist:scientist,physicist,artist,tourist,novelist,specialist,medalist(獎(jiǎng)牌獲得者)-ant/ent:assistant,accountant,president-(i)an:librarian(圖書管理員),historian(史學(xué)家),politician(政治家),musician(音樂家),African,American-ee:employee(受雇者),trainee(受訓(xùn)者),interviewee(被面試者)表過程性質(zhì)狀態(tài)結(jié)果等抽象概念-ation:information,invitation,education,explanation,motivation,hesitation(猶豫)-(t)ion:action,construction,direction,introduction,invention,collection,attraction,connection-sion:conclusion,division,discussion,expression,possession-ssion:permission,admission-ance:allowance,importance,appearance,assistance,performance,resistance-ence:existence,preference,reference,difference,existence,absence,independence-ment:advertisement,agreement,amusement,argument,arrangement,development-ness:illness,sickness,happiness,kindness,sadness,goodness(善良;美德)-hood:childhood,neighbourhood(鄰居關(guān)系),brotherhood(兄弟關(guān)系;手足之情)-th:truth,strength,depth,length,growth,warmth,width(寬度)-ship:friendship,relationship,scholarship,membership,citizenship(國(guó)籍;公民的身份)-(a)bility:possibility,disability,responsibility,flexibility(靈活性;柔韌性)-y:difficulty,recovery-(i)ty:reality,nationality,safety,cruelty(殘酷行為),certainty(確實(shí)的事情)-ery:bravery,bakery(面包房),cookery(烹調(diào)法)-al:approval,arrival,survival,refusal(拒絕)-age:marriage,shortage(不足;短缺),storage(儲(chǔ)存)-ing:feeling,hearing,building,meeting,opening,suffering,cooling(冷卻)-ful:handful,spoonful,mouthful(一口),glassful(一杯的容量)plateful(滿盤;一盤)-cy:fluency,accuracy(準(zhǔn)確性)-dom:freedom;wisdom,kingdom(王國(guó))常用形容詞后綴-ful:successful,careful,hopeful,helpful,useful,harmful,beautiful,wonderful,colourful-y:guilty,stormy,healthy,wealthy,dirty,noisy,sleepy,foggy,muddy-less:breathless,tasteless,useless,hopeless,helpless,endless,stainless,meaningless-able:comfortable,reasonable,suitable,admirable,knowledgeable,remarkable(不尋常的)-al:personal,national,traditional,natural,cultural,agricultural,fictional,additional,musical-ical:political,physical,practical,grammatical,historical(歷史上的)-ly:friendly(友好的),monthly(每月的),daily(日常的),timely(及時(shí)的)-en:golden,woollen,wooden,earthen(泥土做的)-ous:dangerous,anxious,famous,poisonous,religious,mountainous,nervous,ambitious-ive:active,expensive,attractive,subjective,representative,creative,impressive-ish:foolish,selfish,childish,British-some:troublesome,fearsome(可怕的),burdensome(難于負(fù)擔(dān)的)-ed:interested,ashamed,disappointed,furnished,talented,aged,strong-minded(意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的)-ing:amazing,boring,interesting,surprising,disturbing,freezing(冰冷的),shocking常用動(dòng)詞后綴-en:deepen,sharpen,shorten,lessen(變少),worsen(使惡化),strengthen,weaken-ize:realize,apologize,recognize,modernize,legalize,commercialize,popularize-(i)fy:satisfy,beautify,simplify,signify(表示;意味),terrify(使害怕)常用副詞后綴-ly:quickly,simply,angrily,stupidly,hopefully,hopelessly,truly,smilingly,decidedly(堅(jiān)決地;斷然地),namely(即;就是),scientifically-ward(s):upward(s),downward(s),forward(s),backward(s),Southward(s),inward(s)outward(s),homeward(s)(向家:在歸途上)考點(diǎn)二:合成法合成法就是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立的詞結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成新詞,這樣的詞一般稱為合成詞或復(fù)合詞。復(fù)合名詞的主要構(gòu)成方式1.名詞+名詞silkworm蠶classroom教室daybreak佛曉flashlight手電筒necklace項(xiàng)鏈2.合成形容詞good-looking好看的hard-working勤奮的cold-blooded冷血的newborn新生的bittersweet苦樂參半的airsick暈飛機(jī)的homesick想家的easygoing隨和的3.合成動(dòng)詞名詞+動(dòng)詞broadcast播送babysit看孩子副詞+動(dòng)詞overcome克服undergo經(jīng)歷downfall垮臺(tái);例2.