全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)一入學(xué)考試英語試題

...wd......wd......wd...2015年全國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)博士外語統(tǒng)-入學(xué)考試英語試題1請(qǐng)考生首先將自己的姓名、所在考點(diǎn)、準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)在試卷一答題紙和試卷二標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答題卡上認(rèn)真填寫清楚，并按"考場(chǎng)指令"要求，將準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答題卡上劃好。2.試卷一(PaperOne)答案和試卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答題卡上，不要做在試卷上。3.試卷一答題時(shí)必須使用28鉛筆，將所選答案按要求在相應(yīng)位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干凈。書面表達(dá)一定要用黑色簽字筆或鋼筆寫在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答題卡上指定區(qū)域。4.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答題卡不可折疊，同時(shí)答題卡須保持平整干凈，以利評(píng)分。5.聽力考試只放一遍錄音，每道題后有15秒左右的答題時(shí)間。國(guó)家醫(yī)學(xué)考試中心PAPERONEPart1:Listeningcomprehension(30%)SectionADirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearfifteenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers,Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearaquestionaboutwhatissaid,Thequestionwillbereadonlyonce,Afteryouhearthequestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswersandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETListentothefollowingexample.Youwillhear.Woman:1fellfaint.Man:NowonderYouhaven'thadabitealldayQuestion:What'sthematterwiththewoman?Youwillread.A.Sheissick.B.SheisbittenbyanantC.Sheishungry.D.Shespilledherpaint.HereCistherightanswerNowlet'sbeginwithquestionNumber1.1A.Howtodealwithhissleepingproblem.B.Thecauseofhissleepingproblem.C.Whatfollowshisinsomnia.D.Theseverityofhismedicalproblem.2.A.TotakethemedicineforalongertimeB.Todiscontinuethemedication.C.Tocometoseeheragain.D.Toswitchtoothermedications.3.A.TotaleiteasyandcontinuetoworkB.Totakeasickleave.C.Tokeepawayfromwork.D.Tohaveafollow-up.4.A.Fullnessinthestomach.B.Occasionalstomachache.C.Stomachdistention.D.Frequentbelches.5.A.extremelysevere.B.Notverysevere.C.Moreseverethanexpected.D.It'shardtosay.6.A.Hehaslostsomeweight.B.Hehasgainedalot.C.HeneedstoexercisemoreD.Heisstilloverweight.7.A.SheisgivingthemananinjectionB.Sheislisteningtotheman'sheartC.Sheisfeelingtheman'spulse.D.Sheishelpingthemanstopshivering8.A.Inthegym.B.IntheofficeC.Intheclinic.D.Intheboat.9.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.Acold.10.A.Shehasdevelopedallergies.B.Shedoesr1·tknowwhatal|ergiesare-C.Shedoesn'thaveanyallergiesD.Shehasallergiestreatedalready.11A.Listentomusic.B.Readmagazines.C.Goplaytennis.D.Stayinthehouse12ASheisn’tfeelingwellB.Sheisunderpressure.C.Shedoesn'tliketheweatherDSheisfeelingrelieved13.A.Mlchael'swifewasill.B.Michael'sdaughterwasillC.Michael'sdaughtergavebirthtotwins.D.Michaelwashospitalizedforacheck-up.14.A.Sheisabsent-mindedB.Sheisinhighspirits.C.Sheisindifferent.D.Sheiscompassionate.15.A.TenyearsagoB.Fiveyearsago.C.Fifteenyearsago.D.Severalweeksago.SectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouwillhearoneconversationandtwopassages,aftereachofwhich,youwillhearfivequestions.Aftereachquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestanswerandmarktheletterof.yourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETDialogue16.A.Abloodtest.B.AgastroscopyC.AchestX-rayexam.D.AbariumX-raytest.17.A.Tolosesomeweight.B.TotakeafewmoretestsC.Tosleeponthreepillows.D.Toeatsmallerlightermeals18.A.Potatochips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.fish.19.A.UlcerB.CancerC.DepressionD.Hernia20.A.Hewilltrythedietthedoctorrecommended.B.Hewillaskforasickleaveandrelaxathome.C.Hewilltakethemedicinethedoctorprescribed.D.Hewilltakeafewmoreteststoruleoutcancer.PassageOne21A.AnewconceptofdiabetesB.ThedefinitionofType1andType2diabetes.C.Thenewmanagementofdiabeticsinthehospital.D.Thenewdevelopmentofnon-perishableinsulinpills.22.A.Becauseitvaporizeseasily.B.Becauseitbecomesoveractiveeasily.C.Becauseitisusuallyininjectionform.D.Becauseitisnotstableabove40degreesFahrenheit.23.A.ThediabeticscanbecuredwithouttakingsyntheticinsulinanylongerB.Thefindingsprovideinsightintohowinsulinworks.C.Insulincanbemorestablethanitisnow.D.Insulincanbeproducednaturally.24.A.Itisstableatroomtemperatureforseveralyears.B.Itisadministereddirectlyintothebloodstream.C.Itdeliversglucosefrombloodtothecells.D.Itismorechemicallycomplex.25.A.Whyinsulinisnotstableatroomtemperature.B.Howimportantitistounderstandthechemicalbondsofinsulin.C.WhypeoplewithType1andType2diabetesdon'tproduceenoughinsulin.D.Whatshapeinsulintakeswhenitunlocksthecellstotakesugarformblood.PassageTwo26.A.Vegetativepatientsaremoreaware.B.Vegetativepatientsretainsomecontroloftheireyemovement.C.EEGscansmayhelpuscommunicatewiththevegetativepatientsD.Weusuallycommunicatewiththebrain-deadpeoplebybrain-wave.27A.Theleft-handsideofthebrain.B.Theright-handsideofthebrain.CThecentralpartofthebrain.D.Thefrontpartofthebrain28.A.31B.6.C.4.D.129.A.Thepatientwasbrain-deadB.Thepatientwasn'tbrain-dead.C.Thepatienthadsomecontroloverhiseyemovements.D.Thepatientknewthemovementheorshewasmaking30.A.Thepatientisnotechnicallyvegetative.B.Thepatientcancommunicateinsomeway.C.Wecantrainthepatientofspeak.D.Thefamilymembersanddoctorscanprovidebettercare.Part11Vocabulary(10%)SectionADirection:Inthissection,allthesentencesareincomplete.Fourword-orphrasesmarkedA,B,CandDaregivenbeneatheachofthem.Youaretochoosethewordorphrasethatbestcompletesthesentence,thenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET31Despitehisdoctor’snoteofcaution，henever__fromdrinkingandsmokingA.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained32.Peoplewithahistoryofrecurrentinfectionsarewarnedthattheuseofpersonalstereoswithheadsetsislikelyto_theirhearingA.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement33.Impartialobservershadtoacknowledgethatlackofformaleducationdidnotseemto_Larryinanywayinhissuccess.A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede34.Whenthesupportingfindswerereduced,theyshouldhaverevisedtheirplanA.accordinglyBalternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively35.Itisincreasinglybelievedamongtheexpectantparentsthatprenataleducationofclassicalmusiccan__futureadultswithappreciationofmusic.AacquaintB.familiarizedC.endowD.amuse36.Ifthegainofprofitissolelyduetorisingenergyprices,theninflationshouldbesubsidedwhenenergypricesA.leveloutBstandoutCcomeoffD.wearoff37Heatstrokeisamedicalemergencythatdemandsimmediatefromqualifiedmedicalpersonnel.A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition38.AsbestosexposureresultsinMesothelioma,asbestosisandinternalorgancancers,andofthesediseasesisoftendecadesaftertheinitialexposure.A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset39.Ebola,whichspreadsthroughbodyfluidorsecretionssuchasurine，andsemen,cankillupto90%ofthoseinfected.A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs40.Thenewlydesignedsystemistogenetictransfections,andenablesanincubationperiodforstudyingvariousgenes.A.comparableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenableSectionBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasawordorphraseunderlined.Therearefourwordsorphrasesbeneatheachsentence.Choosethewordorphrasewhichcanbestkeepthemeaningoftheoriginalsentenceifitissubstitutedfortheunderlinedpart.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.41Everyyearmorethan1,000patientsinBritaindieontransplantwaitinglists,promptingscientiststoconsiderotherwaystoproduceorgans.A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising42.ImprovedtreatmenthaschangedtheoutlookofHIVpatients,butthereisstillaseriousstigmaattachedtoAIDS.A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation43.Survivorsoftheshipwreckwerefinallyrescuedaftertheircourageofpersistenceloweredtozerobytheirphysicallassitude..A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap44.Scientistshaveinventeda3Dscantechnologytoreadtheotherwiseillegiblewood-carvedstone,amethodthatmayapplytootherareassuchasmedicine.A