雨水管理措施

SCMs:Effectiveness,Evaluation,andApprovals

雨水管理措施(SCMs)：效益、評估、認(rèn)可Background

背景信息Stormwateragrowingproblem雨水管理日益棘手Stateandfederalrequirementsdevelopedtoaddressstormwaterimpacts州級和聯(lián)邦的雨水管理要求陸續(xù)出臺以解決雨水的影響ResearchanddevelopmentofnewSCMshasincreased針對雨水管理措施的研究和開發(fā)持續(xù)增長MTDs制造處理裝置LID低影響開發(fā)Forsomecommunities,therehasbeengapbetweenexpectedandactualperformance一些社區(qū)雨水設(shè)計的預(yù)期與實際性能有所差距UsersofSCMsneedreliableinformationontheirperformanceandmaintenancerequirementsSCMs的使用者需要關(guān)于性能以及維護要求的準(zhǔn)確信息CoreIssues

核心問題Wearelookingtoapplysimpleregulationsandstandardstoaverycomplexissue希望通過實施簡單規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解決負(fù)責(zé)的問題PercentRemovals去除率Theregulatoristhegatekeeper規(guī)則制定者是守護者Haveandfollowaprocess掌握并遵循某個流程Setthebarandleveltheplayingfield制定所有人都應(yīng)遵守的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Whataboutaccountability問責(zé)制度DesignEngineer工程師Manufacturer生產(chǎn)者Contractor建造者ProgramstoVerifyandCertifyPerformance

性能驗證及認(rèn)證程序Objectives目標(biāo)ProvideforverificationofSCMperformancethatmeetsrealisticanddefinedgoalsspecifictotheirwaterquality/quantityandoperationalissues驗證SCM設(shè)施的實際性能是否達(dá)到設(shè)計目標(biāo)和預(yù)期，由其是水質(zhì)/水量和運行方面Provideforalevelplayingfieldwithprotocolsandstandardstoinsuredefensibilityandscientificmethod制定所有設(shè)計人員應(yīng)遵守的設(shè)計規(guī)范及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，保證設(shè)計和科學(xué)方法的可靠性AgenciesarestrugglingwithhowtoreviewandacceptSCMs相關(guān)部門苦惱于如何檢驗和驗收SCMs設(shè)施Lackorexpertiseorresourcestoreview缺乏有經(jīng)驗的專家或資源進行審核Noprocessesinplace沒有具體驗收流程Manyagenciesareadoptingoracceptingnationallyrecognizedprograms已有許多部門采用或接受國家認(rèn)證的驗證程序USOrganizations

美國相關(guān)領(lǐng)域組織ASCEEWRIManufacturedTreatmentDeviceCommittee美國土木工程師協(xié)會環(huán)境與水資源分會下屬的制造處理裝置委員會ASTMC-70美國試驗材料學(xué)會(ASTM)C-70WaterEnvironmentResearchFoundation(WERF)InternationalBMPDatabase水環(huán)境研究基金會(WERF)國際最佳管理措施(BMP)數(shù)據(jù)庫WaterEnvironmentFederation水環(huán)境聯(lián)盟ChesapeakeBayFoundation切薩皮克灣基金會（弗吉尼亞州環(huán)保組織）InterstateTechnologyResearchCouncil(ITRC)州際科技研究委員會CouncilofECOS(EnvironmentalCouncilofStates)國家環(huán)境委員會SWEMA(StormwaterEquipmentManufacturersAssociation)雨水設(shè)備生產(chǎn)商協(xié)會(SWEMA)ASCEEWRI

ManufacturedTreatmentDevicesCommittee

美國土木工程師協(xié)會環(huán)境與水資源研究所雨水處理設(shè)備委員會

SubCommittees委員會分支LaboratoryTesting(HDS,Scourtesting,SSCremoval)實驗室測試（水力分離器、沖刷測試、SSC去除）Scaling(SLR) 制定尺寸

FieldTesting 現(xiàn)場測試DataEvaluation 數(shù)據(jù)評估DataReportingStandards數(shù)據(jù)報告標(biāo)準(zhǔn)MaintenanceMonitoring 維護和監(jiān)測ReportisinFinalEditandReview報告已在最后修訂審核階段ASTMC-70

美國試驗材料學(xué)會(ASTM)C-70Developingstandardsandmethodsforlabtestingofhydrodynamicseparators制定水力分離器的實驗室測試標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及方法MethodfortestingSSCremovalSSC去除測試方法Methodfortestingofwashout沖刷測試方法StandardforsettingallowableerrorinPSDdistributions顆粒大小分布可接受誤差標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Somearenearingcompletion部分接近完成WaterEnvironmentResearchFoundation(WERF)