【猜一猜】haircut理發(fā)energy-saving節(jié)能的breakthrough突破outbreak爆發(fā)總結(jié):合成名詞:bookmark(書簽);guidebook(指南手冊(cè));workshop(研討會(huì);車間);sunset(日落)合成形容詞:lifelong(終身的;畢生的);heartbreaking(令人心碎的);absent-minded(心不在焉的)合成動(dòng)詞:whitewash(用石灰水刷白);overcome(戰(zhàn)勝);overthrow(推翻)合成副詞:anyway(無論如何);everywhere(到處);however(盡管如此);forever(永遠(yuǎn))合成介詞:inside(在......里);outside(在......外);throughout(遍及);within(在......之內(nèi))考點(diǎn)三:轉(zhuǎn)化法一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性,稱之為轉(zhuǎn)化法。單詞轉(zhuǎn)化后的意義往往與轉(zhuǎn)化前的意義有密切聯(lián)系,但其拼寫形式不變。名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞face臉—face面對(duì)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞dirty臟的—dirty弄臟動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞design設(shè)計(jì)—design圖案形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞daily每日的—daily日?qǐng)?bào)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞deep深的—deep深深地例3.【猜一猜】handcleanstressvaluewidehighdeepgradatestraightrightemptydown總結(jié):轉(zhuǎn)化法動(dòng)詞→名詞:change改變;找零→變化;walk步行→散步;stop停止→車站;record錄音→記錄名詞→動(dòng)詞:place地點(diǎn)→放置;taste味道→嘗起來;hand手→傳遞;遞交;seat座位→使……坐下
形容詞→動(dòng)詞:clean干凈→使干凈,打掃;clear清楚→清理;dirty臟→弄臟;dry干燥→烘干,曬干;empty空的→倒空
截短法縮略法截短法:telephone→phone,aeroplane→plane,advertisement→ad.,laboratory→lab,influenza→flu,smog(smoke+fog)煙霧;brunch(breakfast+lunch)早午餐;newscast(news+broadcast)新聞廣播;sci-fi(science+fiction)科幻小說縮略法:television→TV(讀字母音)電視;veryimportantperson→VIP(讀字母音)要人;TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL(作為一個(gè)單詞讀音)托福【真題演練】單句填空(2021年全國(guó)甲卷·70)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesandwatchtowerstotakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir__________(day)routines.(2021年全國(guó)乙卷·68)Provide__________(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷·62)Landingonthemoon'sfarsideis___________(extreme)challenging.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·61)ChineseNewYearisa_____________(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·69)The__________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.(2020年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷·66)___________(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.單句語法填空daily考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。在名詞routines前作定語,用形容詞,dailyroutines表示“日常生活”。financial考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換??崭裰兴顔卧~在句中作定語,修飾名詞aid,故需用finance的形容詞形式。extremely考查副詞。修飾形容詞challenging應(yīng)用副詞,故填extremely。celebration考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。空格前的不定冠詞a提示我們此處應(yīng)用名詞形式。beautiful考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。與long并列修飾名詞branches,應(yīng)用形容詞。Certainly考查副詞。位于句首,修飾整個(gè)句子,應(yīng)用副詞作狀語。根據(jù)語境猜測(cè)劃線詞的詞性和詞義7.Whenitcomestoinsectpests,redfireantswouldprobablytopeveryone'slist.8.First,youshouldtakeanactivepartinthediscussionsandfreelyvoiceyouropinion.9.Yes,Iwasblessed;itwasn’tamaterialone,butthekindthatwillwarmmyheartforever.10.Suddenlyshefelttearsfloodedhereyes.11.Inmostcitiestheskylooksasthoughithasbeenemptiedofstars,leavingbehindavacanthaze(霾)thatmirrorsOurfearofthedark.12.Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasionoratthefamilydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftogetherness.13.Surroundyourselfwithpeoplewhouplift,encourageandunderstandyou!Groupexerciseischallenging,yetfunandempowering!14.Sooneday,justtoseewhatshewoulddo,Igentlyplacedoneontopofthegroundhog’shead,Again,notamove.15.Thenmakesurethepeopleyousurroundyourselfwitharesupportive.Don’tletnegativityruinyo
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