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct45.Topathletesscrutinizebothsuccessandfailurewiththeircoachtoextractlessonsfromthem,buttheyareneverdistractedfromlong-termgoals.A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify46.Hisimperativetoneofvoicerevealshisarroganceandarbitrariness.A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding47ThediscussionontheeconomiccollaborationbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnionmaybeeclipsedbytherecentgrowingtradefriction.A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended48.FasterincreasesinpricesfosterthebeliefthatthefutureincreaseswillbealsostrongersothathigherpricesfueldemandratherthanquenchitA.nurtureB.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture49.Somerecentdevelopmentsinphotographyallowanimalstobestudiedinpreviouslyinaccessibleplacesandinunprecedenteddetail.A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected50.Aveterannegotiationspecialistshouldbeskillfulatmanipulating.A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipatingPartIIICloze(10%)Directions:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtennumberedblanks.Foreachblank,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,Cand0ontherightside.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEET.Amotherwhoissufferingfromcancercanpassonthediseasetoherunbornchildinextremelyrarecases,51anewcasereportpublishedinPNASthisweek.AccordingtoresearchersinJapanandattheInstituteforCancerResearchinSutton,UK,aJapanesemotherhadbeendiagnosedwithleukemiaafewweeksaftergivingbirth，52tumorswerediscoveredinherdaughter'scheekandlungwhenshewas11monthsold.Geneticanalysisshowedthatthebaby'scancercellshadthesamemutationasthecancercellsofthemotherButthecancercellscontainednoDNAwhatsoeverfromthefather，53wouldbeexpectedifshehadinheritedthecancerfromconception.Thatsuggeststhecancercellmadeitintotheunbornchild'sbodyacrosstheplacentalbarrier.TheGuardianclaimedthistobethefirst54caseofcellscrossingtheplacentalbarrierButthisisnotthecase--microchimerism，55cellsareexchangedbetweenamotherandherunbornchild,isthoughttobequitecommon,withsomecellsthoughttopassfromfetustomotherinabout50to75percentofcasesandtogotheotherwayabouthalf56.AstheBBCpointedout,thegreater57incancertransmissionfrommothertofetushadbeenhowcancercellsthathaveslippedthroughtheplacentalbarriercouldsurviveinthefetuswithoutbeingkilledbyitsimmunesystem.Theanswerinthiscaseatleast,liesinasecondmutationofthecancercells,whichledtothe58ofthespecificfeaturesthatwouldhaveallowedthefetalimmunesystemtodetectthecellsasforeign.Asaresult,noattackagainsttheinvaderswaslaunched.59accordingtotheresearchersthereislittlereasonforconcernof"cancerdanger"Only17probablecaseshavebeenreportedworldwideandthecombined60ofcancercellsbothpassingtheplacentalbarrierandhavingtherightmutationtoevadethebaby'simmunesystemisextremelylow51A.suggestsB.suggestingC.havingsuggestedD.suggested52.A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when53.A.whatB.whomC.whoD.as54.A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed55.A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever56.A.asmanyB.asmuchC.aswellD.asoften57A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma58.A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition59.A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively60.A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibilityPartIVReadingComprehension(30%)Directions:Inthisparttherearesixpassages,eachofwhichisfollowedbyfivequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefourpossibleanswersmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosethebestanswerandmarktheletterofyourchoiceontheANSWERSHEETPassageOneTheAmericanSocietyofClinicalOncologywrappeditsannualconferencethisweek,goingthroughtheusualmotionsofpresentingalotofdrugsthatoffersomeaddedqualityorextensionoflifetothosesufferingfromavarietyofas-yetincurablediseases.ButburieddeepinanAPstoryareacoupleofpromisingheadlinesthatseemsworthyofmorethoroughreview,includingonetreatmentstudywhere100percentofpatientssawtheircancerdiminishbyhalf.Firstofall,itseemspharmaceuticalcompaniesaremovingawayfromthemaincost-effectiveone-size-fits-allapproachtodrugdevelopmentandembracingthelongcancertreatments,engineeringdrugsthatonlyworkforasmallpercentageofpatientsbutworkveryeffectivelywithinthatgroup.Pfizerannouncedthatonesuchdrugit'spushingintolate-stagetestingistargetfor4%oflungcancerpatients.Butmorethan90%ofthattinycohortrespondedtothedruginitialtests,and9outoftenisgettingprettyclosetotheidealtenoutoften.Bygearingtowardmoreboutiquetreatmentsratherthanbroadumbrellapharmaceuticalsthattrytofitforeveryoneitseemscancerresearchersaremakingsomeheadway.Buthowcanweclosethegaponthatremainingtenpercent?AskTakedaPharmaceuticalandCelgene,twodrugmakerswhoputasidecompetitiveintereststotestanovelcombinationoftheirtreatments.Inatestof66patientswiththeblooddiseasemultiplemyeloma,afull100percentofthesubjectssawtheircancerreducedbyhalf.Needlesstosay,a100percentresponsetoacancerdrug(orinthiscaseadrugcocktail)ismoreorlessunheardof.Moreover,thiscombinationneverwould'vebeentwocompetingcompanieshadn'tsatdownandputtheirheadstogetherAretheremorepotentiallyeffectivedrugcombosoutthereseparatedbycompetitiveinterestandproprietaryinformation?Who'stosay,butitseemslikewiththeamountofmoneyandresearchbeingpumpedintocancerdrugdevelopment,theoutcomeprettygood.Andifresearcherscanstartpushingmoreoftheirresponsenumberstoward100percent,wecanmoreeasilystarttalkingaboutoncology'sfavoritefour-letterword:cure.61Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.CompetitionandCooperationB.TwoCompetingPharmaceuticalCompaniesC.ThePromisingFutureofPharmaceuticalsD.EncouragingNews:a100%ResponsetoaCancerDrug62.Incancerdrugdevelopment,accordingtothepassage,thepharmaceuticalsnowA.areadoptingthecost-effectiveone-size-fits-allapproachB.aremovingtowardsindividualizedandtargetedtreatmentsC.areinvestingthelion'ssharesoftheirmoneyD.careonlyabouttheirprofits63.Fromtheencouragingadvancebythetwocompanies,wecaninferthatA.thedevelopmentcanbeascribedtotheirjointeffortsandcollaborationB.itwastheircompetitionthatresultedintheaccomplishmentC.otherpharmaceuticalswilljointhemintheresearchD.thefuturecancertreatmentcanbenothingbutcocktailtherapy64.Fromthelastparagraphitcanbeinferredthattheanswertothequestion_A.isnowheretobefoundB.candriveonecrazyC.canbemultipleD.isconditional65.ThetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobeA.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimistPassageTwoLiverdiseaseisthe12th-leadingcauseofdeathintheU.S.,chieflybecauseonceit'sdeterminedthatapatientneedsanewliverit'sverydifficulttogetone.Evenincasewhereasuitabledonormatchisfound,there'sguaranteeatransplantwillbesuccessful.ButresearchersatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalhavetakenahugesteptowardbuildingfunctioningliversinthelab,successfullytransplantingculture-gownliversintorats.Theliversaren'tgrownfromscratch,butratherwithintheinfrastructureofadonorliver.Thelivercellsinthedonororganarewashedoutwithadetergentthatgentlystripsawaythelivercells,leavingbehindabiologicalscaffoldofproteinsandextracellulararchitecturethatisveryhardtoduplicatesynthetically.Withallofthatcomplicatedinfrastructurealreadyinplace,theresearchersthenseededthescaffold(支架)withlivercellsisolatedfromhealthylivers,aswellassomespecialendothelialcellstolinetheboldvessels.Oncerepopulatedwithhealthycells,theseliverslivedinculturefor10days.Theteamalsotransplantedsometwo-day-oldrecellularizedliversbackintorats,wheretheycontinuedtothriveforeighthourswhileconnectedintotherats'vascularsystems.Howeverthecurrentmethodisn'tperfectandcannotseemtorepopulatethebloodvesselsquitedenselyenoughandthetransplantedliverscan'tkeepfunctioningformorethanabout24hours(hencetheeight-hourmaximumfortherattransplant)Buttheinitialsuccessesarepromising,andtheteamthinkstheycanovercomethebloodvesselproblemandgetfullyfunctioningliversintoratswithintwoyears.Itstillmightbeadecadebeforethetechhitstheclinic,butifnothinggoeshorriblywrong-andespeciallyifstem-cellresearchestablishesareliablewaytocreatehealthlivercellsfromtheeverypatientswhoneedtransplants-lab-generatedliversthatareperfectmatchesfortheirrecipientscouldbecomeareality.66.