《安全員》課件-第五章 基礎(chǔ)工程施工安全技術(shù)

《安全員》TheSecurity第五章基礎(chǔ)工程施工安全技術(shù)Chapter5ConstructionSafetyTechniquesforFoundationWorks土石方開挖施工前，工程技術(shù)部應(yīng)依據(jù)工程地質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)、氣象條件、環(huán)境因素等勘測資料，結(jié)合現(xiàn)場的實際情況，制定具體的專項施工方案。施工中應(yīng)遵循各項安全技術(shù)規(guī)程和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，嚴(yán)格按照施工方案組織施工，在施工過程中注重加強對人、機、物、料、環(huán)境因素的安全控制，搞好工序穿插，提高工效和施工速度，遇到較大的暴風(fēng)雨天氣應(yīng)停止施工，確保作業(yè)人員、設(shè)備的安全。

Beforeearthworkexcavationconstruction,theEngineeringTechnologyDepartmentshoulddevelopaspecificspecialconstructionplanbasedonsurveydatasuchasengineeringgeology,hydrogeology,meteorologicalconditions,andenvironmentalfactors,combinedwiththeactualsituationonsite.Duringconstruction,varioussafetytechnicalregulationsandstandardsshouldbefollowed,andconstructionshouldbestrictlyorganizedaccordingtotheconstructionplan.Duringtheconstructionprocess,attentionshouldbepaidtostrengtheningthesafetycontrolofpersonnel,machinery,materials,andenvironmentalfactors,doingagoodjobinprocessinterweaving,improvingworkefficiencyandconstructionspeed.Incaseofmajorstormweather,constructionshouldbestoppedtoensurethesafetyofoperatorsandequipment.一、土石方施工基本安全措施1、Basicsafetymeasuresforearthworkconstruction開挖施工前，應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)計文件復(fù)查地下構(gòu)造物（光纜、電纜、管道等）的埋設(shè)位置和走向，并采取防護措施或避讓措施。施工中如發(fā)現(xiàn)危險物品及其它可疑物品時，應(yīng)立即停止開挖，報請項目部相關(guān)部門處理。Beforeexcavationconstruction,theburialpositionanddirectionofundergroundstructures(opticalcables,cables,pipelines,etc.)shouldberecheckedaccordingtothedesigndocuments,andprotectivemeasuresoravoidancemeasuresshouldbetaken.Ifdangerousorothersuspiciousitemsarefoundduringconstruction,excavationshouldbeimmediatelystoppedandreportedtotherelevantdepartmentsoftheprojectdepartmentforhandling.開挖程序應(yīng)遵循自上而下的原則，并采取有效的安全措施合理安排施工工序，確定開挖邊坡坡比，邊坡開挖每一梯段開挖完成后，應(yīng)進行一次安全處理，并由工程技術(shù)部及時制定邊坡支護方案。

