考研英語閱讀理解模擬41

［模擬］考研英語閱讀理解模擬41

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe

questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

Thefieldofanimalemotions,anareaoffocusinthescientific

disciplineconcernedwiththestudyofanimalmindscalledcognitive

ethology,haschangedagreatdealinthelast30years.When1firstbegan

mystudiescenteringonthequestion,，zWhatdoesitfeelliketobeadog

orawolf?”researcherswerealmostallskepticswhospenttheirtime

wonderingifdogs,cats,chimpanzeesandotheranimalsfelt

anything.Sincefeelingsdon'tfitunderamicroscope,thesescientists

usuallydidn'tfindanyandasIliketosay,I'mglad1wasn'ttheirdog!

Buttodaythequestionofrealimportanceisnotwhetheranimalshave

emotions,hutwhyanimalemotionshaveevolvedthewaytheyhave.Infact,

theparadigmhasshiftedtosuchanextentthattheburdenof"proof"now

fallstothosewhostillarguethatanimalsdon'texperienceemotions.My

colleaguesandInolongerhavetoputtentativequotesaroundsuchwords

as"happy"or〃sad〃whenwewriteaboutananimaTsinnerlife.

Manyresearchersalsorecognizethatwemustbe

anthropomorphic(attributehumantrailstoanimals)whenwediscussanimal

emotionshutthatifwedoitcarefullyandbiocentrically(fromthe

animals'pointofview),wecanstillgivedueconsiderationtothe

animals'position.'AsProfessorRobertSapolsky,aworldrenowned

ethologistandneuroscientistandauthorofAPrimate'sMemoirsnotes

abouthisanthropomorphictendencieswhenhedescribesbaboonbehavior:

“Onehopesthatthepartsthatareblatantlyridiculouswillbeperceived

assuch.I'venonethelessbeenstunnedbysomeofmymorehumorless

colleagues一toseethattheywerenotcapableofrecognizingthat.The

broaderanswer,though,isI'mnotanthropomorphizing.Partofthe

challengeinunderstandingthebehaviorofaspeciesisthattheylook

likeusforareason.Thatrsnotprojectinghumanvalue's,That's

primatizingthegeneralitiesthatwesharewiththem.〃Nomatterwhatwe

callit,researchersagreethatanimalsandhumanssharemanytraits,

includingemotions.Thus,we'renotinsertingsomethinghumanintoanimals,

butwe'reidentifyingcommonalitiesandthenusinghumanlanguageto

communicatewhatweobserve.Beinganthropomorphicisdoingwhatzsnatural

andnecessarytounderstandanimalemotions.

Overtheyears,I'venoticedacuriousphenomenonthatIcall

anthropomorphicdouble-talk.Ifsomeonesaysthatananimalishappy,no

onequestionsit,butifsomeonesaysthatananimalisunhappy,then

chargesofanthropomorphismareimmediatelyraisedandscepticsask,〃How

doyouknowthis?”Thisisespeciallytrueofpeoplewhotrytojustify

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keepinganimalsinzoosorusingthemforinvasiveresearch.Ofcourse,

seeingpositiveemotionsisasanthropomorphicasseeingnegative

emotions,butsomepeoplejustdon'tgetit.

第1題：

Bysaying〃I'mgladIwasn'ttheirdog〃，theauthormeansthat.

A.thosescientistsknowlittleaboutthefeelingsofanimals

B.feelingscanscarcelybestudiedwithamicroscope

C.fewscientistsknowwhatitfeelsliketobeadog

D.animalsareoftenmistreatedbyscientists

參考答案：A

根據(jù)第一段第二句u???researcherswerealmostallskeptics??,wonderingif

dogs…feltanything”和第三句“Sincefeelingsdon,tfit…，thesescientists

usuallydidn,tfindany…”.A應(yīng)為答案。

第2題：

Inthefirstparagraph,〃theparadigmhasshiftedtosuchanextent"means

that,

A.somepeoplestillarguethatanimalsdon'thaveemotions

B.mostresearcherstodayknowlittleaboutanimalemotions

C.fewresearchersfailtorecognizethatanimalshaveemotions

D.cognitiveethnologyhasbeendevelopedrapidlyinthelast30years

參考答案：C

根據(jù)第一段第四句"Buttodaythequestionofrealimportanceisnotwhether

animalshaveemotions,but…”,C應(yīng)為答案。

第3題：

Theauthorfeelslessunrestrainedwhentalkingaboutanimalemotions

because.