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheanimalmodelwasmainlyintendedtoA.investigatethepossibilityofgrowingbloodvesselsinthelabB.exploretheunknownfunctionsofthehumanliverC.reducetheincidenceofliverdiseaseintheU.S.D.addressthesourceoflivertransplants67Whatdoestheauthormeanwhenhesaysthattheliversaren'tgrownfromscratch?A.Themakingofabiologicalscaffoldofproteinsandextracellulararchitecture.B.Ahugesteptowardbuildingfunctioningliversinthelab.C.ThebuildingoftheinfrastructureofadonorliverD.Growinglivercellsinthedonororgan68.ThebiologicalscaffoldwasnotputintothecultureinthelabuntilA.duplicatedsyntheticallyB.isolatedfromthehealthyliverC.repopulatedwiththehealthycellsD.theadditionofsomeman-madebloodvessels69.Whatseemstobetheproblemintheplantedliver?A.Theratsaswrongrecipients.B.Thetimepointofthetransplantation.C.Theshortperiodoftherecellularization.D.Theinsufficientrepopulationofthebloodvessels.70.TheresearchteamholdshighhopesofA.creatinglab-generatedliversforpatientswithintwoyearsB.thetimetableforgeneratinghumanliversinthelabC.stem-cellresearchasthefutureofmedicineD.buildingafullyfunctioningliverintoratsPassageThreePatientswhoseeyeshavesufferedheatorchemicalburnstypicallyexperienceseveredamagetothecornea--thethin,transparentfrontoftheeyethatrefractslightandcontributesmostoftheeye'sfocusingability.Inalong-termstudy,Italianresearchersusestemcellstakenfromthelimbus,theborderbetweenthecorneaandthewhiteoftheeye,tocultivateagraftofhealthycellsinalabtohelprestorevisionineyes.Duringthe10-yearsstudy,theresearchersimplantedthehealthystemcellsintothedamagedcorneain113eyesof112patients.Thetreatmentwasfullysuccessfulinmorethan75percentofthepatients,andpartiallysuccessfulin13percent.Moreover,therestoredvisionremainedstableover10years.Successwasdefinedasanabsenceofallsymptomsandpermanentrestorationofthecornea.Treatmentoutcomewasinitiallyassessedatoneyear,withupto10yearsoffollow-upevaluations.Theprocedurewasevensuccessfulinseveralpatientswhoseburninjurieshadoccurredyearsearlierandwhohadalreadyundergonesurgery.Currenttreatmentforburnedeyesinvolvestakingstemcellsfromapatient'shealthyeye,orfromtheeyesofanotherperson,andtransferringthemtotheburnedeye.Thenewprocedure,howeverstimulatesthelimbalstemcellsfromthepatient'sowneyetoreproduceinalabculture.Severaltypesoftreatmentsusingstemcellshaveprovensuccessfulinrestoringblindness,butthelong-termeffectivenessshownhereissignificant.Thetreatmentisonlyforblindnesscausedbydamagetothecornea;itisnoteffectiveforrepairingdamagedretinasoropticnerves.Chemicaleyeburnsoftenoccurintheworkplace,butcanalsohappenduetomishapsinvolvinghouseholdcleaningproductsandautomobilebatteries.Theresultsofthestudy,basedatItaly'sUniversityofModenaandReggioEmilia,werepublishedintheJune23onlineissueoftheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.71Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Stemcellscanhelprestorevisionintheeyesblindedbyburns.B.Thevisionintheeyesblindedbyburnsfor10yearscanberestored.C.Therestoredvisionoftheburnedeyestreatedwithstemcellscanlastfor10years.D.Theburnedeyescanonlybetreatedwithstemcellsfromotherhealthypersons.72.TheItaliantechniquereportedinthispassageA.canrepairdamagedretinasB.isabletotreatdamagedopticnervesC.isespeciallyeffectiveforburninjuriesintheeyesalreadytreatedsurgicallyD.showsalong-termeffectivenessforblindnessinvisioncausedbydamagetocornea73.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedabouteyeburns?A.Theplacesinwhichpeoplework.B.Theaccidentsthatinvolveusinghouseholdcleaningproducts.C.Themishapsthatinvolvedvehiclesbatteries.D.Thedisasterscausedbybatteryexplosionathome.74.Whatisoneoftherequirementsforthecurrentapproach?A.Thestemcellstakenfromahealthyeye.B.Thepatientphysicallyhealthy.C.Thedamagedeyewithpartialvision.D.Theblindnessduetodamagedopticnerves.75.