重難點02-2閱讀七選五之說明文(新高考專用)(學(xué)生版)

重難點02-2閱讀七選五之說明文-2023年高考英語【熱點·重點·難點】專練(新高考專用)年份卷類卷別體裁題材設(shè)空位置2022年新高考I卷說明文如何尋找健身的伙伴段中設(shè)空4段尾設(shè)空1II卷說明文寫文章的技巧段首設(shè)空1段中設(shè)空4全國卷甲卷說明文外出就餐的注意事項段首設(shè)空1段中設(shè)空3段尾設(shè)空1乙卷說明文五種維系異地友誼的方法段首設(shè)空3段中設(shè)空1段尾設(shè)空12021年新高考I卷記敘文體驗巴黎當(dāng)?shù)氐纳疃问自O(shè)空1段中設(shè)空4II卷說明文提高閱讀速度的建議段首設(shè)空1段中設(shè)空2段尾設(shè)空2全國卷甲卷說明文處理舊衣物的方法段首設(shè)空1段中設(shè)空4乙卷說明文在晚會上受人關(guān)注的方法段首設(shè)空2段中設(shè)空2段尾設(shè)空1從以上統(tǒng)計看，兩年高考閱讀七選五命題以說明文體裁為最，共7篇，記敘文體裁的只考了一篇，而其他體裁則沒有涉及。就體裁方面而言，筆者以為2023年的高考仍將以說明文為主，記敘文為輔或者就考記敘文。考議論文體裁的大概率比較小，因為對于考生來說解題難度會成倍加大。典型結(jié)構(gòu)說明文常用“總分(總)”式文本結(jié)構(gòu)，由總體說明、分別說明和總結(jié)三部分構(gòu)成，這類說明文語篇多以方法、技巧、建議為內(nèi)容，說明如何做事。文章白首段往往做出總體說明，在引入文章的主題后明確說明的維度(或角度)，對全文起統(tǒng)領(lǐng)作用；接下來文章會用若干個段落，按首段中提出維度分別進(jìn)行說明，各分別說明段落之間構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，甚至段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)都有高度的一致性，即每段圍繞某一方面展開說明，段落主旨句通常位于句首，說明的方法有舉例子、分類別、作比較、列數(shù)字、下定義、作詮釋、打比方、引資料等，有時段尾還有一個總結(jié)性的句子；文章結(jié)尾用一個段落對整個文章進(jìn)行總結(jié)，與文章的首段相呼應(yīng)，但很多短小的說明文沒有結(jié)尾的總結(jié)性段落。歷年英語高考“七選五”閱讀理解說明文多采用“總分”式結(jié)構(gòu)，大多無總結(jié)性段落。理清語篇文本結(jié)構(gòu)、說明方法和邏輯關(guān)系是解答典型結(jié)構(gòu)說明文類“七選五”閱讀理解試題的關(guān)鍵。在解題時，首先要快速瀏覽全文，通過首段明確文章的說明對象；其次要理清語篇文本結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清各個段落之間的關(guān)系。如果文章有總標(biāo)題、小標(biāo)題、突出字體的主旨句、項目符等信息時，要充分利用這些信息；最后在整體理解的基礎(chǔ)上，細(xì)讀各個段落，理清段落內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和各句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，同時留意語篇文本采用的說明方法，根據(jù)設(shè)空位置判斷考點，結(jié)合上下文內(nèi)容，利用相關(guān)解題技巧(參看本系列資料的《重難點02-1閱讀七選五之設(shè)空剖析》)篩選答案。作為對《重難點02-1閱讀七選五之設(shè)空剖析》中所列舉的滿分技巧的補(bǔ)充，這里再列舉一個解題的抓手來確定答案：利用詞匯線索。1.代詞線索：英語表達(dá)中的代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，代詞的作用是指代前面提及的名詞或形容詞概念，巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系和根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異可以準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。2.同義詞/近義詞線索：英語前言后語之間往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)語甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用，這是我們解題的一個很好的判斷線索。其實就其本質(zhì)而言，上文講的代詞和下文將涉及的上下義詞和同一范疇詞都是特殊的同義/近義詞。3.上下義詞/同一范疇詞線索：上下義詞和同一范疇詞就是前者包含了后者，或可以說后者是前者的一個子集。利用前后句中這樣的特殊的同義關(guān)系常常可以很輕松地解題?！窘?jīng)典考例1】(引用原題號，以下同)(2022·全國甲卷節(jié)選)ImportantThingstoKnowWhenDiningOut...ChopstickRulesThewayyouhandlechopsticksisimportanttoavoidannoyingyourcompanions.Whenyouputthemdownbetweenbites,alwaysputthemdowntogethersotheyareparallelwiththeedgeofthetableinfrontofyou.

