初中酸堿鹽知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

初中酸堿鹽知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)麗燕教育酸堿鹽知識(shí)點(diǎn)一、物質(zhì)的分類:金屬:Fe、Cu、Mg、Al單質(zhì)稀有氣體:He、Ne、Ar固態(tài)非金屬:C、S、P非金屬氣態(tài)非金屬:H、O、Cl、N2222純凈物酸性氧化物:CO、SO、SO223可溶:KO、NaO、BaO、CaO22氧化物堿性氧化物難溶:CuO、FeO、MgO23其它氧化物:HO、CO、FeO234S無(wú)氧酸:HCl、H2化合物酸含氧酸:HSO、HNO、HCO、HPO2432334物質(zhì)可溶堿:NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)、Ca(OH)22堿難溶堿:Cu(OH)、Fe(OH)、Mg(OH)232---+++2可溶鹽:K、Na、NH、NO、SO(除BaSO)、Cl(除AgCl)4344鹽難溶鹽:AgCl、BaSO、CaCO、BaCO、AgCO43323混合物:空氣、水煤氣、煤、石油、天然氣、石灰石二、各類物質(zhì)的主要化學(xué)性質(zhì):(見(jiàn)下圖。短線表示相互間能反應(yīng)，箭號(hào)表示相互間能轉(zhuǎn)化)1(單質(zhì):1)金屬:氧氣?氧化物0+2金屬+酸?鹽+氫氣(?H前面的金屬;?不能是濃硫酸和硝酸)Fe?Fe鹽?鹽+金屬(?排在前面的金屬;?可溶性鹽)2)非金屬+氧氣?氧化物2(氧化物:金屬非金屬1)酸性氧化物:水?酸酸性氧化物+堿?鹽+水(可溶性堿)堿性酸性氧化物氧化物2)堿性氧化物:水?堿(可溶性堿)堿性氧化物+酸?鹽+水3)水:堿酸酸性氧化物?酸水+堿性氧化物?堿(可溶性堿)CuSO?CuSO?5HO442鹽鹽3(酸:石蕊變紅;酚酞不變色金屬?鹽+氫氣(?H前面的金屬;?不能是濃硫酸和硝酸)酸+堿性氧化物?鹽+水堿?鹽+水鹽?酸+鹽(可溶反應(yīng)物能生成?、?、HO;難溶反應(yīng)物能生成?、HO)224(堿:石蕊變藍(lán);酚酞變紅(可溶性堿)酸性氧化物?鹽+水(可溶性堿)堿+酸?鹽+水鹽?鹽+堿(反應(yīng)物必須可溶且生成物之一必須是不溶物)5(鹽:金屬?鹽+金屬(?排在前面的金屬;?可溶性鹽)酸?鹽+酸(可溶反應(yīng)物能生成?、?、HO;難溶反應(yīng)物能生成?、HO)22鹽+堿?鹽+堿(反應(yīng)物必須可溶且生成物之一必須是不溶物)massestour;Increasetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,fullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofillegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsocialorder;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysis,closelyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandthetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,ensuringharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpublicityandideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultivation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemerged,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkerYuYoubo,State-levelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includingYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofapositiveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillagecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvillage,woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialandStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityandreputationfurtherenhanced.Inaddition,wecontinuetopromotedemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferenceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterservethescientificdevelopment.Further鹽?鹽+鹽(反應(yīng)物必須可溶且生成物之一必須是不溶物)三、化學(xué)反應(yīng)的基本類型:1)化合反應(yīng):(有單質(zhì)時(shí)化合價(jià)改變)?單質(zhì)+單質(zhì)?化合物Mg+O——P+O——22?單質(zhì)+化合物?化合物C+CO——2?化合物+化合物?化合物CaO+HO——CuSO+HO——2422)分解反應(yīng):(有單質(zhì)時(shí)化合價(jià)改變)?氧化物分解HO——HgO——2?酸分解HCO——23?鹽分解KMnO——KClO——43CaCO——CuSO?5HO——342Cu(OH)CO——2233)置換反應(yīng):(化合價(jià)一定改變)?金屬+酸?鹽+氫氣(?H前面的金屬;?不能是濃硫酸和硝酸)Fe+HCl—Al+HSO—24?金屬+鹽?鹽+金屬(?排在前面的金屬;?可溶性鹽)Fe+CuSO—Cu+AgNO—43?金屬氧化物+H(或C)?金屬+水(或CO)22CuO+H—C+FeO——2234)復(fù)分解反應(yīng):(化合價(jià)一定不變)?堿性氧化物+酸?鹽+水FeO+HCl—CuO+HSO—2324?酸+堿?鹽+水NaOH+HSO—Fe(OH)+HCl—243?酸+鹽?鹽+酸(可溶反應(yīng)物能生成?、?、HO;難溶反應(yīng)物能生成?、HO)22HSO+BaCl—HCl+CaCO—2423?堿+鹽?堿+鹽(反應(yīng)物必須可溶且生成物之一必須是不溶物)Ca(OH)+NaCO—NaOH+FeCl—2233?鹽+鹽?鹽+鹽(反應(yīng)物必須可溶且生成物之一必須是不溶物)CaCl+KCO—Ba(NO)+NaSO—2233224※不屬于四種基本類型的反應(yīng):?金屬氧化物+CO?金屬+COFeO+CO——223?堿+酸性氧化物?鹽+水(可溶性堿)NaOH+CO—2?有機(jī)物+O?HO+COCHOH+O——222252?氧化還原反應(yīng):得到氧的物質(zhì)被氧化，發(fā)生氧化反應(yīng)，是還原劑;失去氧的物質(zhì)被還原，發(fā)生還原反應(yīng)，是氧化劑。點(diǎn)燃如:在2Mg+CO2MgO+C中，是氧化劑，是還原劑，被氧化，2被還原。?