Theexcavationprocedureshouldfollowtheprincipleoftop-down,andeffectivesafetymeasuresshouldbetakentoreasonablyarrangetheconstructionprocess.Theexcavationsloperatioshouldbedetermined.Aftereachexcavationstepoftheslopeiscompleted,asafetytreatmentshouldbecarriedout,andtheengineeringtechnologydepartmentshouldpromptlydevelopaslopesupportplan.土方開挖時，應(yīng)防止周邊臨近的建筑和構(gòu)筑物、道路管線等發(fā)生下沉和變形，必要時與設(shè)計甲方協(xié)商采取防護措施，并在施工中加強觀測；相關(guān)軸線引樁、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水準(zhǔn)點等要注意防護，挖運土?xí)r不得碰撞，以免影響測量精度。施工中若發(fā)現(xiàn)文物或古墓等，應(yīng)妥善保護，并應(yīng)立即報請當(dāng)?shù)赜嘘P(guān)部門處理后，方可繼續(xù)施工。Duringearthworkexcavation,settlementanddeformationofnearbybuildings,structures,roadpipelines,etc.shouldbeprevented.Ifnecessary,protectivemeasuresshouldbetakeninconsultationwiththedesignparty,andobservationshouldbestrengthenedduringconstruction;Attentionshouldbepaidtotheprotectionofrelevantaxisguidepiles,standardbenchmarks,etc.Duringexcavationandtransportationofsoil,collisionisnotallowedtoaffectthemeasurementaccuracy.Ifculturalrelicsorancienttombsarefoundduringconstruction,theyshouldbeproperlyprotectedandimmediatelyreportedtotherelevantlocaldepartmentsforhandlingbeforecontinuingconstruction.需加強對各類人員的培訓(xùn)教育，加強雨季安全施工常識的學(xué)習(xí)，提高自我防范能力和應(yīng)急反應(yīng)能力。嚴(yán)格遵守施工時間，盡可能夜間不施工，減小噪聲污染，若需夜間連續(xù)作業(yè)，需辦好夜間施工許可證。Itisnecessarytostrengthenthetrainingandeducationofvariouspersonnel,enhancethelearningofsafetyconstructionknowledgeduringtherainyseason,andimproveself-protectionandemergencyresponsecapabilities.Strictlyobservetheconstructiontime,andtrynottoconstructatnighttoreducenoisepollution.Ifcontinuousoperationatnightisrequired,anightConstructionpermitshallbeissued.開挖由專人指揮，嚴(yán)格遵循“分層開挖、嚴(yán)禁超挖”及“大基坑小開挖”的原則。開挖作業(yè)人員之間，必須保持足夠的安全距離；橫向間距不小于2m。縱向間距不小于3m；開挖必須自上而下的順序放坡進行，嚴(yán)禁采用挖空底腳的操作方法。Theexcavationiscommandedbyadedicatedpersonandstrictlyfollowstheprinciplesof"layeredexcavation,strictprohibitionofoverexcavation"and"smallexcavationoflargefoundationpits".Adequatesafetydistancemustbemaintainedbetweenexcavationworkers;Thehorizontalspacingshallnotbelessthan2m.Thelongitudinalspacingshallnotbelessthan3m;Excavationmustbecarriedoutinatop-downsequencebysloping,anditisstrictlyprohibitedtousethemethodofhollowingoutthebottomfoot.二、人工開挖的安全技術(shù)措施2、Safetytechnicalmeasuresformanualexcavation（1）作業(yè)人員必須綁系安全帶；(1)Operatorsmustwearsafetybelts;（3）開挖工作應(yīng)與裝運作業(yè)面相互錯開，嚴(yán)禁上、下雙重作業(yè)；(3)Excavationworkshouldbestaggeredfromtheloadingandunloadingoperationsurface,anddualoperationsofupanddownarestrictlyprohibited;（2）邊坡開挖中如遇地下水涌出，應(yīng)先排水，后開挖；(2)Ifgroundwatergushesoutduringslopeexcavation,drainageshouldbecarriedoutfirstbeforeexcavation;高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（1）作業(yè)人員必須綁系安全帶；(1)Operatorsmustwearsafetybelts;（3）開挖工作應(yīng)與裝運作業(yè)面相互錯開，嚴(yán)禁上、下雙重作業(yè)；(3)Excavationworkshouldbestaggeredfromtheloadingandunloadingoperationsurface,anddualoperationsofupanddownarestrictlyprohibited;（2）邊坡開挖中如遇地下水涌出，應(yīng)先排水，后開挖；(2)Ifgroundwatergushesoutduringslopeexcavation,drainageshouldbecarriedoutfirstbeforeexcavation;高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（1）作業(yè)人員必須綁系安全帶；(1)Operatorsmustwearsafetybelts;（3）開挖工作應(yīng)與裝運作業(yè)面相互錯開，嚴(yán)禁上、下雙重作業(yè)；(3)Excavationworkshouldbestaggeredfromtheloadingandunloadingoperationsurface,anddualoperationsofupanddownarestrictlyprohibited;（2）邊坡開挖中如遇地下水涌出，應(yīng)先排水，后開挖；(2)Ifgroundwatergushesoutduringslopeexcavation,drainageshouldbecarriedoutfirstbeforeexcavation;高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（4）棄土下方和有滾石危及范圍內(nèi)的道路，應(yīng)設(shè)警告標(biāo)志，作業(yè)時坡下嚴(yán)禁通行；(4)Warningsignshallbesetupunderthespoilandontheroadswithintherangeofrollingstones.Itisforbiddentopassundertheslopeduringoperation;（5）坡面上的操作人員對松動的土、石塊必須及時清除；嚴(yán)禁在危石下方作業(yè)、休息和存放機具。(5)Theoperatorsontheslopemustpromptlyremoveloosesoilandstones;Itisstrictlyprohibitedtowork,rest,andstoreequipmentunderdangerousrocks.高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（4）棄土下方和有滾石危及范圍內(nèi)的道路，應(yīng)設(shè)警告標(biāo)志，作業(yè)時坡下嚴(yán)禁通行；(4)Warningsignshallbesetupunderthespoilandontheroadswithintherangeofrollingstones.Itisforbiddentopassundertheslopeduringoperation;（5）坡面上的操作人員對松動的土、石塊必須及時清除；嚴(yán)禁在危石下方作業(yè)、休息和存放機具。(5)Theoperatorsontheslopemustpromptlyremoveloosesoilandstones;Itisstrictlyprohibitedtowork,rest,andstoreequipmentunderdangerousrocks.高陡邊坡處施工必須遵守下列規(guī)定：