水環(huán)境研究基金會InternationalBMPdatabase國際最佳管理措施(BMP)數(shù)據(jù)庫NowacceptingindependentlyverifiedfieldstudiesofMTDs,includingNJCATandTAPEfieldstudies目前接受MTDs研究的獨立認(rèn)證，包括新澤西州高級技術(shù)公司(NJCAT)和華盛頓州技術(shù)評估規(guī)范(TAPE)ManagedbyWrightWaterEngineers由Wright水資源工程師管理Inclusionintothedatabaseisnotanapprovalorregulatorybased數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)所收集的數(shù)據(jù)并不需要許可VerificationProgramsintheUnitedStates

美國認(rèn)證程序TechnologyAcceptanceReciprocityPartnership(TARP)技術(shù)驗收互惠合作伙伴NewJerseyCorporationforAdvancedTechnology(NJCAT)新澤西州高級技術(shù)公司W(wǎng)ashingtonState’sTechnologyAssessmentProtocol-Ecology(TAPE)華盛頓州技術(shù)評估規(guī)范GeorgiaTechnologyAssessmentProgram(GTAP)佐治亞科技評估項目NorthCarolinaPreliminaryEvaluationProgram(NCPEP)南卡羅萊納初級評估項目

VirginiaTechnologyAssessmentProtocol(VTAP)program弗吉尼亞科技評估規(guī)范項目MassachusettsStormwaterTechnologyEvaluationProject(MASTEP)麻州雨水技術(shù)評估項目DataUseandInterpretation

數(shù)據(jù)使用及解釋Verification驗證TheuseoftestingandevaluationthroughemploymentofspecificproceduresprovidedbyanentityrepresentingtheSCMtoconfirmitsperformanceascomparedtoresultsprovidedbytheSCMentity.Thisisassumedtobeperformedbyanindependentthird-partytoprovideobjectivityandcredibility.采用指定的驗證程序?qū)τ晁夹g(shù)進行測試和評估，與SCM設(shè)計單位提供的結(jié)果進行對比。驗證程序應(yīng)由第三方機構(gòu)獨立完成，以達(dá)到客觀性和可信度。Certification認(rèn)證TheapprovalofanSCMbasedupontestingandevaluationefforts.ThisapprovalprovidesassurancethattheSCMwillperformtoalevelthatisdeemedsufficientbythecertifyingagencyorgroup.Theseprogramsalsomaystipulateconditionsofapproval,suchassizing,landuseorstructuralelements.對通過測試和評估的SCM予以批準(zhǔn)。通過認(rèn)證則說明SCM的性能能夠達(dá)到委員會規(guī)定的性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。認(rèn)證程序還規(guī)定了的各種符合認(rèn)證的條件，如大小、土地性質(zhì)或結(jié)構(gòu)元素等。NJCATVerification

NJCAT認(rèn)證Verifies:Methods 方法Data 數(shù)據(jù)Statistics 統(tǒng)計PerformanceClaims性能Thereisnocertificationrelativetostormwatertreatment!沒有任何與雨水處理相關(guān)的認(rèn)證！StateofNewJersey(NJDEP)ProcessforStormwaterTreatmentBMPCertification

新澤西州雨水處理BMP認(rèn)證程序HydrodynamicSeparators水力分離器Performancetesting性能測試50%TSSremovalofdesignatedPSD指定PSD達(dá)到50%總懸浮固體去除率ScourTesting沖刷測試<20mg/latdesignflow設(shè)計流量<20mg/lScaling(SLR)制定尺寸Filterperformanceandloadtesting過濾器性能及負(fù)荷測試80%TSSremovalofNJCATPSDNJCATPSD達(dá)到80%總懸浮固體去除率LoadtestingwithSilcia負(fù)荷測試SWEMAInvolvementFinalCertificationbyNJDEPNJDEP頒布雨水設(shè)備生產(chǎn)協(xié)會參與最終認(rèn)證

ASSISTANCE?RESEARCH?TRAINING1WashingtonStateTechnologyAssessmentProtocol–Ecology(TAPE)華盛頓州技術(shù)評估規(guī)范WhatisTAPE?