___37___.…MakingRequests___39___.InPortugal,thiswouldbeaseriousmistake,becauseitshowsthechefthatyoudon’tliketheirseasoningskills.Similarly,inItaly,neveraskforextracheesetoaddtoyourfood.A.ThemorefriendsyoumakeinyourlifetimeB.ThemoretimeyouspendinanygivencountryC.MexicansconsideritinappropriatetoeatwithutensilsD.Don’tgetcaughtmakinganembarrassingmistakeatarestaurantE.It’sagoodsignforthechefifyoumakeamessaroundyourplateF.NeverstickthemuprightinyourfoodorcrossthemasyouusethemG.Itmayseemlikeasimplerequesttoaskforsaltandpepperatameal【經(jīng)典考例2】(2022·新課標(biāo)II卷節(jié)選)...Thethirdtechniqueistotryprintingoutatriple—spaced(三倍行距)copytoallowspaceforrevision.___39___Asaresult,thesewritersnevergetinthehabitofcrossingoutchunks(大塊)oftheirdraftandwritingrevisionsintheblankspace.Afteryouhaverevisedyourdraftuntilitistoomessytoworkfromanymore,youcanenteryourchangesintoyourwordprocessor.___40___Theresultingblankspaceinvitesyoutorevise.A.Makesureyourhandwritingisneat.B.Letyourpenfollowthewavesofthought.C.Theseconddraftoftheessayshouldbebetter.D.Firstofall,learnthetechniqueofnonstopwriting.E.Toomanywriterstrytogettheirdraftsrightthefirsttime.F.Manybeginningwritersdon’tleaveenoughspacetorevise.G.Thenyoucanprintoutafreshdraft,againsettingyourtextontriple-space.【經(jīng)典考例3】(2015·新課標(biāo)I卷節(jié)選)___39___Ifyou’vebeenbetrayed,youarethevictimofyourcircumstance.Butthere’sadifferencebetweenbeingavictimandlivingwitha“victimmentality”.Atsomepointinallofourlives,we’llhaveourtrusttestedorviolated.A.Learntoreallytrustyourself.B.Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C.Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D.Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E.They’vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan’tbeartoletithappenagain.F.Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G.Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn’tmeanyou’reignoringwhathappened.【經(jīng)典考例4】(2014·新課標(biāo)I卷節(jié)選)Yourchildrenneedtobedeeplycurious.___37___Askkids,“Whatingredients(配料)canweaddtomakethesepancakesevenbetternexttime?”andthentrythemout.Didthoseingredientsmakethepancakesbetter?Whatcouldwetrynexttime?A.Encouragekidstocookwithyou.B.Andwecan’tforgetscienceeducation.C.Wecangivekidschancestothinkaboutmaterialsinnewways.D.Sohowcanwehelpourkidsprepareforjobsthatdon’tyetexist?E.Gardeningisanothergreatactivityforhelpingkidsdevelopthisskill.F.Wecandothisinreallifeoraskquestionsaboutcharactersinstories.G.Beingabletocommunicateideasinameaningfulwayisavaluableskill.【經(jīng)典考例5】解題全程演示我們以“2022·新課標(biāo)I卷”為例試圖演示一下完整的解題過程，供考生平時練習(xí)時參考。(2022·新課標(biāo)I卷)FitnessMagazinerecentlyrananarticletitled“FiveReasonstoThankYourWorkoutPartner.”O(jiān)nereasonwas:“You’llactuallyshowupifyouknowsomeoneiswaitingforyouatthegym,”whileanotherread:“___36___”Withaworkoutpartner,youwillincreaseyourtrainingeffortasthereisasubtle(微妙)competition.So,howdoyoufindaworkoutpartner?Firstofall,decidewhatyouwantfromthatperson.___37___Ordoyoujustwanttobephysicallyfit,abletomovewithstrengthandflexibility?Thinkabouttheexercisesyouwouldliketodowithyourworkoutpartner.Youmightthinkaboutpostingwhatyouarelookingforonsocialmedia,butitprobablywon’tresultinausefulresponse.