Theconstructionathighandsteepslopesmustcomplywiththefollowingregulations:（6）各施工人員嚴(yán)禁翻躍護身欄桿，基坑內(nèi)人員休息時遠離基坑邊，不得在坡底和坡頂休息，以防不測；基坑外施工人員不得向基坑內(nèi)亂扔雜物，向基坑下傳遞工具時要接穩(wěn)后再松手；基坑施工期間需設(shè)警示牌，夜間加設(shè)紅色燈標(biāo)志。(6)Allconstructionpersonnelarestrictlyprohibitedfromflippingoverprotectiverailings.Personnelinsidethefoundationpitshouldstayawayfromtheedgeofthepitwhileresting,andshouldnotrestatthebottomandtopoftheslopetopreventaccidents;Constructionpersonneloutsidethefoundationpitarenotallowedtothrowdebrisintothepit,andwhentransferringtoolstothebottomofthepit,theymustfirmlyconnectandthenreleasetheirhands;Duringtheconstructionofthefoundationpit,warningsignsshouldbesetupandredlightsignsshouldbeaddedatnight.大型機械進場前，應(yīng)查清所通過道路、橋梁的凈寬和承載力是否足夠，否則應(yīng)先予拓寬和加固。

機械在危險地段作業(yè)時，必須設(shè)明顯的安全警告標(biāo)志，并應(yīng)設(shè)專人站在操作人員能看清的地方指揮，駕機人員只能接受指揮人員發(fā)出的規(guī)定信號。

Beforelargemachineryentersthesite,itisnecessarytocheckwhetherthenetwidthandbearingcapacityoftheroadsandbridgesitpassesthrougharesufficient.Otherwise,itshouldbewidenedandreinforcedfirst.Whenthemachineryisoperatingindangerousareas,obvioussafetyWarningsignmustbesetup,andspecialpersonnelshouldbeassignedtostandattheplacewheretheoperatorcanseeclearlytocommand.Thepilotcanonlyacceptthespecifiedsignalssentbythecommander.三、機械開挖的安全技術(shù)措施3、Safetytechnicalmeasuresformechanicalexcavation

機械在邊坡、邊溝作業(yè)時，應(yīng)與邊緣保持必要的安全距離，使輪胎（履帶）壓在堅實的地面上。配合機械作業(yè)的清底、平地、修坡等輔助工作應(yīng)與機械作業(yè)交替進行，機上、機下人員必須密切配合，協(xié)同作業(yè)，若必須在機械作業(yè)范圍內(nèi)同時進行輔助工作時，應(yīng)停止機械運轉(zhuǎn)后，輔助人員方可進入。Whenmachineryoperatesonslopesandditches,necessarysafetydistancesshouldbemaintainedfromtheedgestoensurethatthetires(tracks)arepressedontoasolidground.Auxiliaryworksuchasbottomcleaning,leveling,andsloperepairthatcooperatewithmechanicaloperationsshouldbecarriedoutalternately.Personnelonandoffthemachinemustcloselycooperateandcooperateintheoperation.Ifauxiliaryworkmustbecarriedoutsimultaneouslywithinthescopeofmechanicaloperations,theoperationofthemachineshouldbestoppedbeforeauxiliarypersonnelcanenter.三、機械開挖的安全技術(shù)措施3、Safetytechnicalmeasuresformechanicalexcavation

施工機械一切服從指揮，人員盡量遠離機械，如有必要先通知操作人員后方可接近。在挖土機工作范圍內(nèi)，不許進行其它作業(yè)。挖掘機和載重車輛的停機點必須留有足夠的安全距離，杜絕坡道停機、停車，坡道挖掘應(yīng)由專人指揮。

Allconstructionmachineryshouldfollowthecommand,andpersonnelshouldtrytostayawayfromthemachineryasmuchaspossible.Ifnecessary,operatorsshouldbenotifiedbeforeapproaching.OtheroperationsarenotallowedwithintheworkingrangeoftheExcavator.Sufficientsafetydistancemustbeleftatthestoppointsofexcavatorsandheavy-dutyvehiclestopreventstoppingorparkingonslopes.Slopeexcavationshouldbecommandedbyadedicatedperson.機械挖土與人工清槽要采用輪換工作面作業(yè)，確保配合施工安全。挖機回轉(zhuǎn)范圍內(nèi)不得站人，尤其是土方施工配合人員；在機械挖出支護坡面后，要求人工及時修整邊坡，基坑圍護緊隨上方開挖進行。Mechanicalexcavationandmanualtrenchcleaningshoulduserotatingworkingfacestoensuresafeconstructioncooperation.Nooneisallowedtostandwithintheturningrangeoftheexcavator,especiallytheearthworkconstructioncooperationpersonnel;Afterthemechanicalexcavationofthesupportingslopesurface,itisrequiredtomanuallyrepairtheslopeinatimelymanner,andthefoundationpitenclosureiscarriedoutcloselyfollowingtheexcavationabove.四、雨季施工安全技術(shù)措施4、Safetytechnicalmeasuresforrainyseasonconstruction土方工程受雨水影響較大，如不采取有關(guān)防范措施，將可能對施工安全及建筑物質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響，因此在雨期施工時注意以下幾點：Earthworkisgreatlyaffectedbyrainwater,andifrelevantpreventivemeasuresarenottaken,itmayhaveaseriousimpactonconstructionsafetyandbuildingquality.Therefore,duringrainyseasonconstruction,thefollowingpointsshouldbenoted:（1）挖土前要在沿渠邊坡頂部設(shè)擋水埂、排水溝等截水排水設(shè)施及防洪和排水機械設(shè)備，減少邊坡匯水，防止邊坡被雨水沖塌及基坑（槽）進水泡槽。土方開挖宜從上到下分層分段依次進行，同時做成一定坡勢，以利集水外排；基底成型時宜在基層同時做好排水溝、集水井等抽排系統(tǒng)，下雨時及時排除落雨。

