中國文化概況(English)英語版

PartIWhatisculture?Whatdoescultureinclude?ChapterI

IntroductionFromtheIntellectualPerspective2.FromtheAnthropologicPerspective3.FromtheSocialPerspective4.FromthePsychologicalPerspective5.FromtheInterculturalCommunicationPerspectiveDifferentLayersofCultureSymbols:words,gestures,pictures,orobjectsthatcarryaparticularmeaningonlysharedbyaparticularcultureHeroes:persons,pastorpresent,realorfictitious,whopossesscharacteristicsthatarehighlyprizedinaculture.Rituals:collectiveactivities(waysofgreetings,payingrespecttoothers,religiousandsocialceremonies,etc.).Values:

broadtendenciesforpreferencesofcertainstateofaffairstoothers(good-evil,right-wrong,natural-unnatural).

GeographicalSurroundingsandEconomicalStructureTheTraditionalValuesofChinesepeoplePartIIAnOverviewofChineseCultureReference:encloseddesert;prairieGobi,desert,Qinghai-TibetplateauYuannan-Guizhoumountainousregion;tropicalrainforestocean

GeographicalSurroundingsofChinaInfluence:ToprovidenaturaladvantagesforChineseculture1)todevelopindependently

2)befreefromtheimpactofforeignculturesThus,Chinesecultureisrelativelystable,independentanddistinctive.Vastinterrain:richintheregionalcultures;toleranttoconflicts---culturalfusionandpoliticalunityRiversandvalleysdistributedevenly---facilitatetheagriculturaldevelopmentandtransportation.temperateandsubtropicalzonesprovidetheabundantnaturalresourcesforthedevelopmentofagriculturaleconomy“AgriculturalcivilizationplaysadecisiveroleinformingandpromotingtheChineseculture,whichconstitutesitsfundamentaldifferencesfromWesternculture”TheEconomicalStructureofChinesecultureFarmingwasthemajormodeofproductionandfamily,thebasicunit.e.g:encouragingfarmingbutlimitingcommerce,worshiptheland,fearfortheheavenandtheearth,Chinesetermforsociety---sheji(社稷

AgricultureasEconomicFoundation

afarmer’slifeisrelativelyfixed,settled,andrelaxinglypermanent---"thelackofmobility."(befreefromriskandadventure;conservatism)"attachedtoearth"and"dependentonland"(thevirtueofpatience)Directcontactwithnature--anaturalisticviewoflife,“順其自然”--simplicityandcontentment(anticipatedharvest)“安土樂天”Agriculturalproductionrelyingheavilyonnature,farmingseasonsandhavingfavorableweather--harmonyofmanwithnature天人合一--Seekingharmony--familyrelationsandmutualdependence--predominanceofmoralityfamilyasthebasicunit“溥天之下，莫非王土，率土之濱，莫非王臣”“炎黃子孫”--collectivismTheTraditionalValuesofChinesepeopleChapter2

ChinesePhilosophy&ReligionPartIChinesePhilosophyandItsBasicFeaturesConfucianism（儒家）

Taoism

（道家）FounderofConfucianismKongQiu(孔丘)SpringandAutumnPeriodConfuciusTheTimeofConfucius:chaosanddisorderSourceofConfucius’philosophyTheAnalectsofConfuciusarecordofthewordsandactsofConfuciusandhisdisciples,aswellasthediscussionstheyheld.“benevolence”“l(fā)ove”“humanity/humaneness”“goodness”①Confucius'SocialPhilosophy仁樊遲問仁。子曰：“愛人”Howtopracticeren?

夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲達而達人。desiringtosustainhimself,sustainothers,anddesiringtodevelophimself,developothers.Inotherwords:己之所欲，亦施于人“Dotootherswhatyouwishyourself.”己所不欲,勿施于人Do

notdotootherswhatyoudonotwantothersdotoyou.①Confucius'SocialPhilosophy禮“ritual”/“rites”/“propriety”子曰：“非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動?！?/p>

---forpeopletoknowtheirownposition,thustoactintheproperway---withtheaimofpreservingsocialorder,stabilityandharmony②

Confucius'PoliticalPhilosophyGoverningbyVirtue（德政）arulershouldgovernhissubjectsbyhisownexample,andshouldtreatthemwithloveandconcern.

TheRectificationofNames(正名)toknowone'srolesinthesociety,andbehaveaccordinglysoastoensuresocialharmony.“為政以德”“君君，臣臣，父父，子子。”③Confucius'sEducationalTheoryWhattolearn?

