考研英語真題及解析(黃皮書)

2001年全國攻讀碩士學位研究生入學考試英語試題

PartIClozeTest

Directions：

Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],

[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthe

correspondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolved

inprominentcases]thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,

willintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwill

strictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,Lord

Irvinesaidhe7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot

8_sufficientcontrol.

9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhen

hesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges

12toPar1iament.

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which13theEuropean

ConventiononHumanRightslegal1y14inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas15to

privacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.

aPressfreedomswi11beinsafehands16ourBritishjudges,“hesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.

Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.

Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto

20guiltyverdicts.

1.[A]asto[13]forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas

2.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening

3.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft

4.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper

5.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity

6.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as

7.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed

8.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate

9.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure

10.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash

11.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration

12.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan

13.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets[D]turns

14.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining

15.[A]authorizedEB]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified

16.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by

17.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[D]issue

18.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told

19.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that

20.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure[D]guarantee

PartIIReadingComprehension

Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionstherearefour

answersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswerto

eachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorresponding

letterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)

Passage1

Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationof

scientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinue

tohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecialisationwas

onlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.

Anotherwasthegrowingprofessional!sationofscientificactivity.

Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:

exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur“doescarryaconnotation

thatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,

maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withits

consequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateur

participationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymost,obviousinthoseareasofsciencebased

especiallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthe

developmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfreveals

notsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionof

whatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeological

studiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,local

studieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflect

on,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocal

studiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeological

journalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroduction

ofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocal

geologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,

separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.

Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogether

nationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremain

inlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

Althoughtheprocessofprofessional:sationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderway

inBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntil

thetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckoned

asthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

21.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuch

as.

[AJsociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology

[C]sociologyandpsychology[D]physicsandchemistry

22.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat______.

[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessional!sation

[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience

[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

23.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.

[A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation

[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy

[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications

[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs

24.Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis.

[A]thedevelopmentincommunication

[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation

[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge

[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties

Passage2

Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide-thedivision

oftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.

MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,

however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasons

tobeoptimistic.

Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternet

becomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalize

access-afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmore

governments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Within

thenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillhenettedtogether.Asa

result,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.And

thatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworld

povertythatwe'veeverhad.

Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn,ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternet

isnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.

Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheir

outdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthink

foreigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryof

infrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.Whenthe

UnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn,thavethecapitaltodoso.Andthat

iswhyAmerica*sSecondWaveinfrastructure-includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandso

on-werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwere

investinginBritain'sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guess

whoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBrazil

oranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThird

Waveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou,regoing

tobe.Thatdoesn,tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrun

uncontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyand

telecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.

25.Digitaidivideissomething.

[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet

[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor

[C]theworldmustguardagainst

[D]consideredpositivetoday

26.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit.

[A]offerseconomicpotentials

[B]canbringforeignfunds

[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty

[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld

27.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof.

[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas

[B]preventingforeigncapitalJscontrol

[C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure

[D]acceptingforeigninvestment

28.ItseemsthatnowacountryTseconomydepandsmuchon.

[A]howwel1-developeditiselectronically

[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants

[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica'sindustrialpattern

[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporations

Passage3

WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSociety

ofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepinto

alongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.

Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrors

andspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofheadscratchingpuzzlementaboutwhat

intheworldthosereadersreallywant.

Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthrough

asetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday'sevents.Inotherwords,

thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-made

narrativestructureforotherwiseconfusionsnews.

Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhich

helpsexplainwhytheMstandardtemplates“ofthenewsroomseemalienmanyreaders.Inarecent

survey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddlesizecitiesaroundthecountry,plus

onelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandasked

thesamequestions.

RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytolivein

upscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey'reless1ikely

togotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsincommunity.

Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktends

toreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn,t

rootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofwor1dviewsbetween

reportersandtheirreaders.

Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadeciiningone.Hereisa

troubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Then

itsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibi1ityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomers

areannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingthecultural

andclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout,[fitdid,itwouldopenup

itsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodiffer

broadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.

29.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

[A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld.

[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers.

[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry.

[D]aimsofajournalismcredibi1ityproject.

30.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe.

[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory

[C]veryilluminating[D]rathersuperficial

31.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriter1iesintheir.

[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle

[C]wor1doutlook[D]educationalbackground

32.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingto

its.

[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem

[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters

[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting

[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgender

Passage4

Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.The

processsweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswith

unsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:"Won'tthe

waveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?”

There,snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinational

corporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismore

than25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentof

productionineconomiesthatopenupandwe1comeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,

afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrial

productionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertherole

ofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworld

economy.

IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlie

theglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeand

investmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeeting

customers*demands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,

theworld,swealthincreases.

Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishard

toimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetition

thatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.

Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesfor

consumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceof

communicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing-witnessDaimler

andChrysler,RenaultandNissan-butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.

Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspan

warnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateand

operateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won'I

multinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictabout

infringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defending

competitionwonissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheUS.vs.Microsoftcase?

33.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?

[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds.[B]toinvestmoreabroad.

[C]tocombineandbecomebigger.[D]totradewithmorecountries.

34.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis

[A]thegreatercustomerdemands.[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket.

[C]agrowingproductivity.[D]theincreaseoftheworld,swealth.

35.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat.

[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers

[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts

[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous

[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition

36.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter1sattitudecanhesaidtobe

[A]optimistic[B]objective

[C]pessimistic[D]biased

Passage5

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecome

apartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessional

progresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofa

disgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewith

myfamilyw.

Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericans

term“downshifting“hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformed

fromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitallw,preachedbyLindaKelseyfor

thepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabit

ofeverything.

Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromthe

editorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyour

life”,andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting“bringswithitfargreaterrewards

thanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.Nothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflife

KelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearful

strainofofficepoliticsandtheIimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.

InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisa

well-establishedtrend.Downshifting-a1soknowninAmericaas**voluntarysimplicity"has,

ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanticonsumerism.Thereareanumberof

bestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;thereare

newsletter*s,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansuseful

tipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupport

groupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.

WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdeclineafterthemass

redundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80sandisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,

inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferent

reasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.

Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,downshifting

inthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifegrowingyourownorganic

vegetables,andriskingturningintooneasapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.

37.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?

[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.

[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.

[C]"Alateralmovewmeanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.

[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.

38.Thewriter'sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting___

[A]enableshertorealizeherdream

[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife

[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus

[D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine

39.uJugglingone,slife“probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby_

[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything

[C]extremestress[D]anti-consumerism

40.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof

[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man'sadventurousspirit

[C]man,ssearchformythicalexperiences[D]theeconomicsituation

PartIIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcareful1yandthentranslatetheunder!inedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Inlessthan30years'timetheStarTrekholodeckwi11beareality.Directlinksbetween

thebrain*snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,

allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.

41)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitors

thatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.42)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonality

chips,c