___38___Ifyouplanonworkingoutinagym,thatpersonmustbelongtothesamegym.Mypartnerpostedherrequestonthenoticeboardofalocalpark.Hernoticeincludedwhatkindoftrainingshewantedtodo,howmanydaysaweekandhowmanyhoursshewantedtospendoneachsession,andherage.Italsolistedherfavoritesportsandactivities,andprovidedherphonenumber.___39___Youandyourpartnerwillprobablyhavedifferentskills.___40___Overtime,bothofyouwillbenefit—yourpartnerwillbeabletoliftmoreweightsandyouwillbecomemorephysicallyfit.Thecore(核心)ofyourrelationshipisthatyouwillalwaysbetheretohelpeachother.A.Yourfirstmeetingmaybealittleawkward.B.Aworkoutpartnerusuallyneedstolivecloseby.C.You’llworkharderifyoutrainwithsomeoneelse.D.Doyouwanttobeabetterathleteinyourfavoritesport?E.Howcanyouwriteagood“seekingtrainingpartner”notice?F.Justacceptyourdifferencesandlearntoworkwitheachother.G.Anynoticeforatrainingpartnershouldincludesuchinformation.一、審題“六關(guān)注”審題包括：讀原文和看選項。1.關(guān)注體裁結(jié)構(gòu)2.關(guān)注主旨大意3.關(guān)注首段首句4.關(guān)注設(shè)空位置5.關(guān)注空格前后6.關(guān)注七個選項二、解題“講技巧”(題目序號仿新高考)每篇答題時間不超過8分鐘Passage1(2022·全國高三專題練)Timemanagementisanimportantskilltocultivate.Itcanhelpyoumakethemostoutofeachday,leadingtosuccessinareaslikeworkandschool.___36___.Createtherightenvironmenttowork.Theenvironmentyouworkincanhelpwithyouroverallproductivity.Therearenostrictrulesaboutaworkenvironment,sopickwhatfeelsrightforyou.___37___.Thesefeelingswillhelpyoustayontaskandbeproductive.Listyourtasksintermsofimportance.___38___,butorganizethemalittleratherthanjustwritingdowneverythingthatneedstogetdone.Grouptasksintermsofimportance.Forexample,taskslabeled“urgent”mustbedonetoday.Taskslabeled“important,butnoturgent”areimportanttodo,butcanwait.Taskswithlabelslike“l(fā)ow-priority”canbeputoffifnecessary.___39___.Finishingcrucialtasksinthemorningwillleaveyouwithasenseofaccomplishment.Thedaywillalreadyfeellikeasuccessandagreatdealofyourstresswillberelieved.Startoffeachdaybyknockingoutthemostimportanttasksonyourlist.Donotmultitask.Manypeopleassumemultitaskingisagreatwaytogetmoredoneeachdayandmanagetimewisely.However,focusingonmultipletasksatonceactuallymakesyoulessproductive___40___.Focuscompletelyononetaskatatimeinstead.Youwillgetyourworkdonequickerthisway,allowingyoutomakethemostofyourtime.A.ReturnallyouremailsB.DoimportanttasksfirstC.To-dolistsareagreattoolD.Thingswilltakelongertodo,asyou’renotgivinganythingyourfullattentionE.Ifyoucanchooseaparticularspacetowork,chooseaspacefreeofdistractionsF.SurroundyourselfwithinspiringdecorationsthathelpyoufeelenthusiasticandpassionateG.Tomanageyourtime,useyourtimeproductivelybyworkingintherightenvironmentandprioritizingtasksPassage2(2022·四川德陽二模)Whentalkingtopeopleaboutclimatechange,youmightalwaysgetaskedthequestion:Whatcanyoudotohelpasaconsumer?Herearesomespecificstepsyoucantake:Signupforagreenpricingprogramwithyourelectricutility.Someutilitycompaniesallowhomesandbusinessestopayextraforpowerfromcleansources.Whenyouparticipateintheseprograms,you’retellingyourutilitycompanythatyou’rewillingtopaymoretoaddressclimate.