“知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也.”basicgoalofeducation

tocultivate“personsofvirtue”,whoshouldhavesoundcharacterandupliftedminds.“孔子以《詩》、《書》、《樂》教，弟子蓋三千焉，身通六藝者七十有二人。”

①thesixarts:

禮、樂、射、御、書、數(shù)②thesixclassics:

《易》、《書》、《詩》、

《禮》、《樂》、《春秋》③Confucius'sEducationalTheoryHowtolearn?學而不思則罔，思而不學則殆。

Hewholearnsbutdoesnotthinkislaborlost.Hewhothinksbutdoesnotlearnisingreatdanger.溫故而知新，可以為師矣。Ifamankeepscherishinghisoldknowledge,soascontinuallytobeacquiringnew,hemaybeateacherofothers.③Confucius'sEducationalTheoryWhoistobeeducated?Howtoteach?"Inteachingthereshouldbenodistinctionofclasses,"“educatingsomeoneaccordingtohisnaturalability”TheDevelopmentofConfucianismOnHumanNatureMenciusXunzi“humannatureisoriginallygood”“人無有不善,水無有不下。”“人之性惡，其善者偽也?！薄癶umannatureisoriginallyevil”ImperialConfucianism---DongZhongshu

ThreeCardinalGuides:（三綱）君為臣綱，父為子綱，夫為妻綱

FiveConstantVirtues:(五常)：仁、義(righteousness)、禮、智(wisdom)、信(trustworthiness)PhilosophicalTaoism(Daoism)

TaoultimatebeliefofTaoismmeaningthe“way”Taoisundefinable,unlimited,andunnamable.ThebasicnatureofTaoisnaturalnessandinaction.LaoziLaoDanSpringandAutumnPeriodLaoZi

theclassicworkofTaoistphilosophy“TheClassicoftheWayandItsVirtue”《道德經(jīng)》MainContentsdiscussedinLaoziTheoriginoftheuniverseTheworkingsofallthethingsintheuniverse“ReversionisthemovementofTao”道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。

有無相生難易相成Thingsandconceptsarerelative.曲則全枉則直MainContentsdiscussedinLaoziTherightwaytoliveandbehave為無為，事無事，味無味。non-action,inactionornon-doingtakingnoactionthatisnotnatural,thatisagainsttheoriginalnatureandwishesofthepeople.MainContentsdiscussedinLaoziTherightwaytogovernthestatenon-action治大國如烹小鮮。Rulingabigkingdomislikecookingasmallfish.Achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action.Politically,non-action

requeststhegovernortocontainhisowndesiresandexercisethesmallestinterferenceonthemass.PartIIChineseReligionandItsInfluence

TaoistreligionBuddhismFounder:

Time:ZhangDaolingEasternHanDynastyTaoistReligionTaoistsreveredLaoZiasaGod

TheEightImmortals

八仙過海各顯神通“LiketheEightimmortalscrossingthesea,eachdisplayshis/herspecialprowess.”Modelsofachievingimmortalitythroughself-cultivationYin-yang“陰陽”twocomplementaryforcesorprinciplesthatmakeupallaspectsandphenomenaoflife.Togethertheyexpresstheinterdependenceofopposites.

BeliefsofTaoismTaijitudiagramSymbol：representsyangelementsandisgenerallydepictedasrisingontheleftrepresentsyinelementsandisshowndescendingontherightasmalldotofadifferentcoloratitsfullestpointtoindicatehoweachwilltransformintotheothertheoutercircleitselfrepresentsawhole,namelyeverythingYin-yangareopposingYin-yangaremutuallyrootedYin-yangmutuallytransformYin-yangmutuallywaxandwane

TheGeneratingCycleTheOvercomingCycle

Wuxing“五行”asystemoffivephasesusedfordescribinginteractionsandrelationshipsbetweenphenomenaeighttrigramsusedtorepresentarangeofinterrelatedconcepts.Bagua“八卦”Eachconsistsofthreelines,eacheither"broken"or"unbroken,"representingayinlineorayangline,respectively.TeachingoftheBuddaSuffering(birth,oldage,sicknessanddeath)TheFourNobleTruthsCauseofsuffering(desire)ExtinctionofsufferingTheway四諦苦諦因諦滅諦道諦Chapter3ChineseArtPartI