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetowardsthenewmethod?A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.PositivePassageFourHereisacharmingstatistic:dividetheUSbyrace,sexandcountyofresidence,anddifferencesinaveragelifeexpectancyacrossthevariousgroupscanexceed30years.ThemostdisadvantagedlooklikedenizensofapoorAfricancountry:aboybornonaNativeAmericanreservationinJacksonCounty,SouthDakota,forexample,willbeluckytoreachhis60thbirthday.AtypicalchildinSenegalcanexpecttolivelongerthanthat.Americaisnotaloneinthisrespect.Whilethepictureisextremeinotherrichnations,healthinequalitiesbasedonrace,sexandclassexistinmostsocieties--andareonlypartlyexplainedbyaccesstohealthcare.Butfreshinsightsandsolutionsmaysoonbeathand.AninnovativeprojectinChicagotounitesociologyandbiologyisblazingthetrail(開創(chuàng))，afterdiscoveringthatsocialisolationandfearofcrimecanhelptoexplainthealarminglyhighdeathratefrombreastcanceramongthecity'sblackwomen.Livingintheseconditionsseemstomaketumorsmoreaggressivebychanginggeneactivity,sothatcancercellscanusenutrientsmoreeffectively.Wearealreadyfamiliarwiththelethaleffectofstressonpeopleclingingtothebottomrungsofthesocietalladder,thankstopioneeringstudiesofBritishcivilservantsconductedbyMichaelMarmotofUniversityCollegeLondon.What'sexcitingabouttheChicagoprojectisthatitbothprobesthemechanismsinvolvedinaspecificdiseaseandsuggestspreciseremedies.Therearedrugsthatmaystavetumorsofnutrientsandcommunitycoordinatorscouldbeemployedtohelpreducesocialisolation.EncouragedbytheUSNationalInstitutesofHealth,similarprojectsarespringinguptostudyotherpocketsofpoorhealth,inpopulationsrangingfromurbanblackmentowhitepoorwomeninruralAppalachia.Torealizethefullpotentialofsuchprojects,biologistsandsociologistswillhavetostarttreatingoneotherwithanewrespectandlearnhowtocollaborateoutsidetheircomfortzones.Toomanybiomedicalresearchersstilltakethearrogantviewthatsociologyisa"softscience"withlittlethat'sserioustosayabouthealth.Andtoomanysociologistsrejectanybiologicalangle--fearingthattheirexpertisewillbesweptasideandthatthisapproachwillbeusedtobolsterdiscreditedtheoriesofeugenics,orcruderace-basedmedicineIt'stimetodroptheseoutdatedattitudesandworktogetherforthegoodofsociety'smostdeprivedmembers.Moreimportant,it'stimetousethisfusionofbiologyandsociologytoinformpublicpolicy.Thisendeavorhashugeimplications,notleastincuttingthewidehealthgapsbetweenblacksandwhites,richandpoor76.Asshowninthe1stparagraph,theshamingstatisticreflects-A.injusticeeverywhereB.racialdiscriminationC.agrowinglifespanD.healthinequalities77.WhichofthefollowingcanhaveanegativeimpactonhealthaccordingtotheChicago-basedproject?A.Wheretolive.B.WhichracetobelongtoC.Howtoadjustenvironmentally.D.Whatmedicalproblemtosuffer.78.TheChicago-basedprojectfocusesitsmanagementonA.aparticularmedicalproblemanditsrelatedsocialissueB.racialdiscriminationanditsrelatedsocialproblemsC.thesocialladderanditsrelatedmedicalconditionsD.aspecificdiseaseanditsmedicaltreatment78.TheChicago-basedprojectfocusesitsmanagementonA.aparticularmedicalproblemanditsrelatedsocialissueB.racialdiscriminationanditsrelatedsocialproblemsC.thesocialladderanditsrelatedmedicalconditionsD.aspecificdiseaseanditsmedicaltreatment79.Whichofthefollowingcanmostprobablyneglectedbysociologists?A.Theracialperspective.B.Theenvironmentalaspect.C.Thebiologicaldimension.D.Thepsychologicalangel.80.TheauthorisabigfanofA.thecombinationofatraditionalandnewwayofthinkinginpromotinghealthB.theintegrationofbiologistsandsociologiststoreducehealthinequalitiesC.themutualunderstandingandrespectbetweenracesD.publiceducationandhealthpromotionPassageFiveAmericanresearchersareworkingonthreeantibodiesthatmanymarkanewsteponthepathtowardanHIVvaccine,accordingtoareportpublishedonlineThursday,July8,2010,inthejournalScience.Oneoftheantibodiessuppresses91percentofHIVstrains,moret