2025年高考英語二輪熱點(diǎn)題型歸納與變式演練專題04 閱讀理解主旨大意題（原題版）

專題04閱讀理解主旨大意題

目錄

題型綜述.............................................................................................................................................2

解題攻略.............................................................................................................................................3

題型01文章大意題.........................................................................................................................3

題型02段落大意題..........................................................................................................................5

題型03標(biāo)題歸納題..........................................................................................................................7

高考練場(chǎng).............................................................................................................................................9

題型簡(jiǎn)介

1.主旨大意題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中心思想或段落大意的歸納、概括和總結(jié)能力。它要求考

生能夠理解文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和主要內(nèi)容，把握作者的寫作意圖。

2.這種題型在高考英語閱讀中占有重要地位，因?yàn)樗荏w現(xiàn)考生對(duì)文章全局的把握，是一種

高層次的閱讀理解能力考查。一般來說，每篇閱讀理解文章都會(huì)涉及至少一道主旨大意

題，或者與主旨相關(guān)的題目，如最佳標(biāo)題題等。主旨大意題的設(shè)問方式多樣，位置通常在

文章后的題目開頭或結(jié)尾部分，但也可能出現(xiàn)在中間位置。

命題類型

1.文章主旨題：這類題目要求概括整篇文章的中心思想。例如，“What'sthemainideaofthe

passage?”或者“Thepassageismainlyabout...”。答案選項(xiàng)通常是對(duì)文章核心內(nèi)容的綜合表

述，涵蓋了文章多個(gè)段落的要點(diǎn)信息。

2.段落主旨題：主要針對(duì)文章中的某一個(gè)段落，考查考生對(duì)該段落中心內(nèi)容的理解。如

“What'sthemainpointofthethirdparagraph?”。答案往往是該段落主題句的同義替換或者對(duì)

段落細(xì)節(jié)信息的概括。

3.最佳標(biāo)題題：要求考生從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)最適合文章的標(biāo)題。像“Whichofthefollowingis

thebesttitleforthetext?”。標(biāo)題要能夠準(zhǔn)確地反映文章的主題，并且具有吸引力，同時(shí)還

要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，避免范圍過大或過小。

解題思路

1.尋找主題句法

位置判斷：主題句在文章中的位置通常有一定規(guī)律。大部分情況下，主題句出現(xiàn)在文

章的開頭部分，開門見山地闡述文章主旨；有些文章主題句在結(jié)尾，起到總結(jié)全文的

作用；還有少數(shù)文章主題句在中間，需要結(jié)合上下文來判斷。

特點(diǎn)把握：主題句一般具有概括性強(qiáng)、涵蓋范圍廣的特點(diǎn)，能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)文章或者

段落的核心內(nèi)容。例如，在一篇講述環(huán)境保護(hù)措施的文章中，開頭的主題句可能是

“Variouseffectivemeasureshavebeentakentoprotecttheenvironmentinrecentyears.”。

2.歸納法

細(xì)節(jié)整合：如果文章沒有明顯的主題句，就需要對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)信息進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。把

各個(gè)段落的主要內(nèi)容提煉出來，尋找它們的共同點(diǎn)或者關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)，從而概括出文章的主

旨。

注意事項(xiàng)：在歸納過程中，要避免遺漏重要信息，同時(shí)也要排除那些只涉及部分內(nèi)容

的選項(xiàng)。比如，一篇文章分別介紹了科技對(duì)教育、醫(yī)療和交通的積極影響，歸納主旨

時(shí)就要涵蓋這三個(gè)方面，不能只強(qiáng)調(diào)其中一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。

3.關(guān)注關(guān)鍵詞法

高頻詞識(shí)別：注意文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞。這些關(guān)鍵詞往往與文章的主題密切相

關(guān)。例如，一篇文章多次出現(xiàn)“AI（人工智能）”“machinelearning（機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)）”“big

data（大數(shù)據(jù)）”等詞匯，那么文章主旨很可能是關(guān)于人工智能技術(shù)及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用的。

同義替換詞注意：同時(shí)還要留意與這些關(guān)鍵詞意思相近的表達(dá)，它們也有助于確定文

章主旨。比如，除了“AI”之外，還出現(xiàn)了“artificialintelligencetechnology”等表達(dá)。

命題方式

【常見考法】主旨大意題經(jīng)常使用的提問方式有：

1)Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

2)Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

3)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

4)What'sthefirst/second/third....paragraphmainlyabout?

5)What'sthemainideadiscussedinthefirst/second/third/..paragraph?

題型01段落大意題

一、常見設(shè)問方式

WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?

Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.

Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.

WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?

Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

二、首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：

1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點(diǎn)或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。

2.段中：主題句有時(shí)在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。

3.無主題句：有時(shí)沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。

(山東師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2024~2025學(xué)年高三12月月考英語試題)

Peopleusuallywashtheirproducebeforeeatingtoremoveresidue(殘留物)frompesticides.Butareyour

fruitsandvegetablesreallycleanenoughtoeat?Now14-year-oldSirishSubashfromGeorgiahaswonthe2024

3MYoungScreentestChallengeforinventinganAI-basedhandheldpesticidedetectorthatisveryaccuratein

detectingpesticideresidue.

Nowinits17thyear,thecompetitionsupportsmiddleschoolstudentstothinkcreativelyandapplySTEM

principlestodiscoverrealworld-solutions.Whenthefinalistsarechosen,theyarepairedwitha3Mscientistwho

mentorsthemoverthesummertohelptaketheirideasfromjustconceptstomodels.

Sirish’sjourneytowinningtheawardcamefromwatchinghismotherwashingvegetablesandfruitsand

cautioninghimalwaysdoso.Hewonderedwhetherwashingactuallymadeadifference.Sincepesticideresidues

arelinkedtoillnesseslikecancerandAlzheimers’s,it’sveryimportanttoknowifthefruitsandvegetablesare

safe.That’showPestiSCANDisdesigned.

Thedeviceworksbyshininglightonthesurfaceoftheproduceandmeasuringthe.wavelengthsthatbounce

back.PestiSCANDusesasensorandAI-basedprocessortoachieveanaccuracyofover85percent.Sirishtested

thedeviceonmorethan12,000foodsamplesincludingstrawberries,apples,andtomatoes.

Sirishaimsonmakingthistechnologywidelyaccessiblesothatconsumerswillbeabletomakesafefood

choices.Buthestillbelievesyoushouldwashyourproduceanyway.Heplanstousethe$25,000prizefromthe

competitiontohelpfundhiseducationalgoalofattending.MIT.

“Thisyear’sYoungScientistChallengefinalistshavedemonstratedanincredibleabilitytodevelopcreative

solutionstosomeoftheworld’smostpressingchallenges,”TorieClarke,EVPandchiefpublicaffairsofficerat

3M,saidinthepressrelease.“Iambeyondimpressedandinspiredbytheirintelligenceandtheirscientificminds.”

6.Whatdoesparagraph4mainlyfocuson?

A.Thedesignprocess.B.Thewideapplication.

C.Theworkingprinciple.D.Thetheoreticalfoundation.

題型02文章大意題

一、提問方式

What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?

Thepassageismainlyabout________.

Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.

Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?

Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily________.

Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis________.

Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.

二、主旨大意歸納法：

1.略讀法：讀文章標(biāo)題；讀首尾段落；讀段落首尾句；留意表句段關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞之后的內(nèi)容。

2.文體法：新聞報(bào)道、議論文和說明文--主題句在首段；記敘文、議論文--主題句一般在尾段。

3.詞語法：在文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的主題詞。

4.概括法：無主題句的文章，需讀者自己概括大意。

?找主題句的技巧：

1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。

2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。

4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞，通常是主旨。

(安徽省卓越聯(lián)盟2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期11月期中考試英語試題)

Googleisconsideringchargingforartificialintelligence(AI)-poweredsearchinwhatwouldbethebiggest

changeofitsbusinessmodelsinceitwasfounded.Thelargesearchcompany,whichisownedbyAlphabet,has

neverbeforeputanyofitskeyproductsbehindapaywall.However,bossesareconsideringchargingfornew

advanced

searchfeaturespoweredbyAI.

ThecompanyisdealingwithhowtomakeuseoftheAItechnologywithoutthreateningitsadvertising-

fundedbusinessmodel.TherearefearsthattheinventionofAIchatbots(聊天機(jī)器人)willweakensearchengines

suchasGooglebyallowingpeopletoaskfortheinformationtheyrequireratherthansearchingforit.Thiswould

rob(掠奪)Googleofthevaluabledataitcollectsfromusers.

ItsleadersarenowreportedlyweighingupwhethertoputAI-poweredsearchfeaturesbehindapaywallina

waythatwouldallowittotakeadvantageofthenewtechnologywithoutcompetingwithitscoresearchengine.

AlphabetislookingatputtingAI-poweredsearchintoitsadvancedsubscriptionservices.

Engineersarereportedlydevelopingthefunctionalityneededforthechangesbuttheleadershavenotmadea

decisiononwhetherorwhentobegintheplan.Undertheplansbeingconsidered,Google’ssearchenginewould

remainfree.AspokesmanofAlphabetsaid:“We’renotworkingonorconsideringanad-freesearchexperience.

We’llgoonbuildingnewcapabilitiesandservicestoenhanceoursubscriptionofferingsacrossGoogle.”The

spokesmanadded:“Foryears,we’vebeenreinventingSearchtohelppeopleaccessinformationinthewaythat’s

mostnaturaltothem.WithourgenerativeAIexperimentsinSearch,we’vealreadyservedbillionsofqueries(詢

問).Wewillkeeprapidlyimprovingtheproducttoservenewuserneeds.”

Lastyear,Google’sincomefromsearchandadvertisingmadeupmorethanhalfofitstotalsales.The

companywascaughtflat-footedbythehugesuccessofChatGPT,whichhasbeenbackedbyitscompetitor

Microsoft.GooglelauncheditsownAIchatbot,Gemini,inresponsebutthetechnologyreceivedalotof

complaintsforplacingstressondiversityandharmlessanswersinsteadofaccuracy.LaterGooglestoppedthe

tool’sabilitytodrawpicturesandapologized.

11.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?

A.Thecompetitionamongtechnologycompanies.

B.Google’snewsearchengine.

C.TheimportanceofAItechnology.

D.AchangeinGoogle’sbusinessmodel.

題型03標(biāo)題歸納題

一、提問方式

Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis______.

二、文章標(biāo)題四大特性：

1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；

2.針對(duì)性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；

3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；

4.簡(jiǎn)短性：名詞短語,動(dòng)名詞短語或祈使句。

文章標(biāo)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：斷章取義(僅為文中一細(xì)節(jié))；以偏概全；離題太遠(yuǎn)。

(2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期湖北省市級(jí)示范高中智學(xué)聯(lián)盟12月月考英語試題)

Cuttingbackonanimalproteininourdietscansaveonresourcesandgreenhousegasemissions.But

convincingmeat-lovingconsumerstoswitchuptheirmenuisachallenge.Lookingatthisproblemfroma

mechanicalengineeringangle,Stanfordengineersarepioneeringanewapproachtofoodtexture(n.質(zhì)地，紋理)

testingthatcouldpavethewayforartificialsteaksthatfoolevencommittedmeatlovers.

InanewpaperinScienceofFood,theteamdemonstratedthatacombinationofmechanicaltestingand

machinelearningcandescribefoodtexturewithstrikingsimilaritytohumantastetesters.Suchamethodcould

speedupthedevelopmentofbetterplant-basedmeats.Theteamalsofoundthatsomeplant-basedproductsare

alreadypresentingthetextureofthemeatsthey’reimitating.

“Wewere’surprisedtofindthattoday’splant-basedproductscanreproducethewholetextureofanimal

meats,”saidEllenKuhl,professorofmechanicalengineeringandseniorauthorofthestudy.Meatsubstituteshave

comealongwayfromwhentofuwastheonlyoption,sheadded.

Industrialanimalagriculturecontributestoclimatechange,pollution,habitatloss,andsoon.Thatburdenon

theplanetcanbeeasedbyexchanginganimalproteinsforplantproteinsindiets.Onestudyestimatedthatplant-

basedmeats,onaverage,havehalftheenvironmentalimpactasanimalmeat.Butmanymeateatersarereluctantto

change;onlyaboutathirdofAmericansinonesurveyindicatedtheywere“verylikely”tobuyplant-based

alternatives.

“Peoplelovemeat,”saidSkylerSt.Pierre,aPhDstudentinmechanicalengineeringandleadauthorofthe

paper.“Ifwewanttoconvincethemeateatersthatalternativesareworthtrying,thecloserwecanimitateanimal

meatwithplant-basedproducts,themorelikelypeoplemightbeopentotryingsomethingnew.”

Tosuccessfullyimitateanimalmeat,foodscientistsanalyzethetextureofplant-basedmeatproducts.

Unfortunately,traditionalfoodtestingmethodsarenotstandardizedandtheresultsarerarelymadeavailableto

scienceandtothepublic,saidSt.Pierre.Thismakesitharderforscientiststocreatenewrecipesforalternatives.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthearticle?

A.FoodTesting:AKeytoMeatRevolution.

B.PlantorMeat?That’saquestion.

C.NewTechinOurDailyFood.

D.Plant-basedmeat:TheNewFashionontheTable.

題型01段落大意題

(2024年新課標(biāo)高考英語I卷B篇)

B

“Iamnotcrazy,”saysDr.WilliamFarber,shortlyafterperformingacupuncture(針灸)onarabbit.“Iam

aheadofmytime.”Ifheseemsalittledefensive,itmightbebecauseevensomeofhiscoworkersoccasionally

laughathisunusualmethods.ButFarberiscertainhe’llhavethelastlaugh.He’soneofasmallbutgrowing

numberofAmericanveterinarians(獸醫(yī))nowpracticing“holistic”medicine–combiningtraditionalWestern

treatmentswithacupuncture,chiropractic(按摩療法)andherbalmedicine.

Farber,agraduateofColoradoStateUniversity,startedoutasamoreconventionalveterinarian.Hebecame

interestedinalternativetreatments20yearsagowhenhesufferedfromterriblebackpain.Hetriedmuscle-relaxing

drugsbutfoundlittlerelief.Thenhetriedacupuncture,anancientChinesepractice,andwasamazedthathe

improvedaftertwoorthreetreatments.Whatworkedonaveterinarianseemedlikelytoworkonhispatients.So,

afterstudyingthetechniquesforacoupleofyears,hebeganofferingthemtopets.

LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,she

waspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasableto

keephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmore

easilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.

Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime,andifthepastisanyindication,

hemayberight:Since1982,membershipintheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociationhasgrown

from30toover700.“Sometimesitsurprisesmethatitworkssowell,”hesays.“Iwilldoanythingtohelpan

animal.That’smyjob.”

26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?

A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.

B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.

C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.

D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.

題型02文章大意題

(2024年新課標(biāo)高考英語II卷C篇)

Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksof

travelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreduce

thejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudience

suchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweekly

supplyoffreshgreens.

Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotely

monitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemis

automated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,

thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanew

pre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)from

transportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollute

traditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.

Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-use

plastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMF

employee.

11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.BMF’smajorstrengths.B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.

C.BMF’sglobalinfluence.D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.

題型03標(biāo)題歸納題

(2024年全國高考英語甲卷B篇)

Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲

音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsare

specialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumans

usingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfind

food.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstarts

assoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.

Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassess

theirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychoosea

placeto

relax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.

Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.

That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon't

usuallylike.

Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfind

randomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsof

predators(食肉動(dòng)物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejust

doingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!

7.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.TipsonFindingaSmartCatB.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehavior

C.HaveFunwithYourCatD.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy

A

（24-25高三上·安徽合肥·階段練習(xí)）Ifirstsawtheearth—thewholeearthfromtheshuttleChallenger

in1984.Theviewtakesyourbreathawayandfillsyouwithchildlikewonder.That’swhyeveryshuttlecrewhas

tocleannoseprintsofftheirspaceraft’swindowsseveraltimesaday.

Anincrediblybeautifultapestry(織錦)ofblueandwhite,tan,blackandgreenseemstoglidebeneathyou

atanelegant,statelypace.Butyouareactuallygoingsofastthattheentiremapoftheworldspinsbeforeyour

eyeswitheach90-minuteorbit.Afterjustoneortwolaps,youfeel,maybeforthefirsttimelikeacitizenofa

planet.Allthecolorsandpatternsyousee—thevisibleevidenceofthecomplexworkingofthenaturalsystems

thatmakeourplanethabitable—seembothvastandprecise,powerfulandyetsomehowfragile.

Youseevolcanoesspewingsmoke,hurricanesroilingtheoceansandevenfinetendrils’ofSaharandust

reachingacrosstheAtlantic.

Youalsoseethebig,graysmudgesoffields,paddiesandpastures,andatnightyoumarvelatthelights,like

brilliantdiamonds,thatrevealamosaicofcities,roadsandcoastlines—impressivesignsofthehandofhumanity.

Scientiststellusthatourhandisheavy,thatwearewipingoutofotherspeciesatanunprecedentedrateand

probablytransformingourclimate.

Willtheimmensepowerofglobalsystemswithstandtheimpactofhumanity?Orisitpossiblethatour

collectiveactionswillchangethenatureofourplanetenoughtocrippleitsabilitytosupportlife?

Inolongerbelievethatwecanwaitforallthescientificdataneededtoanswerthesequestionsconclusively.

Wemustrecognizeimmediatelywhatitmeanstobecitizensofthisplanet.

Itmeansacceptingtheobligationtobethestewardsoftheearth’slife-givingcapacities.Ashomeowners,

wewouldn’tneglectordamageourhousesuntiltheyweren’tfittolivein.Whywouldwedothatwithourplanet?

1．WhatdoesthewriterwanttoexpressinParagraph1?

A．Theyareawedbytheviewoftheearth.B．Theyarehomesickinthespaceshuttle.

C．Theyfeelscaredflyingintheouter-space.D．Theyfeelexcitedtoexploretheuniverse.

2．What’sthemainfunctionofParagraph3?

A．Providingdataforthewriter’sargument.B．Summarizingthemainideaofthetext.

C．Settingthestageforfurtherdiscussion.D．Introducingdifferentideasonhumanimpact.

3．Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementdoesthewriteragreewith?

A．It’snotclearwhathumanscandotonature

B．Wemustactnowtotakecareofnaturebeforeit’stoolate

C．Humanbeingsarenottheonlycreatureoftheearth

D．Theearthisstrongenoughtosupportmorelives.

4．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?

A．AGlimpseofHomeB．GoingGreenwithOurEarth

C．FlyingtotheFutureD．MyExperienceasanAstronaut

B

（24-25高三上·廣東東莞·階段練習(xí)）Ifastrangerofferedyouafreecookie,youmightwelleatit.But

whatiftheyofferedtoalsogiveyou$2?Youmightpolitelydeclineandwalkawaythinking,“Somethingsmells

fishy.”InastudypublishedinPersonalityandSocialPsychologyBulletin,researchersfoundthatpeopletendto

turndownoffersof“freemoney”(aswellasunusuallyhighsalariesorsuspiciouslycheapservices)becausethey

seem“toogoodtobetrue”.Theresearchbridgeseconomicsandpsychologytoexplainwhyfinancialattraction

canbackfire.

Intheinitialexperiment,nearly40percentofparticipantsateacookieofferedfreely,comparedwithabout

20percentofthoseoffered$2aswell.“Peopletypicallyimaginethingslikethatsomeonedidsomething

disgustingtothecookie,”saysstudyleadauthorAndrewJ.Vonasch,apsychologicalscientistatUniversityof

CanterburyinNewZealand.Ninefurtherexperiments,involvingmorethan4,000participants,usedonline

questionnairestopresentothercases.Theseincludedbeingofferedmoneytoacceptaridehome,incrediblyhigh

construction-jobwagesandsurprisinglycheapflights.Ineachcase,pastacertainthreshold(門檻),higher

financialprofitreducedparticipants’potentialofacceptingtheoffer.

Ifsomeoneseemstogoagainstacceptednormssuchasself-interestwithoutexplanation,weassumethey

havehiddenmotivesandinfertherewillbe“phantomcosts”:imaginedconsequencesthatreducewhatVonasch

callsanoffer’s“psychologicalvalue”.

