2018年12月英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀真題版

2018年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀真題

選詞填空

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisa

passagewithtenbIanks.YouarerequiredtoseIectone

wordforeachbIankfromalistofchoicesgivenina

wordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassage

throughcarefuIIybeforemakingyourchoices.Each

choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaIetter.Please

markthecorrespondingIetterforeachitemonAnswer

Sheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.Youmay

notuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

MiIIionsdieearIyfromairpoIIutioneachyear.Air

pollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5

trillionannuaIIyinweIfarecosts,withthemost

serious26occurringinthedevelopingworId.The

figuresincIudeanumberofcosts27withairpolIution.

LostincomeaIoneamountsto$225biIIionayear.The

reportincIudesbothindoorandoutdoorairpolIution.

IndoorpoIIution,whichincludes28likehomeheating

andcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraI

decadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.LeveIsofoutdoor

poIIutionhavegrownrapidlyaIongwithrapidgrowth

inindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstitute

forHealthMetricsandEvaIuationChrisMurray30it

asan“urgentcaIItoaction.”“Oneoftherisk

factorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,over

whichindividuaIshaveIittIe31,“hesaid.The

effectsofairpollutionareworstinthedeveloping

worId,whereinsomepIaceslost-laborincome32nearIy

1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopIeinIow-and

middIe-incomecountriesIiveinpIaceswherethey33

experiencedangerousIeveIsofoutdoorairpollution.

ButtheprobIemisnotIimited34tothedeveloping

worId.ThousandsdieprematureIyintheU.S.asaresult

ofreIatediIInesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,where

dieseI(柴油)35havebecomemorecommoninrecentyears,

thatnumberreachestensofthousands.

A)abiIityB)associatedC)consciousIy

D)constantE)controIF)damageG)described

H)equaIsI)excIusiveIyJ)innovated

K)reguIarIyL)reIatesM)sources

N)undermine0)vehicIes

答案：26.Fdamage（損害）27.Bassociated（與....

有聯(lián)系）28.Msources（來(lái)源）29.Dconstant（不斷

的，常存在的）30.Gdescribed（描述）31.Econtrol

（控制）32.HequaIs（等同于）33.Kregularly（經(jīng)常

地）34.IexcIusiveIy（僅僅，唯一地）35.0vehicIes

（車(chē)輛）

解析：

26.Fdamage空格所在句子的含義為：空氣污染每年在福

利費(fèi)用方面給全球經(jīng)濟(jì)造成5萬(wàn)多億損失，最大的.......

發(fā)生在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。根據(jù)上下文可知這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)跟損

失有關(guān)聯(lián)的詞匯，另外在語(yǔ)法上這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)名詞

devastating,“具有破壞力的”修飾，所以我們應(yīng)該可以

確定答案為damage,“損害”n.

27.Bassociated空格所在句子的含義為：這個(gè)福利數(shù)字

包含許多與空氣污染......的福利費(fèi)用，比如健康與消費(fèi)。

根據(jù)語(yǔ)法上判斷，這里應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞做costs的后

置定語(yǔ)，另外從語(yǔ)義上判斷，associatedwithairpoIIution

做cost的后置定語(yǔ)，表示與空氣污染相關(guān)的費(fèi)用，語(yǔ)義上

也符合上下文語(yǔ)境。

28.Msources空格所在的句子的含義為：室內(nèi)污染，包

括像暖氣和做飯一樣的.......O從語(yǔ)法上判斷這里應(yīng)該填

入名詞，并且這個(gè)名詞是一個(gè)大范圍的詞可以包括暖氣和做

飯，另外從語(yǔ)義上判斷sourcesIikehomeheatingand

cooking表示像暖氣和做飯一樣的來(lái)源也符合上下文語(yǔ)境。

PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreada

passagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatement

containsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.

Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationis

derived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Each

paragraphismarkedwithaIetter.Answerthequestions

bymarkingthecorrespondingIetteronAnswerSheet2.

Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingProgress

[A]SeveraItimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorinthe

aislesofRalph'smarketinHuntingtonBeach,

CaIifornia,wearingawhitecoatandhelpingpeopIe

Iearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwas

DanieINadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAlIison

Scott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswho

persistentIyavoidanythingthatishealthy."Haveyou

thoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”he

asksher."ThefrozenorangesandappIesareaIittIe

cheaper,andfruitsarereaIIygoodforthebrain.

Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethe

frozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythe

nextmorning.”

[B]ScottisdeIightedtogetfoodadvicefroma

physicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMary

andDickAlIenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.Joseph

HoagHealthaIIiance.Thecenter*'s'ShopwithYour

Doc'programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeet

withanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,pIusany

othershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.