什么是TAPE?TAPEisprocessforapprovingemergingandproprietarytechnologies TAPE是批準(zhǔn)新興和專利技術(shù)的程序Application 申請Monitoring 監(jiān)測Peerreview 同行業(yè)審核Approval 批準(zhǔn)14CurrentTAPEProgram

現(xiàn)階段TAPE程序TreatmentRequirementsPretreatment(TSS) Basic(TSS) Enhanced(DissolvedCopperandZinc)PhosphorusOil15處理要求預(yù)處理（總懸浮物）基礎(chǔ)處理（總懸浮物）高級處理（溶解銅和鋅）磷油類CurrentTAPEProgram

現(xiàn)階段TAPE程序ThreeUseLevelDesignations(ULDs)三個使用級別Pilot(PULD) 試點使用級別5installationsallowed 允許安裝5套設(shè)備Allinstallationmustbemonitored 所有裝置必須監(jiān)測Conditional(CULD) 有條件使用級別10installationsallowed 允許安裝10套設(shè)備1installationmustbemonitored 1套裝置必須監(jiān)測General(GULD) 普通使用級別Unlimitednumberofinstallation沒有數(shù)量限制Nomonitoring 不需要監(jiān)測16CurrentTAPEProgram

現(xiàn)階段TAPE程序BoardofExternalReviewers(BER)外部審核委員會StormwaterexpertsfromacrosstheUnitedStates全美雨水管理專家StakeholdersAdvisoryGroup(SAG)相關(guān)利益者咨詢小組StormwaterprofessionalsfromgovernmentagenciesthroughoutWashingtonStateandtheCityofPortland,OR來自華盛頓州及波特蘭市政府機構(gòu)的雨水專家17RigorousFieldTesting

嚴(yán)格的實地測試18ReceiveP/CULD收到P/CULDBERReviewBER審查FindPotentialFieldSite尋找適合的場地EvaluateSite評估場地FinalizeSite確認(rèn)場地PrepareQAPP準(zhǔn)備QAPPSubmitApp.提交申請BERReviewBER審查QAPPApprovedQAPP批準(zhǔn)FieldEvaluation實地評估PrepareTER準(zhǔn)備TERReceiveGULD收到GULDBERReviewBER審查~3years歷時約3年RigorousFieldTesting

嚴(yán)格的實地測試QualityAssuranceProjectPlanQualityObjectivesExperimentaldesignSamplingproceduresDatamanagementQualitycontrolDataverificationandvalidation19項目質(zhì)量規(guī)劃質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試驗設(shè)計取樣過程數(shù)據(jù)管理質(zhì)量把控數(shù)據(jù)論證RigorousFieldTesting

嚴(yán)格的實地測試ContinuousflowmonitoringInfluent,effluent,andbypassPaceautomatedsamplersConfirmmaintenancecycleEvaluatehowperformancevaries20不間斷流量監(jiān)測入水、出水、繞流自動取樣確認(rèn)維護周期分析設(shè)備的波動情況RigorousFieldTesting

嚴(yán)格的實地測試WasterqualitysamplingMinimumof12samplesPairedinfluentandeffluentFlow-weightedcompositesamples21水質(zhì)取樣樣本數(shù)不低于12份入水出水同時取樣配對流量加權(quán)綜合樣品PerformanceTargets

目標(biāo)22Parameter參數(shù)InfluentRange入水流量范圍Goal處理目標(biāo)Totalsuspendedsolids總懸浮固體20–100mg/LEffluent<20mg/L100–200mg/L>80percentremovalDissolved

Copper

溶解銅0.005–0.02mg/L>30percentremovalDissolvedZinc溶解鋅0.02–0.3mg/L>60percentremovalTotalphosphorus總磷0.1–0.5mg/L>50percentremovalCurrentTAPEProgram

現(xiàn)階段TAPE程序Currentlyabout20treatmenttechnologiesactiveintheTAPEprogram,atvariousstages:目前約有20種處理技術(shù)活躍在TAPE，并處于不同階段Initialapplication 初期申請QAPPbeingreviewed 通過QAPP審核Monitoringunderway 接受監(jiān)測TERbeingreviewed 正在接受TER審核16technologieswithacurrentGULD16種技術(shù)具有GULD認(rèn)證23FutureofTAPE

TAPE的未來TAPEapprovalacceptedinvariousmunicipalitiesaroundthecountry美國多座城市接受TAPE認(rèn)證Amodelforanationalcertificationprotocol–StormwaterTestingandEvaluationforProductsandPractices(STEPP)全國認(rèn)證規(guī)范的榜樣–雨水管理措施及產(chǎn)品測試及評估(STEPP)24Nationallyrecognizedtestingprotocol認(rèn)可測試規(guī)范的城市ExamplesofApprovedTechnologies

已通過認(rèn)證的技術(shù)舉例25FilterraStormFilterAquaSwirlModularWetlandSystem模塊化濕地系統(tǒng)What’sNew?WEF/WERF水環(huán)境聯(lián)盟/水環(huán)境研究基金會StormwaterCommitteelookingatapossiblenationalverificationprogram雨水管理委員會正在籌備一項全國范圍的認(rèn)證程序EPAcollaboration與美國環(huán)境保護署合作WaterEnvironmentFederation(WEF)isatechnical,not-for-profitwhosegoalistopreserveandprotecttheintegrityofthewaterenvironment水環(huán)境聯(lián)盟是一個技術(shù)性非營利機構(gòu)，它的目標(biāo)是保護水環(huán)境的完整性80+yearsold,historicallytiedtowastewatersector–butis,andhasbeen,changingtoincludestormwater成立至今超過80多年，歷史上曾與廢水處理領(lǐng)域緊密相關(guān)–然而它已經(jīng)并仍然在改變，如今已經(jīng)將雨水納入研究范疇Knownforannualevent(WEFTEC),periodical(WE&T)andjournal(WER),andnowthe

WEFStormwaterCongress水環(huán)境聯(lián)盟技術(shù)展會(WEFTEC)，以及其發(fā)行等《水環(huán)境與技術(shù)(WE&T)》、《水環(huán)境研究(WER)》學(xué)術(shù)期刊享譽業(yè)界。TheChallenge

Manufacturer’sPerspective

生產(chǎn)商面對的挑戰(zhàn)Currentapproachtotechnologytestingandverificationisbarriertoinnovationandmarketentry現(xiàn)有的測試與認(rèn)證的過程對于技術(shù)的革新和市場的開拓來說是不小的阻礙Patchworkofprograms一窩蜂般的驗證程序或缺乏相關(guān)程序

orlackofprogramsDownwardspiralInconsistent/non-uniform各個驗證程序之間不統(tǒng)一programsCostlytesting 測試成本高Timeintensive 時間有限TheChallenge

RegulatoryPerspective

管理者面對的挑戰(zhàn)Lackofindependenttestingreducesmyconfidenceintechnologyperformance缺少針對技術(shù)性能的獨立測試使管理者對產(chǎn)品缺乏信息Confusinginformation 信息混亂Unverifiedtechnology 技術(shù)沒有接受認(rèn)證Needforalevelplayingfield 需要針對所有人Needforabar 需要規(guī)則Settingperformancegoals

制定目標(biāo)Past/ExistingPrograms

過去/現(xiàn)在的程序State/Regionaltestingprogramshavesurfacedtoattempttoaddress州/地方的各種測試程序正在盡力解決這些問題TAPE,NJCAT,VTAP,GTAP,TARP,ETV,others…以上提到的TAPE,NJCAT,VTAP,GTAP,TARP,ETV等一系列認(rèn)證Past/Existing

Programs

過去/現(xiàn)在的程序Resultsofprogramshavebeenmixed各個程序之間的結(jié)果混在一起Fundingisbigissue尋找資金困難Localsmaynotagreewithstateprogram地方不一定接受州的認(rèn)證程序Geographiclimitationsstillexist地理局限依舊存在Programsuseinconsistenttestingrequirementsandprocesses各個認(rèn)證程序?qū)y試的要求和過程不一致Entropicprocesses落伍的驗證過程But….然而…WhoisInvested?

邀請了誰？Stakeholdergroups:利益相關(guān)團體：Productmanufacturers–

profits,success,innovation產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)廠家–利潤、成果、創(chuàng)新Regulators(EPA)–reducedcosts管理者（環(huán)保署）

–

降低成本Public/municipalsector–reliableperformance公眾/民間部門–良好的性能Existingprograms–impacts,reciprocity現(xiàn)有認(rèn)證程序–影響、互惠Consultants–clientneed咨詢公司–業(yè)主需求Developers–moreoptions,betterdesigns開發(fā)商–更多的選擇和更好的設(shè)計STEPPWorkgroup

雨水管理措施及產(chǎn)品測試及評估(STEPP)工作組FormedStormwaterTestingandEvaluationforProductandPractices(STEPP)workgroupinspring,2013STEPP成立于2013年春季Consistsofapproximately50membersfromstakeholdercommunity包括50多個來自相關(guān)利益團體的成員Investigatedanationalprogram–whitepaper調(diào)查研究了一項國家級項目–公布白皮書FollowupmeetingatWEFStormwaterCongress2014后續(xù)會議2014水環(huán)境聯(lián)盟雨水大會Goto/STEPPformoreinformation更多詳情請查閱/STEPPSTEPPWhitePaper

STEPP白皮書Status狀態(tài)FinalizeddocumentonFebruary6,20142014年2月6日完稿24document,well-referenced共24頁，附完整參考文獻(xiàn)HeldwebcastonSTEPPonMarch5,20142014年3月5日舉行網(wǎng)絡(luò)直播STEPP公布過程Over750registrants超過750人登記Paperandwebcastareavailableforfreeat:/STEPPalsoaspartoftheproceeding白皮書及網(wǎng)絡(luò)公布視頻可在以上網(wǎng)址免費觀看WhitePaperResults

白皮書結(jié)論Nationalprogramisneededandfeasible國家認(rèn)證程序是必要的、有可行性的EngagementwithEPAneeded需要環(huán)保署(EPA)的參與Engagementwithstates/groupsneeded需要政府/相關(guān)組織的參與Establishsustainablebusinessplan提出可持續(xù)發(fā)展的商業(yè)計劃Proprietary/publicdomainshouldbecovered覆蓋私人/公眾Distributedocumentwidely將文件廣泛傳播NextSteps….