(1)Beforeexcavation,waterblockingridges,drainageditches,andotherwaterinterceptionanddrainagefacilities,aswellasfloodcontrolanddrainagemachineryandequipment,shouldbeinstalledatthetopoftheslopealongthecanaltoreducethewatercollectionontheslopeandpreventtheslopefrombeingwasheddownbyrainwaterandthefoundationpit(groove)frombeingsoakedinwater.Earthworkexcavationshouldbecarriedoutinlayersandsectionsfromtoptobottom,andacertainslopeshouldbeformedtofacilitatewatercollectionanddrainage;Whenformingthebase,itisadvisabletoestablishdrainageditches,watercollectionwells,andotherdrainagesystemsatthesametimeasthebaselayer,andtimelyeliminatefallingrainwhenitrains.（2）基坑挖好后要迅速協(xié)調(diào)組織好釬探、驗槽等工作時間。(2)Aftertheexcavationofthefoundationpit,itisnecessarytoquicklycoordinateandorganizetheworktimeofdrilling,trenchinspection,etc.（3）如有需要，基坑上口四周做20cm高擋水墻，往外做好排水坡度，保證排水暢通，防止地表水流入基坑內(nèi)或大量滲入坑邊土體影響邊坡的穩(wěn)定。

(3)Ifnecessary,a20cmhighwaterretainingwallshouldbebuiltaroundtheupperopeningofthefoundationpit,andadrainageslopeshouldbemadeoutwardtoensuresmoothdrainageandpreventsurfacewaterfromenteringthefoundationpitorinfiltratingalargeamountofsoilnearthepit,whichmayaffectthestabilityoftheslope.（4）雨期開挖基槽（坑）時，應(yīng)注意邊坡穩(wěn)定。必要時可適當(dāng)放緩邊坡度或設(shè)置支撐。施工時應(yīng)加強對邊坡和支撐的檢查控制，防止滑坡及塌方事故；對于已開挖好的基槽（坑）要設(shè)置支撐；正在開挖的要放緩邊坡。(4)Whenexcavatingfoundationtrenches(pits)duringrainyseasons,attentionshouldbepaidtoslopestability.Ifnecessary,theslopeoftheedgecanbeappropriatelysloweddownorsupportcanbesetup.Strengthentheinspectionandcontrolofslopesandsupportsduringconstructiontopreventlandslidesandcollapseaccidents;Supportshouldbeprovidedfortheexcavatedfoundationtrench(pit);Slowingdowntheslopewhileexcavating.（5）雨期施工的工作面不宜過大，應(yīng)逐段、逐片的分期完成，雨量大時，應(yīng)停止大面積的土方施工；基礎(chǔ)挖到標(biāo)高后，及時驗收并澆筑混凝土墊層；如被雨水浸泡后的基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)做必要的挖方回填等，恢復(fù)基礎(chǔ)承載力的工作；重要的或特殊工程應(yīng)在雨期前完成任務(wù)。(5)Theworkingsurfaceforrainyseasonconstructionshouldnotbetoolarge,andshouldbecompletedinstagesbysectionsandpieces.Whentherainfallisheavy,large-scaleearthworkconstructionshouldbestopped;Afterthefoundationisexcavatedtotheelevation,timelyacceptanceandpouringofconcretecushionlayer;Ifthefoundationissoakedinrainwater,necessaryexcavationandbackfillingshouldbecarriedouttorestorethebearingcapacityofthefoundation;Importantorspecialprojectsshouldbecompletedbeforetherainyseason.（6）對雨前回填的土方，應(yīng)及時進行碾壓并使其表面形成一定的坡度，以便雨水能自動排出。(6)Theearthworkbackfilledbeforerainshouldbecompactedinatimelymannertoformacertainslopeonitssurface,sothatrainwatercanbeautomaticallydischarged.（7）棄渣場應(yīng)在四周做好防止雨水沖刷的措施，根據(jù)地理條件在渣場周圍設(shè)置排水溝，以阻止土方被雨水沖刷導(dǎo)致水土流失或覆蓋農(nóng)田。(7)Measuresshouldbetakentopreventrainwatererosionaroundthewastedisposalarea,anddrainageditchesshouldbesetuparoundthewastedisposalareaaccordingtogeographicalconditionstopreventsoilerosionorcoverfarmlandcausedbyrainwatererosion.（8）基礎(chǔ)施工完畢，應(yīng)抓緊進行回填工作。(8)Afterthefoundationconstructioniscompleted,backfillingworkshouldbecarriedoutassoonaspossible.第二節(jié)基坑支護Section2FoundationPitSupport由于作為支護結(jié)構(gòu)的擋土結(jié)構(gòu)插入深度不夠，或支撐位置不當(dāng)，或支撐與圍檁系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合不牢等原因，造成擋土結(jié)構(gòu)位移過大的前傾或后仰，甚至擋土結(jié)構(gòu)倒塌，導(dǎo)致坑外土體大滑坡，支護結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)整體失穩(wěn)破壞。Asaresultoftheretainingstructureasasupportstructureinsertedintothedepthisnotenough,orsupportpositionisnotappropriate,orsupportandpurlinsystemisnotfirmlycombined,etc.,resultingintheretainingstructuredisplacementtoolargeforwardorbackward,orevenretainingstructurecollapse,resultinginalargesoilslideoutsidethepit,thesupportstructuresystemasawholedestabilizationdamage.一、支護結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的主要形式I.Themainformsofdamagetothesupportstructure1．整體失穩(wěn)1.Overallinstability在軟弱的粘性土層中開挖基坑，當(dāng)基坑內(nèi)的土體不斷開挖，挖深增大，荷載亦增加。當(dāng)擋土結(jié)構(gòu)人土深度不足，則會使基坑內(nèi)土體大量隆起，基坑外土體過量沉陷，支撐系統(tǒng)應(yīng)力陡增，導(dǎo)致支護結(jié)構(gòu)整體失穩(wěn)破壞。Whenapitisexcavatedinasoftclaysoillayer,thesoilinthepitiscontinuouslyexcavated,theexcavationdepthincreasesandtheloadalsoincreases.Whentheretainingstructureisnotdeepenough,itwillcausealargeamountofsoilheavinginthepit,excessivesinkingofthesoiloutsidethepitandasteepincreaseinthestressofthesupportsystem,resultingintheoverallinstabilityofthesupportstructure.一、支護結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的主要形式I.Themainformsofdamagetothesupportstructure2．基坑隆起2.Pituplift含水砂質(zhì)粉土層或粉質(zhì)砂土層中的基坑支護結(jié)構(gòu)，在基坑開挖過程中，擋土墻內(nèi)外形成水頭差。當(dāng)動水壓力的滲流速度超過臨界流速或水力坡度超過臨界坡度時，就會引起管涌及流砂現(xiàn)象?；拥撞亢蛪w外面大量的泥砂隨地下水涌入基坑，導(dǎo)致坑外地面坍陷，嚴(yán)重時使墻體產(chǎn)生過大位移，引起整個支護體系崩坍。Water-bearingsandychalklayerorchalkysandysoillayerinthefoundationsupportstructure,intheprocessofexcavationofthefoundation,theformationofheaddifferenceinsideandoutsidetheretainingwall.Whentheseepagerateofdynamicwaterpressureexceedsthecriticalflowrateorthehydraulicgradientexceedsthecriticalgradient,itwillcausethephenomenonofpipesurgeandsandflow.Alargeamountofmudandsandfromthebottomofthepitandtheoutsideofthewallgushesintothepitwiththegroundwater,causingthegroundoutsidethepittocollapseand,inseriouscases,causingthewalltoproduceexcessivedisplacementandcausingthewholesupportsystemtocollapse.一、支護結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的主要形式I.Themainformsofdamagetothesupportstructure3．管涌及流砂3.Pipesurgeandsandflow當(dāng)支撐設(shè)計時，由于計算受力不準(zhǔn)確，或套用的規(guī)范不對，考慮的安全系數(shù)有誤，亦或施工質(zhì)量低劣，未能滿足設(shè)計要求，一旦基坑土方開挖，在較大的側(cè)向土壓力作用下，發(fā)生支撐折斷破壞，或嚴(yán)重壓屈，引起墻體變形過大或破壞，導(dǎo)致整個支護結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。Whenthedesignofthesupport,duetoinaccuratecalculationoftheforce,ortheapplicationofthecodeisnotcorrect,considerthesafetyfactoriswrong,orconstructionqualityispoor,failedtomeetthedesignrequirements,oncetheexcavation,inthelargerlateralsoilpressure,thesupportfracturedamage,orseriouspressureflexure,causingexcessivedeformationordamagetothewall,resultinginthedestructionoftheentiresupportstructure.一、支護結(jié)構(gòu)破壞的主要形式I.Themainformsofdamagetothesupportstructure4．支撐強度不足折斷或壓屈4.Insufficientstrengthofthesupportbreakageorcompressionbending（1）基坑（槽）、邊坡、基礎(chǔ)樁、模板和臨時建筑作業(yè)前，應(yīng)按設(shè)計單位要求，根據(jù)地質(zhì)情況、施工工藝、作業(yè)條件及周邊環(huán)境編制施工方案。單位分管負責(zé)人審批簽字，項目負責(zé)人組織驗收，經(jīng)驗收合格簽字后，方可作業(yè)。

(1)Foundationpits(slots),slopes,foundationpiles,formworkandtemporaryconstructionoperationsbefore,accordingtotherequirementsofthedesignunit,accordingtothegeologicalsituation,constructiontechniques,operatingconditionsandthesurroundingenvironmenttoprepareconstructionplans.Thepersoninchargeoftheunitshallapproveandsign,andthepersoninchargeoftheprojectshallorganiseacceptance,andshallonlyoperateafterpassingtheacceptanceandsigning.