___36___Withoutthatdemandsignal,theinnovationsthatgovernmentsandbusinessesinvestinwillstayintheshelf.___37___Dependingonhowmuchmoneyandtimeyoucanspare,youcanreplaceyourincandescentlightbulbswithLEDs,installasmartthermostat,insulateyourwindows,buyefficientappliances,orreplaceyourheatingandcoolingsystemwithaheatpump.Buyanelectricvehicle(EV).EVshavecomealongwayintermsofcostandperformance.Althoughtheymightnotberightforeveryone,they’rebecomingmoreaffordableformanyconsumers.___38___Peoplebuylotsofthem,companieswillmakelotsofthem.___39___.Veggieburgershaven’talwaystastedgreat.However,thenewgenerationofplant-basedproteinalternativesisbetterandclosertothetasteandtextureofmeatthantheirpredecessors.___40___.Inaddition,eatingameatsubstitutejustonceortwiceaweekwillcutdownonthee-missionsyou’reresponsiblefor.Thesamegoesfordairyproducts.A.That’scost-effective.B.Tryaplant-basedburger.C.Reduceyourhome’semissions.D.That’sanimportantmarketsignal.E.EVsarefriendlytoenvironmentandeasytodrive.F.Youcanfindtheminmanyrestaurantsandgrocerystores.G.Thisiswhereconsumers’behaviorcanhaveahugeimpact.Passage3(2022·全國高三專題練)Sayingnototherightthingswillhelpyouprioritize(優(yōu)先處理)high-benefitactivities,avoidingexcessivestress,andreducingtheriskoffailingtomeetyourresponsibilities.So,it’sbettertogetintothehabitofconsideringwhatinvitationstosayyestoandwhattosaynoto.___36___.Startbyaskingyourselfquestionstomeasurethepotentialbenefits:___37___?Whatisthelikelihoodthatitwillcreatemorebeneficialopportunitiesinthefuture?Howimportantisthisactivitytomepersonally?Or,willthisbringmejoy?___38___Howmuchofmytimewillitreallytake?Howmuchtimedoesmyschedulehaveavailablearoundwhenthisactivitywouldtakeplace?WillsayingyesmeanIcan'tsayyestosomethingelsethat'simportanttome?Willsayingyesstealtimeawayfrommypersonallife?Willthisactivitycostmoney?Howmuchstresswilltheactivitycauseme?Finally,wouldIsufferbadeffectsifIsaidno?Whenyou'redone,carefullyexaminetheadvantagesanddisadvantages.Ifyouranalysissuggeststhattheactivitywouldresultinmanybenefitsandfewcosts,thenthatshouldbeatopcandidateforayesresponse.___39___,eveniftheyarelow-costaswell.Inourexperience,it'sthehigh-benefit,high-costactivitiesthatrequirethemostcarefulconsideration.___40___,whichisn'talwayseasy-especiallyifyouranswerisno.Figuringouthowtogiveanhonestresponsecanhelpavoidovercommitmentandtimespentonlow-benefitactivities.A.HowmuchwillIlearnB.CouldyougivethispresentationC.ThenextstepismakingaresponseD.ThenaskyourselfquestionstoestimatethepossiblecostsE.Youcanachieveitbymakinganinformalcost-benefitanalysisF.Weencourageyoutodothreethingstoimproveyour“no”abilitiesG.Onthecontrary,low-benefitactivitiesmightbegivenastraightnoPassage4(2022·福建廈門大學(xué)附屬科技中學(xué)高三期中)Technologyisheretostay.___1___.However,theyareoftenunsureonhowtohelpchildrenusetechnologyresponsiblyandkeepabalancebetweenonlineandofflinetime.Herearesometips.HaveadevicecontractHavingadeviceusagecontractallowsparentsandchildrentoworkthroughwhatresponsibletechnologyusagelookslikeinyourfamilyandensurethateveryoneisaware.___2___.Kidsare