接下來…Movingbeyondinvestigatoryphase調(diào)查階段之后Developasustainablebusinessplan提出可持續(xù)發(fā)展的商業(yè)計劃Programarchitectureoptions構(gòu)架Stakeholderengagement利益相關(guān)者的參與States,MS4s,regulators,researchers,etc.政府、市政雨污分離系統(tǒng)（MS4s），管理部門、研究機構(gòu)等ASCEUWRRC美國土木工程師協(xié)會城市水資源委員會WERFInternationalBMPdatabase水環(huán)境研究基金會(WERF)國際最佳管理措施(BMP)數(shù)據(jù)庫ASTMlaboratorystandards美國試驗材料學(xué)會實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)LearningFromthePrograms

從項目中學(xué)習(xí)DefinitionsofParameters 參數(shù)定義MonitoringandSampleCollection 監(jiān)測及樣品采集DataAnalysis 數(shù)據(jù)分析Reporting 報告DefinitionsofParameters:TSS

參數(shù)定義：總懸浮物(TSS)

TSSisthemostregulatedpollutant總懸浮物是最常見的規(guī)范控制污染物TSSmethodsweredevelopedforwastewaterandmaynotbewhollyrepresentativeforstormwater總懸浮物的控制方法都是從污水中得來的，對雨水不一定適用TSSisonlyafractionofthesolidsbeingtransportedinstormwaterrunoff總懸浮物僅僅是雨水徑流中的部分固體TSSIssues

總懸浮物問題Definition定義ParticleSizeDistribution顆粒分布SpecificGravity比重TVSSandTSS揮發(fā)性懸浮物和總懸浮物AnalyticalProcedures分析步驟Partialvs.WholeVolumeSampling(TSSvs.SSC)部分取樣vs整體取樣（SSC=SuspendedSedimentConcentration）Fugitivesolids沒有測到的固體Organics/Decomposition有機物/分解CleanSites清潔現(xiàn)場UpperLimits上限#200Sieve(70um)WERFandASCEresearch水環(huán)境研究協(xié)會及土木工程師協(xié)會研究MonitoringandSampleCollection;ProjectManagement

監(jiān)測及取樣;項目管理EngageallofthestakeholdersDefineexpectationsDevelopaProjectPlanConditionsandDefinitionsProjectDescriptionQualityAssurancePlanDataCollectionPhaseStormtrackingEquipmentmaintenanceLaboratoryAuditsQA/QCQuarterlyReporting所有利益相關(guān)團體都應(yīng)參與明確特殊情況提出項目計劃條件和定義項目說明品質(zhì)保證計劃數(shù)據(jù)采集階段雨水資料追蹤設(shè)備維護實驗室監(jiān)督品質(zhì)管理

季度報告MethodQualityObjectives–InsuringGoodScienceandObjectivity

方法質(zhì)量目標(biāo)–確?？茖W(xué)和SolidProjectPlanwithaQAPP QAPP認(rèn)證的項目計劃Independentsamplecollection 獨立采樣Remoteinstrumentprogramming 遠(yuǎn)程操作Independentorauditedsamplecollection 獨立采樣監(jiān)督TechnicalAdvisor 技術(shù)顧問SiteVisit 場地勘踏Datareview 數(shù)據(jù)審核SplittingAudits 監(jiān)督Reportreview 報告評審Allthedata 數(shù)據(jù)WQ 水質(zhì)Flow 流量Peerreviewedreporting 同行評審報告Reportsreviewedbyallstakeholders

所有利益相關(guān)團體評審報告DataCollection

數(shù)據(jù)采集Laboratory實驗室Advantages優(yōu)點Rapidscreeningofperformance迅速對性能進行篩查

Highlycontrolledtestconditions測試環(huán)境被嚴(yán)格控制Disadvantages

缺點Resultsmaynotberepresentativeofactualsystemperformanceinthefield 測試結(jié)果可能不足以代表系統(tǒng)的實際性能Particlesize 粒徑Scaling

大小DataCollection

數(shù)據(jù)采集Field實地Advantages優(yōu)點Obtaindataunder“realworld”conditions在“真實場景”下獲取數(shù)據(jù)Disadvantages缺點Datacollectioncanbemorecomplexandexpensive采集過程可能更復(fù)雜且成本高昂Safety操作安全I(xiàn)nconsistentweather天氣條件不穩(wěn)定Maybedifficulttoextrapolateresultstoothertestlocations比其他測試地點更難得出結(jié)果Particlesize 粒徑Rainfallpatterns 降雨FieldStudies

現(xiàn)場研究VeryExpensive 昂貴TakesTime! 費時HighDegreeofExpertise 需要專業(yè)人士ConfusingData 數(shù)據(jù)混亂NullOutcomes 無結(jié)果AbsolutelyRequired 絕對需要MonitoringBuildingBlocks

監(jiān)測模塊MonitoringObjectives監(jiān)測目標(biāo)MonitoringApproach監(jiān)測方法Resources&Constraints資源&限制SiteCharacteristics場地特征MonitoringObjectives監(jiān)測目標(biāo)BMPEvaluationBMP評估FlowReduction 降低流量WaterQuality(TreatmentEfficiency)

水質(zhì)（處理效率）LoadReduction 降低污染物負(fù)荷

EventLoad 事件負(fù)荷AnnualLoad 年負(fù)荷TERReport TER報告

WatershedMonitoring流域監(jiān)測

Flow 流量WaterQuality 水質(zhì)ArealLoading 區(qū)域負(fù)荷Landusecorrelations用地性質(zhì)InformManagementDecisions

告知管理決定SiteCharacteristics場地特征BMPType BMP類型WatershedLandUse流域用地類型HydraulicConditions水利條件Backwater? 回水？Low/HighFlow 低/高流量FlowRouting 流量演算Bedload/SuspendedLoad?底泥/懸浮物負(fù)荷？Head(EPArecommends2ft/spumpvelocity)水頭（EPA推薦泵流速為2英尺/秒）

Accessibility 輔助Vandalism? 是否存在破壞？Proximity(Telemetry?)接近性（遙測技術(shù)？）PrivateProperty? 私人土地？

Safety 安全Resources&Constraints資源與限制FundingWindow資金籌備e.g.fundingfor2yearsofmonitoring如籌備兩年監(jiān)測的資金

Climate氣候Dry/WetYear?旱/澇年？SeasonalWindow季節(jié)交替期間

LaboratoryHours實驗室開放時間ClosedWeekends 周末不開放

FieldTechHours實地測試時間ClosedWeekends 周末不開放

EquipmentBudget設(shè)備預(yù)算

Autosampling 自動采樣裝置GrabSampling 簡單取樣Continuousflow? 不間斷流量？MonitoringApproach監(jiān)測方法SelectEquipment 選擇設(shè)備StormCharacteristics降雨特征MinimumDepth 最小降雨深度AntecedentDryPeriod歷史干旱時期MaximumDuration 最長持續(xù)時間

SampleCollectionGoals樣品采集目標(biāo)MinimumAnnualSamples 最少年采樣數(shù)MinimumStormAliquots 最小降雨等分Auto-compositeStormCoverage自動組合降雨MeanorPeakConcentrations?平均或峰值濃度

SeasonalorEventFirstFlush?

季節(jié)性或降雨事件初期徑流？WriteQAPP 撰寫QAPPMonitoringBuildingBlocks

監(jiān)測模塊MonitoringObjectives監(jiān)測目標(biāo)MonitoringApproach監(jiān)測方法Resources&Constraints資源和限制SiteCharacteristics場地特征Execution執(zhí)行QualityMonitoring質(zhì)量監(jiān)測GrabSampling簡單采樣SequentialAutosampling連續(xù)自動采樣CompositeAutosampling混合自動采樣DataSondes數(shù)據(jù)反演EstimatingConcentration濃度估算

MonitoringQuality

質(zhì)的監(jiān)測GrabSampling簡單采樣Pros:優(yōu)點Simple簡單Widelyapplicable應(yīng)用范圍廣Cons:缺點Samplerpresence需要人工操作MonitoringQuality

質(zhì)的監(jiān)測Auto-samplers自動采樣Sigma-HachISCOPros:優(yōu)點Automatic全自動Compositesampling組合取樣Cons:缺點Holdingtimeissues存在操作時間問題Pronetoerror容易產(chǎn)生誤差GlobalWaterEstimatingConcentration

濃度估算

QTimeTSSTHREEPRIMARYMETHODS三種初級方法-Grabsamplinggivesaccurateconcentrationforapointintime簡單采樣方法在特定時間點具有較高準(zhǔn)確性-Compositeautosamplinggivesestimateofaveragestormconcentration組合取樣可給出平均降雨濃度估算-Auto-sequentialsamplingdoesboth自動連續(xù)取樣可同時做到以上兩項EstimatingAverageConcentration

平均濃度估算QTimeStormvolume=1300cf降雨量=1300立方英尺（合約36.8立方米）Pacing=100cf測距

=100立方英尺（合約2.83立方米）Flow-WeightedCompositeSampling流量加權(quán)組合取樣QTimeStormvolume=1300cf降雨量=1300立方英尺（合約36.8立方米）Pacing=1hour測距

=1小時Time-WeightedCompositeSampling時間加權(quán)組合取樣EstimatingAverageConcentration

平均濃度估算MonitoringQuality

質(zhì)的監(jiān)測DataSondes數(shù)據(jù)反演Pros:優(yōu)點Automatic全自動Multiplefieldparameters多個實地參數(shù)Cons:缺點Fouling 污染Calibration校率~$6,000QuantityMonitoring數(shù)量監(jiān)測RatingCurve標(biāo)定曲線MonitoringQuality

質(zhì)的監(jiān)測RatingCurve標(biāo)定曲線LowTech=lowerror低科技=低誤差

Widelyapplicable–streams,pipes,theMississippi應(yīng)用廣泛–溪流、管道、密西西比河Needtocapturepeakevent需要捕捉峰值

Willnotworkinbackwaterconditions

無法在回水情況下工作Shiftsoccurinchannels在河道中可能出現(xiàn)移位Pros優(yōu)點Cons缺點MonitoringQuality

質(zhì)的監(jiān)測HandheldVelocity手持速度Breakchannelintocells(10%flowineach)將河道分為多干段MeasureQat6/10depthunder2feet在2英尺下6/10處測量QUseregular,straightreach在常規(guī)、較直的河段測量RatingCurve標(biāo)定曲線MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測Q=VAV=k/n(R2/3S1/2)K=unitconversionn=roughnesscoefficientR=hydraulicradiusS=slopeMonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測Manning’sEquation曼寧方程N=0.024N=0.036N=0.057N=0.073Manning’sN曼寧系數(shù)MaterialManningnMaterialManningnMetals:Brass0.011SmoothSteel0.012CastIron0.013CorrugatedMetal0.022Non-Metals:CorrugatedPolyethylene(PE)withsmoothinnerwalls0.009-0.015CorrugatedPolyethylene(PE)withcorrugatedinnerwalls0.018-0.025PolyvinylChloride(PVC)withsmoothinnerwalls0.009-0.011Glass0.01FinishedConcrete0.012ClayTile0.014UnfinishedConcrete0.014Brickwork0.015Gravel0.029Asphalt0.016Earth0.025Masonry0.025PlanedWood0.012

UnplannedWood0.013Manning’sN曼寧系數(shù)EasiestMethod最簡單的測量方法Inaccuratewithoutcalibration測量結(jié)果在無校率時不準(zhǔn)確

Willnotworkinbackwaterconditions無法在回水情況下工作

Learningcurve學(xué)習(xí)曲線Pros優(yōu)點Cons缺點Manning’sEquation曼寧方程MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測WhenflowisforcedThroughadefinedgeometryauniquerelationshipdevelopsbetweendepthandVelocity當(dāng)水流被強制流經(jīng)某個人工設(shè)計的幾何形渠道時，深度和流速之間會產(chǎn)生獨特的關(guān)系Flumes水槽MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測Veryaccurate精確度高Abletopasssediment可以繞過底泥Sometypescanhandlesubmergedflow一些水槽可以測試潛流Difficulttouseinpipes難以在管道中應(yīng)用Sizingcanbedifficult尺寸不易制定Difficultinstallation安裝過程較難Willnotworkinbackwater回水情況下無法工作Certainapplicationscanbeexpensive某些設(shè)備費用昂貴

Pros優(yōu)點Cons缺點Flumes水槽MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測Rectangular長方形Highflows高流量V-notchV型堰Lowflows低流量Thel-MarIn-pipeflowsLowflowsMonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測Weirs堰Inexpensive 價格低廉Easytoinstall 安裝簡單Canbeusedinpipes 可用于管道內(nèi)Cloggingcanbeanissue 瘀堵Cannotpasssediment 無法繞過底泥Cannotbesubmerged 無法淹沒在水下Willnotworkinbackwater 回水時期無法工作

Pros優(yōu)點Cons缺點Weirs堰MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測

Q=VxAPressuretransducermeasuresstage(A)AcousticDopplermeasuresVelocity(V)Area-VelocityMeters面積-速度計MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測

