2025年大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試考前點(diǎn)題卷二

2025年大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考試考前點(diǎn)題卷二[問答題]1.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents正確答案：詳見解析參考（江南博哥）解析：高分范文TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudentsEachyearthereareagrowingnumberofcollegestudentscommittingsuicidewhenconfrontedwithsetbacksandfrustration，whichsuggeststhatfrustrationeducationisextremelyimportantforcollegestudents.Firstofall，whatcannotbeignoredisthatmostcollegestudentswhoarefarawayfromtheirfamiliesneedtofacechallengesaloneandmayeasilygetconfusedandfrustrated.Thus，strengtheningfrustrationeducationcanhelpthembecomestrong-mindedandteachthemhowtodealwithsetbacks.Secondly，collegeguidanceonhowtocorrectlydealwithnegativeemotionsisbeneficialtostudents'mentalhealthandencouragesthemtotakeapositiveattitudetowardstheirschoollife.Moreover，frustrationisinevitableinourlives.Ifcollegestudentsdonotlearnhowtocopewithitwhentheyareyoung，theymayencountermoreproblemsintheirfuturecareers，suchaslackofconfidence，difficultiesingettingalongwellwithothersandunwillingnesstotrynewthings，whichcertainlywillbecomeobstaclestotheirsuccess.Inshort，frustrationeducationcanbringgreatbenefitstostudents，whichshouldnotbeneglectedatcollege.[問答題]2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的歷史。幾百年來，昆曲在上海及長(zhǎng)江三角洲下游地區(qū)發(fā)展繁榮。從16世紀(jì)到18世紀(jì)，昆曲一直主宰著中國戲曲。此外，昆曲還影響了許多其他的中國戲曲形式。例如，在京劇里，我們可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，聯(lián)合國教科文組織宣布昆曲為“人類口述和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作”。正確答案：詳見解析參考解析：參考譯文KunquOperaisoneofthemostveneratedformsoftraditionalChineseoperawithahistoryofmorethan600years.Forhundredsofyears，ithasprosperedinShanghaiandaroundthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.KunquOperadominatedChineseoperafromthe16thtothe18thcentury.Inaddition，KunquOperahasalsoexertedinfluenceonmanyotherformsofChineseopera.Forexample，KunquelementsarestilldiscernibleinPekingOpera.In2001，UNESCOdeclaredKunquOperaamasterpieceoftheoralandintangibleculturalheritageofhumanity.共享題干題Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffectiveascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in26_____inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____,"saysDavidRichards，ahealthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeter.Ifapatientvaluesnatureandfamily，forexample，atherapistmightencouragehimto28_____adailywalkintheparkwithhisgrandchildren，whichcouldcreatea(n)29_____tomorenegativepastimessuchasponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yetmore30_____scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-aloneapproach.Inarecentstudy，a31_____of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBThead-to-head.They32_____440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwoapproaches，thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6，12and18monthsaftertreatmentbegan.As33_____inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobeequallyeffective.

Inaddition，Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34_____healthworkerscouldprovideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35_____cheapertoimplementthanCBT，whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboontodevelopingcountries，whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.[單選題]1.空白處26.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：O參考解析：空格前出現(xiàn)了不定冠詞和形容詞，故應(yīng)填入名詞。由上文可知，行為激活療法是針對(duì)抑郁癥的一種治療方法，且第二段也出現(xiàn)了approach“方法”，故填入O)technique“方法，技巧”。[單選題]2..空白處27.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：G參考解析：空格位于系動(dòng)詞之后，從語法上來說填入名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞分詞形式都說得通，但空格前出現(xiàn)了由and連接的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，由此推測(cè)文章是在講人的行為和感受之間的關(guān)系。由下文可知，治療師可以利用患者重視的事物對(duì)其行為進(jìn)行干預(yù)和修正，可知行為和感受之間是相互聯(lián)系的，故填入G)linked。[單選題]3.空白處28.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：L參考解析：空格前出現(xiàn)了encourage和to，由此可知需要填入動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成不定式，作賓語補(bǔ)足語。結(jié)合空格后的adailywalk“每天散步”可推測(cè)，這里應(yīng)填入L）schedule“安排，計(jì)劃”。H)range用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，放在此處雖然也符合語法，但它指的是按照一定位置或順序給某物進(jìn)行位置上的排列或排序，放在這里不符合句意，故排除。[單選題]4.空白處29.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：B參考解析：空格位于不定冠詞之后，應(yīng)填入名詞?？崭窈蟪霈F(xiàn)了negativepastimes“消極的消遣方式”，而空格所在從句中的引導(dǎo)詞which代指的是前面主句的內(nèi)容，即“治療師可能鼓勵(lì)病人安排每天都和孫兒一起去公園散散步”，這是一種積極的消遣方式，由此可知，前后是兩種完全不同的選擇，故填入B）alternative，它可以搭配介詞to，表示“可供選擇的事物”。A)access“進(jìn)入權(quán)，使用權(quán)”雖然也能和介詞to搭配使用，但放在這里意思就變成了“接觸更消極的消遣方式”，不符合語境，故排除。[單選題]5.空白處30.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：K參考解析：空格位于more之后、名詞短語scientificevidence之前，最有可能填入形容詞。根據(jù)句意“雖然行為激活療法已經(jīng)存在了幾十年……但我們需要更……的科學(xué)證據(jù)去評(píng)估其作為一種獨(dú)立方法的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)?！毙揎棥翱茖W(xué)證據(jù)”，填入K)rigorous“嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?，?yán)格的”最為合適，故為答案。[單選題]6.空白處31.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：D參考解析：空格位于冠詞和介詞之間，應(yīng)填入名詞。后面出現(xiàn)了18researchers，故推測(cè)填入D)collaboration“合作，協(xié)作”，表示這項(xiàng)研究是由18名研究人員共同完成的。arangeof表示“一系列的”，側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)范圍廣，種類多，不用來修飾人，故排除H)。