常見(jiàn)的原子團(tuán)及其化合價(jià):+1-1-2-2-1NHClNaOHHSOHCOHNO424233dStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityandreputationfurtherenhanced.levisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvillage,woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialaniveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillagecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includingYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofaposit-oubo,StaterYuYvation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemerged,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkeingharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpublicityandideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultiensurthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandthetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,order;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysis,closelyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofocialandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofillegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,fullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersmassestour;Increas-thescientificdevelopment.Furtherdemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferenceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterserveInaddition,wecontinuetopromote2-銨根氫氧根硫酸根碳酸根硝酸根銨根中N為-3價(jià);硫酸根中S為+6價(jià);碳酸根中C為+4價(jià);硝酸根中N為+5價(jià)。麗燕教育四、金屬活動(dòng)性順序和復(fù)分解反應(yīng)發(fā)生的條件:1.金屬活動(dòng)性順序:KCaNaMgAlZnFeSnPb(H)CuHgAgPtAu?判斷金屬與酸反應(yīng)時(shí):金屬必須排在(H)前面;酸不可用硝酸。?判斷金屬與鹽反應(yīng)時(shí):必須同時(shí)滿足?排在前面的金屬;?可溶性鹽。2.復(fù)分解反應(yīng)發(fā)生的條件:?可溶的反應(yīng)物，能生成?、或HO、或?(CO或NH)223?難溶的反應(yīng)物，能生成?、或HO2?復(fù)分解反應(yīng)生成的沉淀:(白色)AgCl難溶于酸BaSO4(白色)難溶性鹽CaCO3(白色)BaCO3(白色)AgCO23可溶于酸(白色)Mg(OH)2難溶性堿Cu(OH)(藍(lán)色)2Fe(OH)3(紅褐色)五、物質(zhì)的鑒別、鑒定(檢驗(yàn))、提純(除雜)、分離:?檢驗(yàn)物質(zhì)的試劑:被檢物質(zhì)或離子可選用的試劑COCa(OH);濕潤(rùn)的藍(lán)色石蕊試紙22NH濕潤(rùn)的紅色石蕊試紙3+CO石蕊試液;NaH23-2+3+OH石蕊試液;酚酞試液;Cu;Fe-ClAgNO+HNO33-2+2SOBa{BaCl、Ba(NO)、Ba(OH)}+HNO423223-2+2COCa{Ca(OH)、CaCl、Ca(NO)};HCl32232?鑒別:鑒別是將不同的物質(zhì)按其物理性質(zhì)或化學(xué)性質(zhì)的不同而加以辨別的過(guò)程。寫出鑒別下列各組物質(zhì)所需的試劑或方法:?鑒別NaCO和CaCO:?鑒別NaSO和NaCl:23324?鑒別H和CH:、?鑒別NaCO和NaCl:2423?鑒定(檢驗(yàn)):檢驗(yàn)是用一定的化學(xué)方法或物理方法將某種物質(zhì)確定出來(lái)的過(guò)程。寫出檢驗(yàn)下列各物質(zhì)所需的試劑或方法:?鹽酸:、?Fe(SO):、243?除雜:除雜是用物理或化學(xué)方法除去混合物中的雜質(zhì)的過(guò)程。?所加試劑只與雜質(zhì)反應(yīng)，不與主要物質(zhì)反應(yīng);除雜過(guò)程對(duì)所加試劑的要求:?使雜質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為易與主要物質(zhì)分離(即狀態(tài)不同)的物質(zhì);?不能引入新的雜質(zhì)。寫出除去下列各物質(zhì)中的雜質(zhì)所需的試劑或方法:?除去MnO中的KCl:?除去NaOH中的NaCO:223?提純:提純是用物理或化學(xué)方法除去混合物中的雜質(zhì)除去并得到某純凈物的過(guò)程。dreputationfurtherenhanced.woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialandStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityanlage,ecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvilgYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofapositiveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillaglevelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includin-,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkerYuYoubo,Statendideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultivation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemergedcityaetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,ensuringharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpubliselyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandth,clollegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsocialorder;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysisfullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofimassestour;Increasetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,-ceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterservethescientificdevelopment.FurtherInaddition,wecontinuetopromotedemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferen3-寫出提純下列各物質(zhì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟及所需的試劑或方法:?從KCl與MnO的混合物中提純KCl:、、2?從MgCl與CaCl的混合物中提純MgCl:、、、222?分離:分離將混合物中的各成分用物理或化學(xué)方法分開(kāi)從而得到各純凈物的過(guò)程。寫出分離下列各物質(zhì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟及所需的試劑或方法:?分離KCl與MnO的混合物;?分離BaCl與NaCl的混合物。22六、氣體的干燥:O?酸性干燥劑:濃硫酸、P25?干燥劑?堿性干燥劑:固體CaO、固體NaOH?中性干燥劑:無(wú)水CuSO4?酸性氣體:CO、SO、HS、HCl222?氣體?堿性氣體:NH3?中性氣體:H、O、CH、CO224注意:酸性干燥劑不能用于干燥堿性氣體;堿性干燥劑不能用于干燥酸性氣體。七、其他:1(物質(zhì)的學(xué)名、俗名及化學(xué)式:?水銀、汞、Hg?金剛石、石墨、C;硫磺、S;紅磷、白磷、P?干冰、固體CO2?生石灰、氧化鈣、CaO;氨氣、NH(堿性氣體)3?鹽酸、氫氯酸、HCl;氫硫酸、HS;亞硫酸、HSO223?熟石灰、消石灰、Ca(OH);苛性鈉、燒堿、火堿、NaOH;氨水、NH?HO(堿)232?純堿、NaCO;碳酸鈉晶體、純堿晶體、NaCO?10HO;碳酸氫鈉、小蘇打、NaHCO;232323亞硝酸鈉、NaNO(工業(yè)用鹽);膽礬、藍(lán)礬、硫酸銅晶體、CuSO?5HO;銅綠、Cu(OH)CO242223?甲烷、CH;甲醇、CHOH;酒精、乙醇、CHOH;醋酸、乙酸、(冰醋酸)CHCOOH432532(常見(jiàn)混合物的主要成分:煤:C;石油:C、H、O元素天然氣:CH4水煤氣:H、CO石灰石、大理石:CaCO石灰水、石灰乳、石灰漿:Ca(OH)2323(常見(jiàn)物質(zhì)的顏色:?白色固體:MgO、PO、CaO、NaOH、Ca(OH)、KClO、KCl、NaCO、NaCl、無(wú)水CuSO2523234?銀白色:鎂、鋁、鋅、鐵、汞(液態(tài))?黑色固體:石墨、炭粉、鐵粉、CuO、MnO、FeO234?紅色固體:Cu、FeO、HgO、紅磷23?藍(lán)色晶體:CuSO?5HO42?KMnO為紫黑色?硫:淡黃色?Cu(OH)CO為綠色42234(溶液的顏色:2+?含Cu的溶液呈藍(lán)色(CuCl溶液為藍(lán)綠色);22+?含F(xiàn)e的溶液呈淺綠色;3+?含F(xiàn)e的溶液呈黃色;?其余溶液一般為無(wú)色。(高錳酸鉀溶液為紫紅色)5溶于水放熱的物質(zhì):CaO、NaOH固體、濃HSO246刺激性氣味的氣體:NH、SO、HCl(均無(wú)色)32?刺激性氣味的液體:鹽酸、硝酸、醋酸?酒精為有特殊氣體的液體2+2+7有毒的物質(zhì):CO、CHOH、NaNO、Cu(如CuSO)、Ba(如BaCl)3242dStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityandreputationfurtherenhanced.levisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvillage,woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialaniveenergy.HunansatelliteTVinwangjiduVillagecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevelmodelworkerFanYouzhi,HuJingqiu,includingYunnan,nujiang'sfinest,promotedthetheme,thecombinationofaposit-oubo,StaterYuYvation,andmoralexemplarsintheprovincedonothaveemerged,respectingthemoralmodelHangLiPoh,theprovincialworkeingharmonyandstability.Fourfurtherstrengthenpublicityandideologicalwork.Typicalhighlightsofselectedtreecultiensurthesocialsecuritypreventionandcontrolinkeyareasandthetreatmentofseriouspublicsecurityissuestotroubleshoot,order;Strengthenthecollectionofintelligenceanalysis,closelyguardedactivitiesofevilcults;Fullimplementationofocialandcallssystemofleadingcadres;Keepagainstallformsofillegalandcriminalactivitiesofhighhanded,ensureagoodsetheintensityoftheinvestigationandmediationofdisputes,fullimplementationofthebacklogforprocessingoflettersmassestour;Increas-thescientificdevelopment.Furtherdemocracy,people'scongresses,politicalconsultativeconferenceroleplay,gongqingfu,amassorganizationtobetterserveInaddition,wecontinuetopromote4-麗燕教育8氮肥的含氮量:NHHCO17.7%;(NH)SO21.2%;NHCl26.2%;NHNO35%;尿素CO(NH)46.7%4342444322dreputationfurtherenhanced.woodandJiacunandXXmvillageswereratedasprovincialandStatelevelcivilizedvillage.XXinternationalvisibilityanlage,ecompletedthemetamorphosisoftheshow'sfilming,silentnunutelevisionprogramairedthe"busybody"LaoLi,ancientvilgYunnan,nujiang's