ChineseCalligraphy&PaintingFourTreasuresoftheStudywritingbrushinkstick

paper

inkstone

EarliestChinesecharacterOraclebonescript甲骨文thesealform(篆書)theofficialform(隸書)the

cursiveform(草書)theregular

form(楷書)the

runningform(行書)FivecategoriesofChinesescripts

SealScriptSoftlinesofstrokesanduprightrectangular

shapemakeitmoreclosetopictography.Itturnedtheremainingcurvedandroundstrokesofthesealforminto

linear(直線的)

andflatsquare(扁方形)shapeOfficialScriptStrokesflowingandcharacterslinkingeachotherCursiveScriptRegularScriptSquareinformNon-cursiveinstrokesThefoundationofthewrittenformofmodernChineselanguageRunningHandsomewherebetweentheregularandthecursiveforms.WangXizhi(王羲之）ThegreatestChinesecalligrapher“sageofChinesecalligraphy”ZhangXu(張旭）the“sageofthecursivehand”草圣BeautyofChineseCalligraphyAconstructiveartandanexpressiveartTheartoflines.Itstressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.Theflowoflinesandtherhythmofthebrushcreatebeautyofthewhole.

“Thehandwritingrevealstheperson”InfluencesAwaytohelpapersontoachieverelaxationandrepeloutsidedisturbance.Anartofself-cultivationandself-expression.TheSoulofChineseFineArtsClassificationsofChinesepainting1.Modeofexpression/Technique--Thexieyi

style（寫意）

(literally“paintingthefeeling”)

characterizedbyexaggerationofformandliberaluseofink.--Thegongbi

（工筆）

(literallymeticulousbrushwork)stylecharacterizedbystrictanddetailedrepresentationofthesubject.2.Subjectmatterfigurepaintingslandscapepaintingsflower-and-birdpaintings

UniquenessofChinesepainting

ChinesepaintingisusuallyanintegratedwholeoffourbranchesofChineseart--poetry,calligraphy,paintingandseal-cutting.

ChinesePaintingV.S.WesternPaintingLightSourcePerspectiveSubjectDifferentaestheticsystems“depictingthesentiments”

“depictingthereality”ChinesepaintingWesternpaintingQiyun（氣韻）DifferenttheoriesandrulesChinesepainting:“l(fā)ikenessinspiritresidesinunlikeness”Westernpainting:“resemblanceofformaboveallelse”PartIITraditionalChineseOperasdifferent

traditionaloperatroupeswhowereperforminginBeijingcreatedBeijingOpera,

OriginofBeijingOperaBasedoncombiningandabsorbingsomeoftheplays,tunesandactingskillsfrom:HuiOpera(Anhui)HanOpera(Hubei)Kunqu(Jiangsu)Qinqiang(Shaanxi)ThecharactersofBeijingOperaareclassifiedaccordingtosex,age,disposition,andsocialstatus.MajorrolesRolescategoriesFeaturesShengLaoshengWushengXiaoshengElderlymanYounggeneralsskilledinwarClear-shavenRoleCategories

FeaturesDanLaodanQingyiHuadanWudancaidanElderlywomanYoungormiddle-agedwomen,refined,faithful,loving,pureYoung,frank,open,maidservantsWomenskilledinmartialartsClownsincomedies.RolescategoriesFeaturesJingorHualian(paintedface)

zhengjingmainlysingsFujingWujingmoveabout,speakingandstrikingposturesacrobaticfightingRolescategoriesFeaturesChou(theclown)

wenchouwuchouspeak,actandsingSpeakandacrobaticfightTheBeautyofBeijingOperathecreationofavirtualworldthesplendoroffacialmasksacomprehensiveartformthecharmofactorsthecreationofavirtualworldVirtualsetting2.VirtualmovementThesplendoroffacialmasks

Masksareappliedonlytotworoles:“jing”andthe“chou”---toindicatetheidentityandcharacteroftheroleredblackwhitebravery,uprightnessandloyalty

eitheraroughandboldcharacteroranimpartialandselflesspersonalitypowerfulvillain,treacherouspeopleAComprehensiveArtSinging:

utmostimportanceSpeaking:charactermonologuesanddialoguesActing:bodymovementsandfacialexpressionsAcrobaticfighting:martialartAcomprehensiveartembracingliterature,music,dance,martialarts,andacrobatics.AComprehensiveArtFourGreatDanActors四大名旦:梅蘭芳、程硯秋、荀慧生、尚小云ThecharmoftheactorsKunquOpera(昆曲)ShaanxiOpera(秦腔)SichuanOpera(川劇)YueOpera(越劇)YuOpera(豫劇）HuangmeiOpera(黃梅戲)PingOpera(評劇)JiangsuShaanxiSichuan,Yunnan&GuizhouZhejiangProvinceHenanAnhui&HubeiTangshancity,HebeiTraditionalOperasOneoftheoldestoperaticforminChinaKunquOpera(昆曲)ShaanxiOpera（秦腔）Theoldest

ofallthatstillexist“AncestorofallChineselocaloperas”SichuanOpera(川劇)Useofstuns:“facechanges”Influence/FunctionTheonlyentertainmentforancientChinesecommonpeople.Itisalsoavehicletospreadknowledgeandethicalteachings.ChapterIV

ChineseCuisine--“Foodisthefirstnecessityofthepeople”

(民以食為天)--“Desiresforfoodandsexarebasichumaninstincts.”

(食色人之性也)--“Rulingabigkingdomislikecookingasmalldish.”(治大國如烹小鮮)I.ChineseCookingArt

1.Thecompletepresenceof_____,_____and______(色香味俱全)coloraromatasteFiveFlavors:sour,sweet,bitter,pungent,salty2.SuperSkillsofChineseChefThecontrolofTimeandFire(火候)Dish:hard,soft,crisp,tenderFire:high,moderate,lowtemperatureThecuttingskills(刀工):

mince,cube,strip,slice…fryboilsteamsmokepicklebraise/stewroast蒸炒/炸/煎煮腌烤熏燒/燉/燜3.

various

cookingtechniques

AccordingtoinventorsDongpoPork(東坡肉)II.SpecialwaysofnamingChineseDishes2)AccordingtoplacesPekingRoastDuck(北京烤鴨)3)AccordingtoshapesGoldfishSteamedDumplings(金魚蒸餃)4)AccordingtocolorsAmberPeanuts(琥珀花生)CrystalPorkLeg(水晶豬肘)5)AccordingtotastesCrispyFriedChickenwithCurry(咖喱酥雞)6)AccordingtodifferentkindsofoilShreddedTripewithChilioil(紅油肚絲)MushroomsinOysterSaucer(蠔油香菇)7)AccordingtoutensilsBeanCurdinCasserole(砂鍋豆腐)ChickeninEarthenJar(瓦罐雞肉)8)AccordingtoingredientsMushroomsandSlicedChicken(香菇雞片)ShreddedPorkandHotPickledMustardTuber(榨菜肉絲)9)AccordingtoChinesemedicineDicedChickenwithChineseAngelica(當歸雞塊)BeefwithDriedOrangePeel(陳皮牛肉)

10)AccordingtoimagesAntsClimbingtheTrees(螞蟻上樹)Lion’sHead(獅子頭)11)AccordingtomethodsofcookingBraisedCarpinBrownSauce(紅燒鯉魚)Quick-friedYellowCroaker(烹黃魚)12)AccordingtomythologiesandhistoricalstoriesRice-flourNoodlesinYunnan(過橋米線)ThreeSwornBrothersinPeachGarden(桃園三結義)FourFamousCookingStyles:

Sichuan/Guangdong/Shandong/HuaiyangEightFamousCookingStyles:

+

Zhejiang/Anhui/Hunan/FujianTenFamousCookingStyles:

+Beijing/ShanghaiIII.EightregionalcuisinesArrangementsofSeatsTheCoursesChopsticksIV.TableMannersNorthorsouth?

“honoredsouth,humblenorth”(南尊北卑)Specialguestsandtheelderlysitonthenorthsideofthetableordirectlyfacingtheentranceoftheroom.Thecourses:Servingorder:

asetofatleast4colddishesfollowedbythemaincoursesofhotmeatandvegetabledishes

soup

staplefoodfromcolddishtohotdishChopstickEtiquette

--Don'tusechopstickstohitthesideofyourbowlorplatetomakealotofnoise.--Whenyouusechopsticks,don'tstretchoutyourindexfinger.--Neverusechopstickstopointatothers.--Itisthoughttobeanimpolitebehaviorwhenyousucktheendofachopstick.--Don'twavechopsticksabovethedishes.--Don'tinsertchopsticksuprightintothefood.

--Don'tusechopstickstopokeateverydishwithoutknowingwhatyouwant.--Ifthetablesettingsincludeservingspoonsorchopsticks,usetheminsteadofyourownsettogetyourselffood.