Onlygaugethatwillworkinbackwater唯一可以在回水情況中使用的測量計Easytoinstall!! 安裝簡單！！Canbeusedinpipes 可用于管道內(nèi)Willnotperformwellinlowflows低流量時期表現(xiàn)不佳Cannotpasssediment無法繞過底泥Alwaysusewithlowflowdam需要和低流量水壩一起使用Donotperformaswellinchannels在渠道內(nèi)表現(xiàn)不佳

Pros優(yōu)點Cons缺點MonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測

Area-VelocityMeters面積-速度計TippingBucketGauging翻斗雨量計HydrologicalServicesTB1-LThemostaccurateandReliablegaugeyoucanbuy.目前市面上可以買到的最精確的測量器Onlyworksfrom0-0.015cfs工作流量0-0.015cfsMonitoringQuantity

量的監(jiān)測

PrecipitationMonitoring降雨監(jiān)測PrecipitationMonitoringThreeTypeofAutomatedGauges三種自動雨量計WeighingGauge 重量OpticalGauge 光學(xué)測量計TippingBucketGauge 翻斗雨量計InstallationConsiderations

安裝注意事項Asfarfromobstaclesastheyarehigh需要架高5feetabovetheground高于地面5英尺Mustbelevel必須水平BirdsandSpidersareyouenemy防止鳥類和蜘蛛靠近你的設(shè)備DataManagement:IndividualStormReport

數(shù)據(jù)管理：單場雨報告DQOs:StormEventQualification

DQOs:降雨事件資格4of21EventsQualify,2ofthe4hadverylowinfluentconc.21個事件中只有4個符合要求，其中2個進水濃度非常低EvaluatingPerformance:DataAnalysis

性能評估：數(shù)據(jù)分析SummaryStatisticsLinearRegressionLoadsvs.concentrationsEffluentProbabilityMethodPerformanceExpectationFunctions匯總統(tǒng)計線性回歸法負(fù)荷相對于濃度出水概率方法性能期望值函數(shù)SummaryStatistics統(tǒng)計總結(jié)Source: CaliforniaStormwaterQualityAssociation;StormwaterBestManagementPracticeHandbook;NewDevelopmentandRedevelopment,2003InformationislostFlowrelativetodesignInfluentconcentrationsParticlesizedistributions缺失的信息流量與設(shè)計之間的聯(lián)系入水濃度粒徑分布LinearRegression

線性回歸法Canworkverywell效果非常好Influentvs.effluentisnotnecessarilylinearordependent進水對于出水并不一定是線性或從屬的Needagoodspreadinthedataforgoodresult數(shù)據(jù)需要良好的展開已得到好的結(jié)果EffluentProbabilityMethod

出水概率方法PowerfulvisualmethodtoassessPerformanceoverawiderangeofpollutants強大的可視化的方法來評估去除各種污染物的性能RecommendedmethodbytheASCEMonitoringManualASCE監(jiān)測手冊推薦方法Assumeslog-normaldistributionofdata假設(shè)對數(shù)正態(tài)分布Doesnotusepairedsamples不采用配對樣本Besttohavealotofdatapoints最好有很多數(shù)據(jù)MaytodifficulttouseonaprogrammaticbasistoestablishifaBMPdoesordoesnotmeetprogrammaticcriteria.如果一個BMP沒有或不滿足程式化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可能很難應(yīng)用于建立程式化為基礎(chǔ)的評估UrbanStormwaterBMPPerformanceMonitoringManualChapter7January2009Loadvs.ConcentrationDoEMC’snecessarilyrepresentBMPperformance?SmoothingofremovalefficienciesunderestimateperformanceathigherconcentrationsCoarserandheavierparticlesrepresenthighmassloadswhichoverestimatesperformanceAnnualLoadReduction

年負(fù)荷削減Ahighannualloadreductiondoesnotnecessarilymeancleanwater高年負(fù)荷削減并不代表水就清潔OnestormtransportsamassiveloadwhileEMC’sremainhigh一場暴雨輸送來大量的負(fù)荷而EMC’s本來就很高Alowannualloadreductiondoesnotnecessarilymeanpoorperformance低年負(fù)荷削減并不代表性能不好CleanSites現(xiàn)場本來就干凈PercentRemoval

去除率Highpercentremovalsdonotguaranteegoodperformance高去除率不保證性能好HeavysandparticlescanskewdatawhileeffluentEMCswithsiltsandorganicmatterarestillathighconcentrations大顆粒沙土可能造成數(shù)據(jù)傾斜，而EMC與細(xì)沙和有機物的濃度仍舊很高Lowpercentremovalsdonotnecessarilymeanpoorperformance低去除率并不表示性能差20mg/linand20mg/loutisazeropercentremovalyetdoesnotmeanbadperformance入水和出水都是20