[C]Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni（通心

粉）-and-cheeseboxesinScott'sshoppingcartand

suggestssheswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandreaI

cheese."SoI'dhavetomakeit?”sheasks,her

enthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowIongthatmight

take,justtohaveherkidsrejectit."I'mnotsure

they'deatit.Theyjustwon'teatit.”

[D]Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebig

contributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamong

chiIdren."InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodis

processedfood,“Nadeautellsher."AndonIy5

percentofourfoodispIant-basedfood.Ithinkwe

shouldtrytoreversethat."Scottagreestotrymore

fruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakereaImacaroniand

cheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofor

diabetes.

[E]NadeauispartofasmaIIrevolutiondeveloping

acrossCaIifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhas

beenaroundfordecades,butit'smakingprogressas

physiciansandmedicaIinstitutionsmakefoodaformaI

partoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyon

medications（藥4勿）.ByprescribingnutritionaIchanges

orIaunchingprogramssuchas'ShopwithyourDoc’,

theyaretryingtoprevent,Iimitorevenreverse

diseasebychangingwhatpatientseat."There'sno

questionpeoplecantakethingsaIongwaytoward

reversingdiabetes,reversinghighbIoodpressure,

evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,“Nadeausays.

[F]Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfabIe,CEO

andpresidentofST.JosephHoagHeaIth,medicaI

institutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakea

philosophicaIswitchtobecomingahealthorganization,

notjustaheaIthcareorganization.ThatfeeIing

echoesthebeIiefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantry

programatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneraIHospital,

whichcompIeteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpand

onanongoingbasistofivecIinicsitesthroughoutthe

city.TheprogramwiIIofferpatientsseveraIbagsof

foodprescribedfortheircondition,aIongwith

intensivetraininginhowtocookit."WereaIIywant

toIinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveaway

food,“saysDr.RitaNguyen,thehospital'smedicaI

directorofHealthyFoodInitiatives."WewantpeopIe

tounderstandwhatthey'reeating,howtoprepareit,

therolefoodpIaysintheirlives.”

[G]InSouthernCaIifornia,LomaLindaUniversity

SchooIofMedicineisofferingspeciaIizedtrainingfor

itsresidentphysiciansinLifestyIeMedicine——that

isaformaIspeciaItyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.

Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffood

totreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmean

thatdietaIoneisaIwaysthesoIution,orthatevery

iIInesscanbenefitsubstantiaIIyfromdietarychanges.

NonetheIess,physicianssaythattheyIookatthe

coIIectivedataandacIearpictureemerges:thatthe

sa11,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmerican

dietcontributetothenation,shighratesofobesity,

diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorId

HealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromheart

diseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbIoodpressure,

tobaccouse,eIevatedcholesterolandIowconsumption

offruitsandvegetabIes.

[H]"It'sadifferentparadigm（范式）ofhowtotreat

disease,“saysDr.BrendaRea,whoheIpsrunthefamiIy

andpreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLinda

UniversitySchooIofMedicine.TheIifestyIemedicine

speciaItyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtoprevent

andtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients'

nutritionalhabits.ThemedicaIcenterandschoolat

LomaLindaaIsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenfor

patients.Thisway,patientsnotonIyIearnaboutwhich

foodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.

[I]ManypeopIedon'tknowhowtocook,Reasays,and

theyonIyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeans

dependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugar

content.SoteachingpeopIeaboutwhichfoodsare

healthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuaIIy

transformapatient'sIife.Andbeyondthat,itmight

transformthehealthandIivesofthatpatient's

famiIy."Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,”

Reasays."Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemost

powerfuIthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffects

ofIong-termdisease.”

[J]Studieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychanges

canslowinflammation（炎癥），forexampIe,ormakethe

bodyinhospitabIetocancercelIs.IngeneraI,many

IifestyIemedicinephysiciansrecommendapIant-based

diet——particuIarIyforpeopIewithdiabetesorother

infIammatoryconditions.

[K]"Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswiIIrequire

aculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,"saysNguyen.

aInthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthen

stoppedsmokingandwereabIetotaIktopatientsabout

it,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”

36.MorethanhaIfofthefoodAmericanseatis

factory-produced.

37.Thereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorsto

giveadvicetoshoppersinfoodstores.

38.Thereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfood

heIpspatientsrecoverfromvariousiIInesses.

39.Ahealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyand

easiIy.

40.Trainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcan

changetheirIife.

41.Onefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribes

foodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookit.

42.ScottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherseIf,thinking

itwouIdsimplybeawasteoftime.

43.Diabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmore

pIant-basedfood.

44.UsingfoodasmedicineisnonoveIidea,butthe

movementismakingheadwaythesedays.

45.Americans,highratesofvariousiIInessesresu11

fromthewaytheyeat.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Each

passageisfoIIowedbysomequestionsorunfinished

statements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoices

markedA),B),C)andD).YoushouIddecideonthebest

choiceandmarkthecorrespondingIetteronAnswer

Sheet2withasingleIinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

CaIiforniahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,

withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwater

hundredsofmilestotheirdistributionsystem.The

probIemisgrowingasthepopuIationofthestate

continuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwater

reservesunderthestatewhichcouldheIpsoIvetheir

droughtcrisis.PreviousdrillingofwellscouIdonIy

reachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumping

practices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted

（抽?。?TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedthe

aquifers（地下蓄水層）belowthisdepthandfoundthat

reservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviousIythought.

11isprofitabIetodriIItodepthsmorethan1,000feet

foroiIandgasextraction,butonIyrecentIyin

CaIiforniahasitbecomeprofitabletopumpwaterfrom

thisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feet

beIowtheground,whichmeansthatpumpingwiIIbe

expensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggest

concernofpumpingoutwaterfromthisdeepinthe

graduaIsettIingdownoftheIandsurface.Asthewater

ispumpedout,thevacantspaceIeftiscompactedby

theweightoftheearthabove.

Eventhoughpumpingfromthesedepthsisexpensive,it

isstillcheaperthandesaIinating(脫鹽)theocean

waterintheIargeIycoastaIstate.SomedesaIination

pIantsexistwherefeasibIe,buttheyarecostIytorun

andcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmore

reIiabIesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniais

hopingthatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheir

severewatershortage.

OneprobIemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwater

aIsohasahigherIeveIofsa11thanshaIIoweraquifers.

Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergo

desalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthe

cost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwater

fromover950drillingIogshasjustbeenpubIished.

Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700

billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.

46.HowcouIdCalifornia'sdroughtcrisisbesolved

accordingtosomeresearchers?

A)Bybuildingmorereservesofgroundwater.

B)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.

C)Bydevelopingmoreadvanceddrillingdevices.

D)Byupgradingitswaterdistributionsystem.

47.Whatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfrom

deepaquifers?

A)11wasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterprobIem.

B)Itwasnotconsideredworththeexpense.

C)ItmaynotprovidequaIityfreshwater.

D)ItisboundtogainsupportfromtheIocaIpeopIe.

48.Whatismeritionedasaconsequenceofextracting

waterfromdeepunderground?

A)ThesinkingofIandsurface.C)Thedamageto

aquifers.

B)Theharmtotheecosystem.D)Thechangeofthe

cIimate.

49.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepweIIs?

A)Theyrunwithoutanyneedforrepairs.

B)TheyareentireIyfreefrompollutants.

C)TheyaretheultimatesoIutiontodroughts.

D)TheyprovideasteadysuppIyoffreshwater.

50.Whatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswater

sources?

A)People'shealthmayimprovewithcIeanerwater.

B)People'swaterbillsmaybeIoweredconsiderabIy.

C)ThecostmaygoupduetodesaIination.

D)TheymaybeexhaustedsoonerorIater.

答案

46.B)Bydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheearth.

47.B)11wasnotconsideredworththeexpense.

48.A)ThesinkingofIandsurface.

49.D)Theyprovideasteadysupplyoffreshwater.

50.C)ThecostmaygoupduetodesaIination.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefoIlowingpassage.

TheAIphaGoprogram'svictoryisanexampIeofhow

smartcomputershavebecome.

ButcanartificialinteIIigence(Al)machinesact

ethicaIIy,meaningcantheybehonestandfair?

OneexampIeofAlisdriverIesscars.TheyareaIready

onCaIiforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhether

wecanprogramamachinetoactethically.AsdriverIess

carsimprove,theywiIIsaveIives.TheywiIImakefewer

mistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,

theywiIIfaceachoicebetweenIives.Shouldthecars

beprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacross

theroad,evenifthatwiIIputtheirpassengersatrisk?

Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?What

iftheonIyriskisdamagetothecaritself,notto

thepassengers?

PerhapstherewiIIbeIessonstoIearnfromdriverIess

cars,buttheyarenotsuper-inteIIigentbeings.

TeachingethicstoamachineevenmoreinteIIigentthan

wearewiIIbethebiggerchaIIenge.

AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo,striumph,Microsoft?s

'chatbot'tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTayIor,

wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopIeaged18-24.

TayIorwassupposedtobeabIetoIearnfromthe

messagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowly

improveherabilitytohandIeconversations,butsome

peopIewereteachingTayIorracistideas.Whenshe

startedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,Microsoft

turnedheroffanddeIetedherugliestmessages.

AlphaGo'svictoryandTaylor'sdefeathappenedat

aboutthesametime.Thisshouldbeawarningtous.

11isonethingtouseAlwithinagamewithcIearruIes

andcIeargoaIs.11issomethingverydifferenttouse

AlinthereaIworId.TheunpredictabiIityofthereaI

worIdmaybringtothesurfaceatroubIingsoftware

probIem.EricSchmidtisoneofthebossesof

GoogIe,whichownAIphoGo.HethinksAlwillbepositive