茶之為飲，發(fā)乎神農(nóng)氏，聞于魯周公

--《茶經(jīng)》“TeawasdiscoveredbyShenNongandbecamepopularasadrinkinthestateofLubecauseofZhouGong”--TeaClassicsTeaTeaClassics

TheTeaSageTeaanaturalandhealthydrinkServingteaforpeopletoshowrespect

toapologize

toexpressthankstoyoureldersonone'sweddingday

topassonthetradition

--Customofteaasbride-price(聘禮)CategoriesofTeaGreenteaBlackteaOolongteaYellowTeaWhiteTeaScentedTeaCompressedteaunfermentedteafullyfermentedteapartiallyfermentedteaChineseTeaBrewingMethods

Gongfutea功夫茶

--Whatkindofteaisappropriate?OolongclassTipsWarmtheteapotandcupsfirst.Firstinfusion:usuallynotfordrinkingUsetheFairCuptomakesuretheteaineachteacupisofthesametaste.UsetheAromaCuptoenjoythearomaofthetea.“高沖低斟”Whenpouringboilingwater

fromthekettleintotheteapot,

oneshould

raise

thekettle

high.

Whenpouringtea

fromtheteapotintotheteacups,oneshould

lower

theteapotand

keepitsspoutclosetotheteacups.“關公巡城”

Pourteainacircularmotionintoalltheteacupsatthesametime.

ChapterV

TraditionalFestivalsCelebrationsoftraditionalfestivals

SignificanceoftraditionalfestivalsDoubleNinthFestivalTheSpringFestivalTheLanternFestivalTomb-sweepingDayTheDragonBoatFestivalTheMid-AutumnFestivalDoubleSeventhFestivalTheSpringFestivalfallson:the1stdayofthe1stlunarmonthItsCelebration:23Decemberofthelunarcalendar----15Januaryoftheup-comingyear(PreliminaryYeartotheLanternFestival)demonwhichintrudedthevillagestoeatpeopleonceayearonthenewyeareve.afraidofthreethings:redcolor,fire/flameandloudnoisesetofffirecrackersandfireworkpasteSpringFestivalCoupletsandpaper-cutdecorationsonwindowsanddoorsCelebrationsspecialpurchasesfortheSpringFestivalsweepthehouseoffersacrificestoancestorspaste“fu”upside-downpastegategods,NewYear’spaintingandpaper-cut

havefamilyreuniondinnerwatchCCTVNewYear’sgalaStaying-upCountdownpayNewYear’scallredpackage/NewYear’smoneydragondance,liondancemakedumplingsTheLanternFestivalGlutinousricedumplingLanterndisplayandriddle-guessinlanternTheQingmingFestivalTombSweepingDay,solarterm,April4,5thAdayformourningthedeadRebirthofnature:springouting,kiteflyingTheDragonBoatFestival5thdayof5thlunarmonthQuYuaneatingzongzi

racingdragonboatsTheDoubleSeventhFestival7thdayof7thlunarmonth“Qiqiao”,dayofthegirlsCowherdandWeaverMaidpreparefruits,melonsandincenseasofferingsprayforskillsTheMoonFestival15thdayof8thlunarmonthHouyiandChangErrFamilyreunionEatmooncakesWatchthemoonTheDoubleNinthFestival9thdayof9thlunarmonthAscendaheightEnjoyandwearchrysanthemumChongyangcakeSenior’sdayAncientChineseArchitectureWoodenframework:supportingelementWalls:enclosingelement(protectionandprivacy)Woodenroof,beam,andpillar1.Timberframework:flexiblestructureAdvantages:easilyavailable;shock-resistantCharacteristicofancientChinesearchitecture2.regularandcollectivelayout----theprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry(對稱)axis:mainstructurewings:secondarystructuresshape:rectangular;square;round3.Uniqueartisticroofgrandroofswithextendedeavesdownward-pointedcurve4.gorgeousornaments---greatvariety

carvedbeams,paintedrafters,inscribedboards,couplets,stonelions,screenwalls,ornamentalcolumnsTheculturalconnotationsofChineseArchitecture1.thebeliefofnaturalspirits---fengshuihasitsoriginingeographicalandclimaticallyconditionse.g.Yin-yangslowflowofwaterbringsQiJingshanMountainGoldenWaterRiver2.reflectionoftraditionalethicalidea3.unityofnature,heavenandman天子之堂九尺，諸侯七尺，大夫五尺，士三尺。