A.mostanimalshaveemotionsasstrongashumanbeingsdo

B.mostcolleaguesareonhissidewhentalkingaboutanimals

C.animalsusuallyhavemixed,andevenconflictingemotions

D.theviewofanimalemotionshasbecomemuchmorepopular

參考答案：D

根據(jù)第一段最后三句"Buttodaythequestion…isnotwhetheranimalshave

emotions,but???Inolongerhavetoputtentativequotesaroundsuchwords

as'happy'or'sad'whenwewriteaboutananimal?sinnerlife”,D應(yīng)

為答案。

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第4題：

AccordingtoProfessorRobertSapolsky,.

A.nohumantraitscannotbeattributedtoanimals

B.animalsandhumanshavecommonalities,suchasemotions

C.animalemotionsshouldbediscussedfromtheirpointofview

D.thestudyofanimalbehaviorhasnothingtodowithhumanvalues

參考答案：B

根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第三句"Nomatterwhatwecallit,researchersagreethat

animalsandhumanssharemanytraits,includingemotions”,B應(yīng)為答案。

第5題：

Somepeoplearereluctanttohear〃ananimalisunhappy"forthereason

that.

A.theyusuallypreferpositiveemotionstonegativeones

B.theemotionsanimalshaveareusuallyhappyratherthansad

C.animalsexperiencemorehappyemotionsthanunhappyones

D.theyrefusetostopusinganimalsforthebenefitoftheirown

參考答案：D

根據(jù)本文倒數(shù)第二句"Thisisespeciallytrueofpeoplewhotrytojustify

keepinganimalsinzoosorusingthemforinvasiveresearchn,D應(yīng)為答

案。

ThestatusofEnglishasaninternationallanguageappears

unassailable.Itissimultaneouslypreeminentinscience,politics,

businessandentertainment.Andunlikeanyofitslinguafranca

predecessors,ithasallthisonatrulyworldwidescale.Thereisno

challengercomparabletoit:Chinesehasmorenativespeakers,butevery

schoolchildinChinanowstudiesEnglish.AndIndia,settoovertakeChina

inpopulationby2050.isavidlytradingonitsEnglishexpertise.

ButEnglishisnottherebyimmunetotheprinciplesof

languagesurvival.Aboveall,itisnotablethatbeyondthe330million

orsonativespeakers,perhapstwiceasmanymoreuseitasasecond

language.Andthiscommunityofover600millionsecond-languagespeakers,

whomakeEnglishpreeminentasaworldlanguage,alsomakeitvulnerable

inthelongterm.

In5,000yearsofrecordedlanguagehistory,afewdozen

languageshaveachievedthestatusoflinguafranca,alanguageofwider

communicationamongpeoplewhosemothertonguesmaybequite

different.Butthisstatusdoesnotcomeaboutbysomeutilitarian

reckoning,ordemocraticselection.Thereisalwaysareason,beit

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conquest,trade,religiousmissionorsocialaspiration,whichhas

selectedalanguagetohavethiswiderrole,andthatreasonishardto

forget一andultimatelyoftenhardtoforgive.

Thisisseldomclear一atfirsttonativespeakers.They

naturallyseetheirmothertongueasasimpleblessingforthewider

world.ButneitherLatinnorFrenchwouldhavespreadacrossWesternEurope

iftheirusehadnotonceuponatimebeenimposed一byforcesotherthan

lucidityandcharm.

Therewasstatusorwealthtobegainedfromknowingthese

languages,andintheirheyday,noonebelievedtheymightonedaygoout

ofuse.Afterall,theyseemednotonlyuseful,butalsosuchexceptional

languages.

Butfarfrombeingdisinterestedaidstothoughtand

communication,everylinguafrancacontinuestobearthebadgeofits

originalspread;andthisisoftenthecauseofitsultimateundoing.This

moralisasclearandwell-establishedastherecordedhistoryofthe

linguafrancaphenomenon.

Englishwillnotdeclineasafirstlanguage:Indeedforthe

foreseeablefutureitwillbeamongthefivemajormothertonguesofthe

world.Spreadoutworldwide,itmayevenchangeandultimatelysplitinto

afamilyoflanguages.Butitwouldgoagainstthepatternofworldhistory

ifalienpeoplespatronizedEnglishforverymuchlongerthannecessary.

Insum,theworldinthenextfewgenerationsislikelyto

seegreatermultilingualismandlessEnglish-backedbilingualism.Wecan

learnthelongviewfromlanguagehistory,butitmaybeahardlesson.

第6題：

TheexampleofIndiainthefirstparagraphisgiventoshow.

A.theuncontrollableincreaseofitspopulation

B.theimportanceofEnglishineconomicgrowth

C.theinfluenceofEnglishovernativelanguages

D.thepre-eminenceofEnglishinthewholeworld

參考答案：D

根據(jù)第——段中的“Itissimultaneouslypre—eminentin***entertainment.And

unlike,--predecessors,ithasallthisonatrulyworldwidescale”,D

應(yīng)為答案。

第7題：

TheauthorsuggeststhatEnglishis

A.pre-eminentratherthanvulnerable

B.aninternationallanguageforgood

C.suretodeclineinthedistantfuture

D.thelinguafrancainChinaandIndia

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參考答案：C

根據(jù)第二段中的“ButEnglishisnottherebyimmunetotheprinciplesof

languagesurvival”和“Andthiscommunity*alsomakeitvulnerableinthe

longterm",C應(yīng)為答案。

第8題：

Accordingtothetext,everylinguafranca

A.remainspreeminentasafirstlanguage

B.willdeclineinspiteofitspre-eminence

C.hasarecordedhistoryasclearasEnglish

D.isgoingtosplitintoafamilyoflanguages

參考答案：B

根據(jù)第六段第一句"Butfarfrom***communication,everylinguafranca???

spread；andthisisoftenthecauseofitsultimateundoing”,B應(yīng)為答

案。

第9題：

ItisimpliedinthetextthatbothLatinandFrench

A.wereimposeduponmanynationsbycharm

B.spreadacrossthewholecontinentofEurope

C.maintainedthestatusoflinguafrancaatatime

D.fascinatedasmanypeopleasEnglishoncedid

參考答案：C

根據(jù)第四段中的“ButneitherLatinnorFrenchwouldhavespreadacross

WesternEuropeif…”,C應(yīng)為答案。

第10題：

TheauthorarguesthatthefutureofEnglishis

A.bleak

B.definite

C.uncertain

D.foreseeable

參考答案：A

根據(jù)第六段中的aButfarfrombeingdisinterestedaidstothoughtand

communication,everylinguafranca***spread；andthisisoftenthecause

ofitsultimateundoing”和第七段中的"Butitwouldgoagainstthepattern

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ofworldhistoryifalienpeoplespatronizedEnglishforverymuchlonger

thannecessaryv,A應(yīng)為答案。

It'sbadbiologytoargueagainsttheexistenceofanimal

emotions.Scientificresearchinevolutionarybiology,cognitiveethology

andsocialneurosciencesupporttheviewthatnumerousanddiverseanimals

haverichanddeepemotionallives.Emotionshaveevolvedasadaptations

innumerousspeciesandtheyserveasasocialgluetobondanimalswith

oneanother.Emotionsalsocatalyzeandregulateawidevarietyofsocial

encountersamongfriendsandcompetitorsandpermitanimalstoprotect

themselvesadaptivelyandflexiblyusingvariousbehaviorpatternsina

widevarietyofvenues.CharlesDarwin'swell-acceptedideasabout

evolutionarycontinuity,thatdifferencesamongspeciesaredifferences

indegreeratherthankind,arguestronglyforthepresenceofanimal

emotions,empathy,andevenmoralbehavior.Inpractice,continuityallows

ustoconnectthe^evolutionarydots"amongdifferentspeciestohighlight

similaritiesinevolvedtraitsincludingindividualfeelingsand

passions.Whatwehavesincelearnedaboutanimalemotionsandempathyfits

inwellwithwhatweknowaboutthelifestyleofdifferentspecies一how

complextheirsocialinteractionsandsocialnetworksare.Emotions,

empathy,andknowingrightfromwrongarekeystosurvival,withoutwhich

animals一bothhumanandnonhuman-wouldperish.That'showimportantthey

are.Thebordersbetween"them”(animals)and〃us〃aremurkyandpermeable.

Studyinganimalemotionsaddressesanumberofbigquestions

concerninghowscienceisconducted.Manyskepticsfeelthatweareso

uncertainaboutwhetherotheranimalshaveanysortofemotionallifethat

theyprefertoputoffweighinginuntilweknowmore.Forsome,thisreally

meanswaitinguntilweareabsolutelysure.Butscienceisneverascertain

asmanywouldlikeittobe.ClimatechangeresearcherHenryPollacksays

itwellinhisbookUncertainScience...UncertainWorld:"Because

uncertaintyneverdisappears,decisionsaboutthefuture,bigandsmall,

mustalwaysbemadeintheabsenceofcertainty.Waitinguntiluncertainty

iseliminatedisanimplicitendorsementofthestatusquo,andoftenan

excuseformaintainingit...Uncertainty,farfrombeingabarrierto

progress,isactuallyastrongstimulusfor,andanimportantingredient

of,creativity.z/

Ioftenbeginmylectureswiththequestion:〃Isthereanyone

inthisaudiencewhothinksthatdogsdon'thavefeelingsthattheydon

'texperiencejoyandsadness?”Vveneverhadanenthusiasticresponse

tothisquestion,eveninscientificgatherings,althoughonoccasiona

handortwogoesupslowly,usuallyhalfway,asthepersonglancesaround

toseeifanyoneiswatching.ButifIask,〃Howmanyofyoubelievethat

dogshavefeelings?”thenalmosteveryhandwaveswildlyandpeoplesmile

andnodinvigorousagreement.Usingbehaviorasourguide,byanalogywe

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mapthefeelingsofotherbeingsontoourownemotionaltemplates,and

wedoitveryreliably.

第11題：

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatanimalemotions.

A.originatefromnaturalevolution

B.remainuncertainuntilwearesure

C.developfasterinsocialencounters

D.areasrichanddeepashumanemotions

參考答案：A

根據(jù)第——段第三句uEmotionshaveevolvedasadaptationsinnumerous

species…”和該段中間的“Inpractice,continuityallowsus…tohighlight

similaritiesinevolvedtraitsincludingindividualfeelingsand

passionsw,A應(yīng)為答案。

第12題:

Itisimpliedbytheideasofevolutionarycontinuitythat

A.thelifestyleofdifferentspeciesiscontinuousinevolution

B.thereisnoclearborderbetweenhumanbeingsandanimals

C.allspeciesdependoncomplexsocialinteractionstosurvive

D.moresimilaritiesamongspecieshavebeenevolvedthan

dissimilarities

參考答案：B

根據(jù)第一段的后半段“CharlesDarwin'swell-acceptedideasabout

evolutionarycontinuity,that…murkyandpermeablev,尤其該段最后一句

uThebordersbetween'them'(animals)and'us'aremurkyandpermeablen,

B應(yīng)為答案。

第13題:

Somepeoplemaintainascientificskepticismbecausethey.

A.failtorealizewhatuncertaintyreallymeanstoscience

B.areuncertainaboutwhetheranimalshaveemotions

C.prefertoputoffwhatevertheydoinscience

D.ignorethenatureofscientificresearch

參考答案：A

根據(jù)第二段中的“Butscienceisneverascertainasmanywouldlikeitto

be”和^Uncertainty,farfrombeingabarriertoprogress,isactually

astrongstimulus…"，A應(yīng)為答案。

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第14題：

AccordingtoHenryPollack,uncertainty.

A.hindersscientificprogress

B.catalyzescreativityinscience

C.meanstheabsenceofcertainty

D.accountsforallourdecisionsinlife

參考答案：B

根據(jù)第二段最后1句"Uncertainty,farfrombeingabarriertoprogress,

isactuallyastrongstimulusfor,andanimportantingredientof,

creativity^,B應(yīng)為答案。

第15題：

Bycitingtheexampleoftheresponsetohisquestions,theauthorshows

that,

A.peopleusuallypreferpositivequestionstonegativeones

B.whetherdogshavefeelingsisadesirablequestiontoask

C.whetherdogsdon'thavefeelingsisasillyquestiontoask

D.humanbehaviorcanserveasaguidetostudyanimalfeelings

參考答案：D

第三段最后一句"Usingbehaviorasourguide,byanalogywemapthefeelings

ofotherbeingsontoourownemotionaltemplates,andwedoitvery

reliablyw是該段的主題句,其前面提到的theresponsetohisquestions”

的例子是用來說明這個主題句的。所以，D應(yīng)為答案。

Heroesarepeoplethathaveachievedsomethingthatweadmire.Itcould

beacharacterinabookoramovie.Everybodylovesahero.Peopleoften

havetheirownpersonalheroesthatrepresentthevaluestowhichthey

aspire.

Manyselecttheirherofromthepublicdomain.Theheromay

beanactor,amusician,apoliticianoracelebrity.Sometimesitisa

personthathascommittedaheroicact,showinggreatcourageintheface

ofdanger.Weadmirewhattheystandfor.

Butbackathomeintheirprivate(andsometimesnotso

private)life,heroesarenormalpeople.Normalpeoplearesubjectto

temptationandarefacedwiththestressesofeverydaylife.Fewpeople

areperfect,andwhenthespotlightfallsupontheirprivatelivesthe

resultisoftendisappointing.

Ayounggolfercapturedtheimaginationoftheworld.His

achievementswereimmense,andhebecameaherotomanyyounggolfersand

others.Hehadabeautifulwifeandyoungchildrenandseemedlikearole

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modelformany.Suddenly,newsemergedaboutcountlessaffairsand

infidelity.Nolongerthehero,theyounggolferisindisgrace.

Successbringsaboutawholenewrangeoftemptations.Ourhero

washumananddidn'tknowhowtoresist.Doesthisnegateeverythingthat

hehadachieved?Doesitmeanthathischaracterisnowbad?

Theremustbemanydiscardedheroesintheworld一politicians

andactivistsofhighintegritythathavefallenpreytothetemptation

ofcorruption,sportsheroesthathaveusedsteroids,andcelebritiesthat

havebecomeinvolvedindrugandalcoholabuseandinfidelity.

Thesearecommonmistakesorerrorsofjudgmentthatweare

allsubjectto.Evenwhenwestrayawayfromthestraightandnarrowwe

mayreturn.

Sowearedisappointedbyourherowhobehavedbadly.Isit

righttodiscardthisheroandfindanother?

Beinghumanmeansmakingmistakes.Therearenonethatare

perfectanddoonlygood.Eachofushasourfaultsandimperfections.We

willallbedisappointedbyourheroesfromtime