二、基坑支護安全技術(shù)要求II.Technicalrequirementsforpitsupportsafety（2）土方開挖前，應(yīng)確認(rèn)地下管線的埋置深度、位置及防護要求后，制定防護措施，經(jīng)項目分管負責(zé)人審批簽字后，方可作業(yè)，土方開挖時，施工單位應(yīng)對相鄰建筑物、道路的沉降和位移情況進行觀測。(2)Beforeexcavation,theburialdepth,locationandprotectionrequirementsofundergroundpipelinesshouldbeconfirmed,andprotectivemeasuresshouldbeformulatedandapprovedandsignedbythepersoninchargeoftheprojectbeforeoperation,andtheconstructionunitshouldobservethesettlementanddisplacementofadjacentbuildingsandroadsduringexcavation.

二、基坑支護安全技術(shù)要求II.Technicalrequirementsforpitsupportsafety（3）項目部應(yīng)作好施工區(qū)域內(nèi)臨時排水系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，臨時排水不得破壞相鄰建（構(gòu)）筑物的地基和挖、填土方的邊坡。在地形、地質(zhì)條件復(fù)雜，可能發(fā)生滑坡、坍塌的地段挖方時，應(yīng)由設(shè)計單位確定排水方案。場地周圍出現(xiàn)地表水匯流、排瀉或地下水管滲漏時，施工單位應(yīng)組織排水，對基坑采取保護措施。開挖低于地下水位的基坑（槽）、邊坡和基礎(chǔ)樁時，施工單位應(yīng)合理選用降水措施降低地下水位。

(3)Theprojectdepartmentshallmakegoodplanningforthetemporarydrainagesystemintheconstructionarea,andthetemporarydrainageshallnotdamagethefoundationsofadjacentbuildings(structures)andtheslopesofexcavatedandfilledearth.Whenexcavatinginlotswithcomplexterrainandgeologicalconditions,wherelandslidesandcollapsesmayoccur,thedrainageplanshallbedeterminedbythedesignunit.Intheeventofsurfacewaterconfluence,drainageorleakagefromundergroundwaterpipesaroundthesite,theconstructionunitshouldorganisedrainageandtakeprotectivemeasuresforthefoundationpit.Whenexcavatingpits(slots),slopesandfoundationpilesbelowthegroundwaterlevel,theconstructionunitshouldreasonablychoosetolowerthegroundwaterlevelbymeansofprecipitationmeasures.

二、基坑支護安全技術(shù)要求II.Technicalrequirementsforpitsupportsafety（4）基坑（槽）、邊坡設(shè)置坑（槽）壁支撐時，項目部應(yīng)根據(jù)開挖深度、土質(zhì)條件、地下水位、施工方法及相鄰建（構(gòu)）筑物等情況設(shè)計支撐。拆除支撐時應(yīng)按基坑（槽）回填順序自下而上逐層拆除，隨拆隨填，防止邊坡塌方或相鄰建（構(gòu)）筑物產(chǎn)生破壞，必要時采取加固措施。

(4)foundationpit(slot),theslopesetpit(slot)wallsupport,theprojectdepartmentshouldbedesignedaccordingtotheexcavationdepth,soilconditions,groundwaterlevel,constructionmethodsandadjacentbuildings(structures)andothercircumstancessupport.Whenremovingthesupportshouldbeinaccordancewiththefoundationpit(slot)backfillorderfromthebottomuplayerbylayerremoval,withthedemolitionoffilling,topreventtheslopecollapseoradjacentbuilding(structure)toproducedamage,ifnecessarytotakereinforcementmeasures.

二、基坑支護安全技術(shù)要求II.Technicalrequirementsforpitsupportsafety（5）基坑（槽）、邊坡和基礎(chǔ)樁孔邊堆置各類建筑材料的，應(yīng)按規(guī)定距離堆置。各類施工機械距基坑（槽）、邊坡和基礎(chǔ)樁孔邊的距離，應(yīng)根據(jù)設(shè)備重量、基坑（槽）、邊坡和基礎(chǔ)樁的支護、土質(zhì)情況確定，并不得小于1.5m。

(5)Foundationpits(slots),sideslopesandfoundationpileholessidepilesofvarioustypesofconstructionmaterials,shouldbestackedinaccordancewiththeprescribeddistance.Thedistanceofconstructionmachineryfromthefoundationpit(trench),slopeandfoundationpileholeshallbedeterminedaccordingtotheweightoftheequipment,thesupportofthefoundationpit(trench),slopeandfoundationpileandthesoilquality,andshallnotbelessthan1.5m.