[單選題]7.空白處32.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：C參考解析：空格位于代詞they之后，且這句話缺少謂語，故應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞。因?yàn)檠芯恳呀?jīng)完成了，故進(jìn)一步明確應(yīng)填入動(dòng)詞的過去式，且該動(dòng)詞可以和介詞to搭配使用，符合這些要求的只有C）assigned，assignsb.tosth.表示“把某人分配到某個(gè)任務(wù)或崗位”，放在這里符合句意，意為“將440名抑郁癥患者分配到為期16周的兩種治療方法中”。E）involved一般和介詞in搭配使用，故排除。[單選題]8.空白處33.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：J參考解析：as當(dāng)連詞使用時(shí)可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代指前面或后面的一整句話，這種從句中通常會(huì)把it和系動(dòng)詞省略，而直接寫成“as+過去分詞”的形式。空格后面出現(xiàn)了團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由此可知這里的as代指的是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，故填入revealed，這句話的完整版本是“AsitwasrevealedinapaperpublishedintheLancet.…”，意為“正如發(fā)表在《柳葉刀》上的一篇論文顯示的那樣……”。[單選題]9.空白處34.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：F參考解析：空格位于名詞短語healthworkers之前，應(yīng)填入形容詞。由本段破折號(hào)后的內(nèi)容可知，行為激活療法比認(rèn)知行為療法成本低得多，因?yàn)檎J(rèn)知行為療法需要高度專業(yè)的治療師，由此推測(cè)行為激活療法并不需要特別專業(yè)的人員。根據(jù)空格后面的內(nèi)容可知，這些醫(yī)療工作者還需要接受短期的培訓(xùn)，由此可知他們是資歷比較淺的或者沒有什么經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，符合此意思的只有F)junior，表示“（地位、職位、級(jí)別）較低的”。[單選題]10.空白處35.應(yīng)填A(yù).accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique正確答案：N參考解析：空格位于形容詞比較級(jí)cheaper之前，應(yīng)填入副詞來修飾。根據(jù)句意可知，這里需要填入一個(gè)程度副詞來修飾cheaper，表示“便宜得多”，故填入N）significantly“顯著地，極大地”。全文并未提及行為激活療法只在特定的時(shí)間或情況下成本低于認(rèn)知行為療法，故排除I）regularly“定期地，有規(guī)律地”。UniversalHealthCare，Worldwide，IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000thenumberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf，t05.6m.Lifeexpectancyhasreached71，againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverarevaccinated.Malaria，TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffershasperhapsneverbeenwider.AtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorldHealthOrganizationdeemsessential,includingantenatal，(產(chǎn)前的)care，insecticide-treatedbednets，screeningforcervicalcancer(子宮頸癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白喉)，tetanus(破傷風(fēng))andwhoopingcough.Safe，basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bnpeople.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800mpeoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180mspendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.InstudiesofconsultationsinruralIndianclinics，just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.Thatisaterriblewaste.Asthisweek'sspecialreportshows，thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcareissensible，affordableandpractical，eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit，thepotentialofmodemmedicinewillbesquandered.(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat，say，universalbasiceducationissensible—becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarterstheveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure，becauseitsuggestspaternalism(家長(zhǎng)式統(tǒng)治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealthinsuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor，theyoungtosubsidisetheoldandthehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]11.Itisextremelywastefulthatpeoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatmentafterspendingafortune.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正確答案：C參考解析：由題干中的extremelywasteful和spendingafortune定位到原文C）段。C）段第一句提到，那些能夠去看醫(yī)生的人也經(jīng)常要payacripplingprice，由第二句中的over10%oftheirannualhouseholdincome和over25%可知，payacripplingprice是指支付高昂的費(fèi)用。第三句指出，whattheygetinreturn的水平卻常常糟糕透頂，由下一句中的receivedacorrectdiagnosis可知，這些人所得到的是治療。第四句提到這是一種可怕的浪費(fèi)，that指代該段前四句話，即那些能夠去看醫(yī)生的人也經(jīng)常要支付高昂的費(fèi)用，但他們得到的治療水平卻常常糟糕透頂。題干中的extremelywasteful對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的atemblewaste；peoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatment對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的“Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.”；spendingafortune是對(duì)原文中payacripplingprice的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故C）為答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]12.Apartfromthegovernment，privateinsurancecompaniesandproviderscanalsocomeintoplayinuniversalhealthcare.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正確答案：H參考解析：由題干中的government、privateinsurancecompanies和providers定位到原文H)段第三、四句。定位句提到，它并不意味著由政府全包。私人保險(xiǎn)公司和供應(yīng)商也能發(fā)揮重要作用。由上文可知，定位句句首的it指代該段第一句中的universalhealthcare。而定位句中的biggovernment是指“大政府”，即樣樣都管的政府。由此推知，除了政府，私人保險(xiǎn)公司和供應(yīng)商也能在全民醫(yī)療中發(fā)揮作用。題干中的insurancecompanies和comeintoplay分別對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的insurers和playanimportantrole，故H)為答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[單選題]13.MostofIndianandNigerianhealthexpenditureispaidbypatients.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）正確答案：F參考解析：由題干中的IndianandNigerian和healthexpenditure定位到原文F)段第五句。定位句提到，在印度和尼日利亞，60%以上的醫(yī)療支出是由患者自付。由此推知，印度和尼日利亞的大部分醫(yī)療費(fèi)用由患者支付。定位句中的短語out-of-pocketpayments是指“自付額”，即患者自掏腰包支付醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。題于中的mostof和healthexpenditure分別對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的morethan60%of和healthspending，故F)為答案。peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhea