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具體內(nèi)容：考研究生是本科畢業(yè)大學(xué)生，學(xué)業(yè)更上一層的一個(gè)方式。下面

是我給大家整理的，供大家參閱?。嚎茖W(xué)理論inscience,atheoryisa

reasonable…

考研究生是本科畢業(yè)大學(xué)生，學(xué)業(yè)更上一層的一個(gè)方式。下面是我給大

家整理的，供大家參閱！

：科學(xué)理論

inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobserved

eventsthatarerelated,atheoryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodel

thathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbe

produced,agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmolecular

theory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmall

particlesthatareinconstantmotion.

ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,

helpstopredicteventsthathavenotasyetbeenobserved,after

atheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperimentstotest

thetheory,ifobservationsconfirmthescientistspredictions,the

theoryissupported,ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,

thescientistsmustsearchfurther,theremaybeafaultinthe

experiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.

scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellas

collectinginformationandperformingexperiments,factsby

themselvesarenotscience,asthemathematicianjuleshenri

poincaresaid,“scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuilt

withbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceany

morethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse.”

mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatother

scientistshavelearnedaboutaparticularproblem,afterknown

factshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartofthe

investigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination,possible

solutionstotheproblemareformulated,thesepossiblesolutions

arecalledhypotheses.

：Changingrolesofpubliceducation

Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomake

possibleashiftinthinkingabouttheroleofpubliceducationwas

theeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.

Inthe1920s,butespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe

1930s,theUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate--

everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout

118livechildrenin1920,89.2in1930,75.8in1936,and80in

1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorld

Warandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedand

establishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamilies

thanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesrose

to102perthousandin1946,106.2in1950,and118in1955.Although

economicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminant,itisnot

theonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplaced

ontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirth

rates.Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythe

mid1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystem

suddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildren

rosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditions,thesesame

conditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththe

food.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuilt

between1940and1945.Moreover,duringthewarandintheboomtimes

thatfollowed,largenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionfor

better-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy.

Thereforeinthe1950sand1960s,thebabyboomhitanantiquated

andinadequateschoolsystem.Consequently,the〃custodial

rhetoric"/ofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesensethat

is,keepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarket

bykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityfor

aninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyounger

childrenagedfivetosixteen.Withthebabyboom,thefocusof

educatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturned

towardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsand

discipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinoffering

nontraditional,new,andextraservicestoolderyouths.

：telecommuting

telecommuting-substitutingthecomputerforthetriptothejob

----hasbeenhailedasasolutiontoallkindsofproblemsrelated

toofficework.

forworkersitpromisesfreedomfromtheoffice,lesstimewasted

intraffic,andhelpwithchild-careconflicts,formanagement,

telecommutinghelpskeephighperformersonboard,minimizes

tardinessandabsenteeismbyeliminatingcommutes,allowsperiods

ofsolitudeforhigh-concentrationtasks,andprovidesscheduling

flexibility,insomeareas,suchassouthernCaliforniaandseattie,

Washington,localgovernmentsareencouragingcompaniestostart

telecommutingprogramsinordertoreducerush-hourcongestionand

improveairquality.

butthesebenefitsdonotcomeeasily,makingatelecommuting

programworkrequirescarefulplanningandanunderstandingofthe

differencesbetweentelecommutingrealitiesandpopularimages.

manyworkersareseducedbyrosyillusionsoflifeasa

telecommuter,acomputerprogrammerfromnewyorkcitymovestothe

tranquiladirondackmountainsandstaysincontactwithheroffice

viacomputer,amanagercomesintohisofficethreedaysaweek

andworksathometheothertwo.anaccountantstayshometocare

forhersickchild;shehooksuphertelephonemodernconnections

anddoesofficeworkbetweencallstothedoctor.

thesearepowerfulimages,buttheyarealimitedreflectionof

reality,telecommutingworkerssoonlearnthatitisalmost

impossibletoconcentrateonworkandcareforayoungchildatthe

sametime,beforeacertainage,youngchildrencannotrecognize,

muchlessrespect,thenecessaryboundariesbetweenworkandfamily,

additionalchildsupportisnecessaryiftheparentistogetany

workdone.

:冰箱起源

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,theterm"icebox"hadenteredthe

Americanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthe

dietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrew

withthegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,and

hospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,

freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewas

usedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.

Evenbefore1880,halfoftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,

andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,

wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecause

anewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodern

refrigerator,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.

Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsof

heat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,was

rudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasone

thatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,forit

wasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,

earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappinguptheicein

blankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilnearthe

endofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicate

balanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficient

icebox.

Butasearlyas1803,andingeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,

hadbeenontherighttrack.Heownedafarmabouttwentymiles

outsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetown

wasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesignto

transporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpass

uptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhiscompetitorstopay

apremiumpriceforhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,

one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,was

thatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightin

ordertokeeptheirproducecool.

：britishColumbia

britishColumbiaisthethirdlargestCanadianprovinces,both

inareaandpopulation,itisnearly1.5timesaslargeastexas,

andextends800miles(1,280km)northfromtheunitedstatesborder,

itincludescanadasentirewestcoastandtheislandsjustoffthe

coast.

mostofbritishColumbiaismountainous,withlongruggedranges

runningnorthandsouth,eventhecoastalislandsaretheremains

ofamountainrangethatexistedthousandsofyearsago.duringthe

lasticeage,thisrangewasscouredbyglaciersuntilmostofit

wasbeneaththesea.itspeaksnowshowasislandsscatteredalong

thecoast.

thesouthwesterncoastalregionhasahumidmildmarineclimate,

seawindsthatblowinlandfromthewestarewarmedbyacurre