Factorsbeyondthepresentmomentmaycomeintoplay.“Understandingthatothers’perceivedover

generositymayputusintheirdebtcouldalsohelpexplainpeople’sreluctance,”saysRachelMcCloy,a

psychologiststudyingdecision-makingatEngland’sUniversityofReading.“Theoldsaying‘there’snosuchthing

asafreelunch’isclearlyaliveandwell.”

Anotherexperimentfoundthathighscorersonmeasuresofdistrustinferredmorephantomcosts.The

researchersalsoshowedhowtoalleviatetheeffect:simplyprovideareasonforthedeal.The“cheapflights”

experimentincludedaconditionwheretheseatswererevealedtobeveryuncomfortable.“Uncomfortableseats

aren’ttypicallyasellingpoint,”Vonaschsays.“Buttellingpeopletheseatswereuncomfortablemadethemmore

willingtotakethembecauseitwassufficientexplanation.”

5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“backfire”inPara.1mean?

A．Resultinanoppositeeffect.

B．Boostthesuccessofanoffer.

C．Increasetheappealofaproposal.

D．Causeapositiveoutcomeunexpectedly.

6．Whyisthequote“there’snosuchthingasafreelunch”mentionedbytheauthor?

A．Toprovethephantomcosts.

B．Topromotegenerosityinsociety.

C．Todoubthiddencostsofgenerousoffers.

D．Toremindpeopletobecautiousoffreeitems.

7．Whathelpsmakethe“cheapflights”moreacceptableaccordingtotheexperiment?

A．Offeringmoreflightcredits.

B．Discountingthepricefurther.

C．Providingadditionalunrelatedgifts.

D．Givingaseeminglyreasonableexplanation.

8．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A．WhyPeopleEmbraceHigh-ValueOffers

B．WhyPeopleRejectFreeMoneyandOffers

C．WhySomeDealsSeemTooGoodtoBeTrue

D．HowOffersofMoneyIncreaseAcceptanceRates

C

（24-25高三上·重慶·階段練習(xí)）Haveyoueverjoyouslysteppedouttoyourbackyardgardenonlyto

findyourwell-cared-forplantswitheredanddying?Wasthesoiltoodry?Didpestsfindtheirwayin?During

timeslikethese,somefrustratedgardenersmaywishtheirplantswouldjusttellthemwhattheyneed.Anew

Microsoft-partneredprojectintheUKistryingtoseeifthatconceptcanbedemonstratedintherealworld.

Nextyear,attheChelseaFlowerShow,theRoyalHorticulturalSocietyinEnglandwillshowoffan

“intelligentgarden”thatusesanAImodeltomonitorthegarden’senvironmentandinformgardenerswhenit

needscare.VisitorscanasktheAI-poweredgardenquestions.Themodelcouldthenrespondwithphraseslike“I

needabitmorewater,”or“Icoulduseahaircut”dependingondatacapturedinthesoil.Asidefromthepleasant

noveltyofchattingwithplants,thegardenwillprovidevisitorswithaphysicalrepresentationofthemanywaysAI

technologiescouldbeusedtoenhancesustainabilityefforts.

TheIntelligentgardenwillrelyonanetworkofsensorsnestledthroughoutthegardenmeasuring

environmentalfactorslikesoilmoistureandnutrientlevelsaswellaswindandrainfall.Allofthatdataisthensent

toaspeciallydesignedAImodel.Themodel,poweredbyMicrosoft’sAzureOpenAIService,canthenanalyze

thosefactorsandinformgardenersonfeeding,watering,ortrimming.

Onsiteplantcaretakersaren’ttheonlyoneswhocaninteractwiththegarden.Visitorstotheshowcanalso

walkuptovirtualplatformsandasktheintelligentgardenquestionsaboutitscurrentenvironmentalstate.TheAI

languagemodulewilltheninterpretthedataandrespondtothevisitorsinaconversationaldialogue.

Intheory,insightsprovidedbymodelslikethiscouldhelpgardenersallocateresourcesefficientlyandavoid

over-wateringplantsbeforerainfall,bothofwhichcanaidinsustainabilityefforts.Thosetoolscouldbring

conveniencetocasualgrowersorbusinesseslookingtoreducecosts.It’sunclear,however,whethereventhebest

modelscanprovidethesamelevelofcareasexperiencedgardeners.

9．What’sthepossibleeffe