二、基坑支護安全技術(shù)要求II.Technicalrequirementsforpitsupportsafety（6）基坑（槽）作業(yè)時，項目部應(yīng)在施工方案中確定攀登設(shè)施專用通道，作業(yè)人員不得攀爬模板、腳手架等臨時設(shè)施。(6)Whenworkinginthefoundationpit(trench),theprojectdepartmentshalldeterminethespecialchannelforclimbingfacilitiesintheconstructionplan,andtheworkersshallnotclimbthetemporaryfacilitiessuchasformworkandscaffolding.（7）機械開挖土方時，作業(yè)人員不得進入機械作業(yè)范圍內(nèi)進行清理或找坡作業(yè)。(7)Whenexcavatingsoilbymachinery,workersshallnotenterthescopeofmachineryoperationforcleaningorslopefindingoperation.

（8）地質(zhì)災(zāi)害易發(fā)區(qū)施工時，應(yīng)根據(jù)地質(zhì)勘察資料編制施工方案，單位分管負責(zé)人審批簽字，項目分管負責(zé)人組織有關(guān)部門驗收，經(jīng)驗收合格簽字后，方可作業(yè)。施工時應(yīng)遵循自上而下的開挖順序，嚴(yán)禁先切除坡腳。爆破施工時，應(yīng)防止爆破震動影響邊坡穩(wěn)定。(8)Whenconstructioniscarriedoutingeologicalhazardproneareas,theconstructionplanshallbepreparedaccordingtothegeologicalsurveydata,approvedandsignedbythepersoninchargeoftheunit,andthepersoninchargeoftheprojectshallorganisetherelevantdepartmentsforacceptance,andshallonlyoperateafterpassingtheacceptanceandsigning.Thetop-downexcavationsequenceshouldbefollowedduringconstructionanditisstrictlyforbiddentoexcisethefootoftheslopefirst.Duringblastingconstruction,blastingvibrationshouldbepreventedfromaffectingthestabilityoftheslope.（9）為防止地面水流入基坑（槽）內(nèi)造成邊坡塌方或土體破壞?；樱ú郏╅_挖或回填應(yīng)連續(xù)進行，在施工過程中，應(yīng)隨時檢查坑（槽）壁的穩(wěn)定情況。

(9)Topreventgroundwaterfromflowingintothefoundationpit(trench)causingslopecollapseorsoildamage.Theexcavationorbackfillingofthepit(trench)shouldbecarriedoutcontinuously,andthestabilityofthepit(trench)wallshouldbecheckedatanytimeduringtheconstructionprocess.

（10）模板作業(yè)時，應(yīng)對模板支撐宜采用鋼支撐材料作支撐立柱，不得使用嚴(yán)重銹蝕、變形、斷裂、脫焊、螺栓松動的鋼支撐材料和竹材作立柱。支撐立柱基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)牢固，并按設(shè)計計算嚴(yán)格控制模板支撐系統(tǒng)的沉降量，支撐立柱基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)牢固，支撐立柱基礎(chǔ)為泥土地面時，應(yīng)采取排水措施，對地面平整、夯實，并加設(shè)滿足支撐承載力要求的墊板后，方可用以支撐立柱，斜支撐立柱應(yīng)牢固拉接，行成整體。(10)Whenworkingwithformwork,itisadvisabletousesteelsupportmaterialsforsupportingcolumns,andnottousesteelsupportmaterialsandbambooforcolumnsthatareseriouslycorroded,deformed,fractured,unweldedorwithloosebolts.Supportcolumnfoundationshouldbefirm,andaccordingtothedesigncalculationstrictlycontrolthesettlementoftheformworksupportsystem,supportcolumnfoundationshouldbefirm,supportcolumnfoundationforthesoilground,shouldtakedrainagemeasures,thegroundleveling,ramming,andaddtomeettherequirementsofthebearingcapacityofthesupportmat,canbeusedtosupportthecolumn,diagonalsupportcolumnshouldbefirmlyconnected,formingawhole.（11）基坑（槽）、邊坡和基礎(chǔ)樁施工及模板作業(yè)時，應(yīng)指定專人指揮、監(jiān)護，出現(xiàn)位移、開裂及滲漏時，應(yīng)立即停止施工，將作業(yè)人員撤離作業(yè)現(xiàn)場，待險情排除后，方可作業(yè)。

(11)Foundationpits(trench),slopesandfoundationpileconstructionandformworkoperations,shouldbedesignatedtodirect,supervision,displacement,crackingandleakage,shouldimmediatelystopconstruction,theoperatorwillbeevacuatedfromtheworksite,untilthedangerisremoved,beforetheoperation.

（12）樓面、屋面堆放建筑材料、模板、施工機具或其他物料時，施工單位應(yīng)嚴(yán)格控制數(shù)量、重量，防止超載。堆放婁量較多時，應(yīng)進行荷載計算，并對樓面、屋面進行加固。

(12)floor,roofstackingbuildingmaterials,formwork,constructionmachineryorothermaterials,constructionunitsshouldstrictlycontrolthenumber,weight,topreventoverloading.WhenstackingLouamountismore,loadcalculationshouldbecarriedoutandthefloorandroofshouldbereinforced.

（13）項目部應(yīng)按地質(zhì)資料和設(shè)計規(guī)范，確定臨時建筑和基礎(chǔ)型式和平面布局，并按施工規(guī)范時行施工，施工現(xiàn)場臨時建筑與建筑材料的間距應(yīng)符合技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

(13)Theprojectdepartmentshoulddeterminethetemporarybuildingandfoundationtypeandplanlayoutaccordingtothegeologicaldataanddesignspecifications,andaccordingtotheconstructionspecificationswhentheconstruction,thespacingoftemporarybuildingsandconstructionmaterialsattheconstructionsiteshouldbeinlinewithtechnicalstandards.

（14）臨時建筑外側(cè)為街道或行人通道時，應(yīng)采取加固措施，禁止在施工圍墻墻體上方或緊靠施工圍墻架設(shè)廣告或宣傳標(biāo)牌。施工圍墻外側(cè)應(yīng)有禁止人群停留、聚集和堆砌土方、貨物等的警告。

(14)Wheretheoutsideofatemporarybuildingisastreetorpedestrianaccess,reinforcementmeasuresshallbetakenandtheerectionofadvertisingorpromotionalsignsaboveorimmediatelyadjacenttotheconstructionfencewallshallbeprohibited.Thereshouldbeawarningontheoutsideoftheconstructionfencethatcrowdsareforbiddentostay,gatherandpileupearth,goods,etc.

（15）施工現(xiàn)場使用的組裝式活動房屋應(yīng)有產(chǎn)品合格證，在組裝后進行驗收，經(jīng)驗收全權(quán)簽字后，方能使用。對搭設(shè)在空曠、山腳等處的活動房應(yīng)采取防風(fēng)、防洪和防暴雨等措施。(15)Theassembledhousesusedontheconstructionsiteshouldhaveaproductcertificateofconformityandbeinspectedandacceptedafterassemblyandsignedwithfullauthoritybeforetheycanbeused.Fortheactivityhouseerectedintheopen,thefootofthemountain,etc.shouldtakemeasurestopreventwind,floodandrainstorm.（16）雨期施工，應(yīng)對施工現(xiàn)場的排水系統(tǒng)進行檢查和維護，保證排水暢通。在傍山、沿河地區(qū)施工時，應(yīng)采取必要的防洪、防泥石流措施。深基坑特別是穩(wěn)定性差的土質(zhì)邊坡、順向坡，施工方案應(yīng)充分考慮雨季施工等誘發(fā)因素。提出預(yù)案措施。

(16)Duringtherainyseason,thedrainagesystemoftheconstructionsiteshouldbeinspectedandmaintainedtoensuresmoothdrainage.Whenconstructioniscarriedoutinareasnearhillsandrivers,necessarymeasuresshouldbetakentopreventfloodingandmudslides.Fordeepfoundationpits,especiallypoorlystabilisedsoilsideslopesandcompliantslopes,theconstructionplanshouldtakefullaccountofthetriggeringfactorssuchasrainyseasonconstruction.Proposepreplannedmeasures.

（17）冬季解凍期施工時，應(yīng)對基坑（槽）入基礎(chǔ)樁支護進行檢查，無異常情況后，方可施工。(17)Whenconstructingduringthewinterthawperiod,thefoundationpit(tank)shouldbecheckedintothefoundationpilesupport,andonlyafterthereisnoabnormalsituationcanconstructionbecarriedout.第三節(jié)基坑工程檢測Section3FoundationPitWorksInspection基坑支護結(jié)構(gòu)監(jiān)測的主要手段，是安排專業(yè)施工監(jiān)測人員對基坑現(xiàn)場及周圍建筑物進行監(jiān)測，根據(jù)基坑開挖期間監(jiān)測到的基坑支護結(jié)構(gòu)或巖土變位等情況，比照勘察、設(shè)計的預(yù)期性狀，動態(tài)分析監(jiān)測資料，全面掌握位移變化的大小、方向、變化頻率，對照報警標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，預(yù)測下一階段工作的動態(tài)，及時對施工中可能出現(xiàn)的險情進行預(yù)報，超過位移設(shè)定的預(yù)警值時，應(yīng)及時采取有效的應(yīng)對措施，確保工程安全。Themainmeansofmonitoringthefoundationsupportstructureistoarrangeforprofessionalconstructionmonitorstomonitorthefoundationpitsiteandsurroundingbuildings,andtoanalysethemonitoringdatadynamicallyaccordingtothefoundationsupportstructureorgeotechnicaldisplacementsandotherconditionsmonitoredduringtheexcavationofthefoundationpit,comparedtotheexpectedtraitsofthesurveyanddesign,tofullygraspthesize,directionandfrequencyofdisplacementchanges,topredictthedynamicsofthenextphaseofworkagainstthealarmcriteria,toforecastthepossibledangerinconstructioninatimelymanner,andtotakeeffectivecountermeasuresinatimelymannerwhentheearlywarningvaluesetfordisplacementisexceededtoensurepro