高考英語(yǔ)《閱讀表達(dá)》專題訓(xùn)練含答案

中考英語(yǔ)專題訓(xùn)練《閱讀表達(dá)》

理智使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)

SurfingtheInternetcanhelpopenstudents'eyesandgetmoreknowledge.Asateacher,I

encourageniystudents(ouse(heInternet.InclassthosestudentswhosurftheInternetunderstand

lessonsbetterthantheothers.Besides,peoplecanusetheInterne!towritelettersorstoriesand

sendemails.Manystudentscommunicatewiththeirfriendsonline.Youcanalsomakefriendsby

chattingonQQ.1(ischeaperthancallingsomebodyfarawayandit'salsomuchquicker.Nearly

onethirdofyoungpeoplesurftheInternetforfun.Theyliketolistentomusic,watchfilms,and

gototheirfavouritestars'websites.ButcantheInternetcauseproblems?Someofmystudents

whousedtostudywellatschoolarcnowfailingexams.Becausetheyspendalotoftimeplaying

computergames.

I.SurfingtheInternetcanhelpopenstudents'eyes,can'tit?(nomorethansevenwords)

2.What'sthewriter?(nomorethansevenwords)

3.Howcanyoumakefriendson(heInternet?(nomorethansevenwords)

4.HowmanyyoungpeoplesurftheInternetforfun?(nomorethansevenwords)

5.WhatdoyouthinkofsurfingtheInternet?

英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展變化

Howdoweknowwhat'srightorwronginEnglish?LanguagessuchasFrenchandSpanish

eachhasanofficial(官方的Organizationthattellsyouwhat'scorrect.Butthereisnothinglikethat

inEnglish.Sowhatcanwedo?

Thereis,ofcourse.StandardEnglish.ThisisthekindofEnglishyoureadinnewspapersor

informalletters.ItisalsotheEnglishyoulearnatschoolorintextbooks.

However,StandardEnglishisnotofficialEnglish.Andunbelievably,linguists(語(yǔ)言學(xué)

家)thinkStandardEnglishisonthesamelevelasallothertypesofEnglishsuchasCockney

English,YorkshireEnglish,SouthAfricanEnglish.AustralianEnglish.SingaporeanEnglish...

Andaccordingtolinguists,thereisnosuchthingasStandardSpokenEnglish.

Englishischangingallthetime.Everyyear,newwordsappearandothersdisappear.

Wordschangetoo.Forexample,formanyyears,(heLatinword"agendum"wastheaccepted

singularformand"agenda"wasthepluralform.However,thesedays,veryfewpeopleusethe

Latin-sounding"agendum",with"agenda"beingtheacceptedsingularform,and"agendas"the

plural.

Newspaperseachhastheirownstylewhentheywritecertainthings.Forexample,The

Guardianputsdateslike,'21July2011"(withthedayfirst?followedbythemonthandno

commas).However,(henewsagencyReuterswritesthemlikethis"July21?2011"(withthemonth

first,andacomma(逗號(hào))betweenthedayandtheyear).Othernewspapershavedifferentwaysof

doingittoo.So,asyoucansee,there'snoone"correct"way-there'savarietyofwaysandeach

oneisacceptable.

Nexttimesomeonetellsyouthatsomethingiswrong,tellthemthatitisn'twrong,itis

justEnglish.

1.Accordingtopassagetwo,howmanywayscanyoureadorlearnStandardEnglish(nomore

thanfourwords)

2.WhatisthepluralformoftheLatinword"agendum"inthepast?inomorethanfourwords)

3.HowdocsthenewsagencyReuterswrite"2016年1月20日"？(nomorethanfourwords)

4.Accordingtopassageone,whatlanguageshaveofficialorganizationsthattellyouwhatis

corrcct?(nomore(hanfourwords)

5.WhatshouldyoudowhenyoufacethechangesofEnglish?

肢體語(yǔ)言

Bodylanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulmeansofcoirmunication,oftenevenmore

powerfulthanspokenlanguagePeoplearoundtheworldshowallkindsoffeelings,wishesand

attitudesthattheymightneverspeakaloud.Itispossibletoreadothersaroundus,eveniftheydo

notwantustocatchtheirunspokencommunication.Ofcourse,bodylanguagecanbemisread,but

manygesturesandactionsarecommon.

Themostcommonfacialexpressionis,ofcourse,the

smile-i(sfunctionistoshowhappinessandputpeopleatease.

11docsalwaysmeanthatirulyhappy.Iiowcxer.JMk

Smilesarouiuitheworldcanbefalse,hidingotherfeelingsIB*

likeanger,fearorworry.Therearcunhappysmiles,suchasIVII

whensomeonelosesfaceandsmilestohideit.However,??一.■

thegeneralpurposeofsmilingistoshowgoodfeelings.

Fromthetimewearebabies,weshowunhappinessorangerbyfrowning(皺眉頭).Inmost

placesaroundtheworld,frowningandturningone'shacktosomeoneshowsanger.Makinga

fist(拳頭)andshakingitalmostalwaysmeansthatsomeoneisangry.

HowaboutshowingthatIambored?Lookingawayfrompeopleoryawningwill,inmost

cases,makemeappeartobeiminterested.However,ifIturntowardandlookatsomeoneor

something,peoplefromalmosteveryculturewillthinkthatIaminterested.

Beingrespectfultopeopleissubjective,basedoneachculture,butingeneralitisprobably

notagoodideatogiveahugtcbossorteacher.Inalmosteveryculture,itisnotusuallygoodto

standtooclosetosomeoneofahigherrank(等級(jí)).Standingatalittledistancewithopenhands

willshow(hatIamwillingtolisten.

Withsomanyculturaldiflerencesbetweenpeople,itisgreattohavesomesimilaritiesin

bodylanguage.Wecanoftenbewrongabouteachother,soitisanamazingthingthatwe

understandeachotheraswellaswedo!

1.Whatisevenmorepowerfultlianspokenlanguageaccordingtothepassage?(nomorethanfour

words)

2.Whatisthemostcommonfacialexpression?(nomorethanfourwords)

3.Howdobabiesnonnallyshowtheiranger?(nomorethanfourwords)

4.Whatisnotgoodtodowhenyoustaywithsomeoneofahigherrank?(nomorethan13words)

5.Whatdoesthewritermainlywanttotellus?(nomorethan14words)

從失敗走向成功

Whyarcsomanypeoplesoafraidtofail?Quitesimplybecausenoonetellsushowtoface

thefailure(失敗).Infact,failurecanbecomeexperiencethatmeansgrowth.Weforgetthatfailure

ispartofthehumanconditionandthateverypersonhastherighttofail.

Mostparentsworkhardtopreventfailureorprotecttheirchildren.Onewayistolower

standards.Nearly60%oftheparentschoosethisway.Whenachildfinishesmakingatable,the

motherdescribesitas"perfect"eventhoughitdoesn'tstandstill.Theotherwayistoblame(責(zé)

怪)oihcrs.IfJohnfailsinscience,histeacherisunfairorstupid.

There'saproblemwiththetwoways.Itmakesachildunpreparedforthereallifeifthey

don'tmeetenoughfailure.Tlicyoungneedtolearnthatnoonecanbebestateverything,noone

canwinallthetime.Theyoungshouldbeallowedtoexperiencefaiurc.

Failurenevergivespeoplepleasure.Ithurtsbothgrown-upsar.dchildren.Butilcanbereally

goodtoyourlifewhenyoulearntouseit.

(Eachanswershouldbenomorethan6words)

1.Whatcanfailurebecomeinfiict?

2.Howmanywaysdomostparentschoosetopreventfailureandprotecttheirchildren?

3.Howdo60%oftheparentspreventfailureorprotecttheirchildren

4.Whatshouldyoungpeoplebeallowedtoexperience?

5.Whatshouldyoudowhenyoufacethefailure?

水稻

Peopleallovertheworldeatrice.MillionsofpeopleinAsia,

Africa,andSouthAmericaeatiteverydayoftheirlives.Some

Peoplecatalmostnothingbutrice.

Riceisakindofgrass.Therearemorethan7,000kindsof

rice.Riceisgrowninmanycountries,eveninthesouthernpartof

theUnitedStatesandineasternAustralia.

Noonereallyknowswherericecamefrom.Somescientists

thinkthatitstartedtobeplantedintwoplaces.Theythinkthatone

kindofricewasplantedinsouthernAsiathousandsofyearsago.

SomeoneinChinawroteaboutitalmost5,000yearsago.Anotherkindwasprobablygrownin

WestAfrica.OtherscientiststhinkthatricecamefromIndia>andIndiantravellerstookittoother

partsoftheworld.

Therearetwomainwaystogrowrice.Uplandricegrowsindrysoil.Mostriceisplantedin

wetsoil.Peopleinmanycountriesdoalloftheworkofgrowingricebyhand.Thisisthesame

wayfarmersworkedhundredsofyearsago.Insomecountries,peoplenowusemachinesontheir

ricefarms.Thefarmersallusefertilizer.Someinsectsareenemiescfrice.Farmerspoisonthem.

Peopleuseeverypartofthericeplant.Theymakeanimalfeedandriceoilfromit.Theyalso

makebaskets,brooms,roofsandothersibrtheirhouses.Theyburndryriceplantsinfiresfor

cooking.

(Eachanswershouldbenomorethan9words)

1.Inwhatcountriesisriceanimportantfood?

2.Howmanykindsofricearc(hereintheworld?

3.WhenwasricegrowninsouthernAsia?

4.Howdoricefarmerskillinsects?

5.Whydopeoplesayriceisimportant?

鉛筆的承諾

AdamBruansetuptheorganization(組織)PencilsofPromisein2(X)8.Itsgoalistomake

sureallchildrenhaveachancefbreducation.Sixyearslater,thenon-profitorganizationis

buildinganewschoolsomewhereevery90hours.Ithashelpedmorethan22,000childrenin

Africa,AsiaandLatinAmerica.

ItallstartedwhenAdamBruanwasacollegestudent.HewasvisitingIndiawhenaboy

stoppedhimandaskedformoneyonthestreet.MrBruanaskedtheboywhathewouldwant,ifhe

couldhaveanythingintheworld.

"Ithoughttheanswerwasgoingtobe'ahouse'or'acar'or'aboat,.Hisanswerwas'a

pcnciP,SoIgavehimmypencilandhewasjusthappyandexcited.Irealizedhehadneverbeen

toschoolbefore,andthatwasthereality(現(xiàn)實(shí))for57millionchildrenaroundtheworld,"Bruan

said.

AdamBruanstartedworkinginfinance(金融)afterhegraduaicdfromcollege.Buthenever

forgottheboyandtheproblemherealized.

"Weliveinaworldinwhicheverychildcanhaveachancetogetagoodeducation,because

wehaveeverylhingnecessar>zalready.Wcareabletoeducateeverychild.SoIpromisedtohelp

changethatworld."Bruansaid.

MrBruanraisedmoneyforhisproject.HepaidtorbuildingthefirstPencilsofPromise

SchoolinLaos,fiveyearsagoSincethen,hisorganizationhashelpedpayformorethan200

schoolsinthecountrysideofLaos,Nicaragua,GuatemalaandGhana.

1.WhendidAdamBruansetuptheorganizationPencilsofPromise?(nomorethan5words)

2.Howoftenistheorganizationbuildinganewschoolsomewheresixyearslater?(nomorethan

3words)

3.Whatdidtheboy'sanswermakeAdamrealize?

4.WhydidAdamBruansetuptheorganizationPencilsofPromise?

5.Whatdoyouthinkof(heorganizationPencilsofPromise?Why?

培養(yǎng)自力更生的學(xué)生

Twoyearsago,asmalltowninChanghuastartedtogrowhealthyrice.Thehealthyricewas

notgrownbyfarmersbutbythestudentsfromasmallprimaryschoolofonlyaboutfiftypeople.

Theideaofgrowingricecamefromtheschoolteachers.Whenmakingteachingplans,the

teachersdecidedtoteachstudentshowtogrowhealthyriceonschoolland.Theywantedthe

studentstogetclosertothelandwhendoingthericefarmingoutsidetheclassroom.

What'sbetter,theschoolmademoneyfromsellingthericeandgivingfanningclassestothe

public.Withthemoney,theschoolcouldhelpthestudentswhowishedtogotoforeigncountries

someday.Todaythedreamisbecomingreal-thestudentsarcflyingtoJapantosharetheir

specialfanningexperiences,andhavefunoverthere,ofcourse!"Wcallfeelveryproudthateven

studentsfromasmalltowncanmakethemselvesseenintheworld,"saidoneoftheteachers.

1.Whendidthestudentsbegintogrowrice?(nomorethan3words)

2.Whodecidedtogrowrice?(nomorethan2words)

3.Whywasthedecisionmade?(nomore(han10words)

4.Whatdidthestudentsdowiththemoneyfromsellingthericer(nomorethan4words)

5.Wouldyouliketobethestudentstolearntogrowrice?Why?

一損俱損

Amousewassurprisedandfrightenedtodiscoverthatthefarmerandhiswifehada

mousetrap(老鼠夾)inthehouse.Itrantowarneveryone,"Thereisamousetrapinthehouse!"and

wantedtogetsomehelpfromthem.

Thehenraiseditsheadandsaid,"MrMouse,thismousetrapisonlytbryou.Iwon'tbe

worriedaboutit,"Themouseturnedto(hepig."Iamsorry.MrMouse.bu(themousetraphas

nothingtodowithmeeither!"thepigsaid.Thenthemouseturnedtothecow."Itsoundslikeyou

haveaproblem,notme,"thecowsaid.Themousereturnedto(hehousewithheaddownandit

wasverysadbecausenoonewculdhelpit.

Thatnightthefarmer'swifeheardaloudsoundandsherushedtoseewhatwascaught.Inthe

darknessshecouldnotseethatitwasasnake.Thesnakebit(咬)ihefarmer'swife.Thewifecaught

abadfeverandthefarmerthoughtthebestwaytotreatafeverwaschickensoup.Sothefarmer

killedthehenforthesoup.Thewifegotworseandherfriendscametovisither.Thefarmerhadto

killthepigtofeedthem.Butthewifedidn'tgetbetteranddied.Herfriendscameandthefarmer

hadtokillthecowtofeedallofthem.

Sorememberwhenanyoneofusisintrouble,wemayallbeintrouble.

I.Howdidthemousefeelwhenitdiscoveredthemousetrap?

2.Howmanyanimalsdidthemousewarninall?(nomorethan3words)

3.Whywasthemouseverysad*

4.Whatwascaughtbythemousetrap(hatnight?(nomorethan3words)

5.Whatcanwelearnfromtheslory?

團(tuán)隊(duì)精神

Teamspiritmeansthewillingnessofpeopletoworktogether￡ndhelpeachotheraspartofa

team.Withthisspirit,peopletryhardtomaketheirteamthebestofall.Everyonehasexperienced

teamspiritonewayoranother,whethertheywerepartofateamorsawagroupofpeoplechccr

fortheirfavouriteplayer.

Therearedifferentkindsofteamspirit.Onekindistheconnectionbetweenateamof

peoplebecausetheireffortsandcooperation(合作)arenecessaryinreachingaparticulargoal.The

secondkindiswhenagroupofpeoplesupportapersonorateam.Thethirdispeople'snatural

loveforandprideintheircountry,whenawholenationcheersforilscountryincompetitions.

Teamspiritcanalsobeseenintheworkplaceorinsomeactivities.

Teamspiritcreatesvariousgoodeffects.Itcreatesfriendshipandtrustbetweenpeoplewho

maynotgetalongwhentheydon'thavesuchteamspirit.Theremayalsobebadeffects.Toogreat

teamspiritmaycauseargumentsorfightswithotherteammembers

Somepeopledon'tunderstandteamspiritproperly.Theythinkteamspiritmeanshavingto

becomeanofficialmemberofanorganization,teamorfanclub.Infact,teamspiritcanbebuilt

anywhere-betweenfriends,coworkersorevenbetweentwopeoplesittingnexttoeachocher.You

don'thavetobewearingtheteamspiritclothes.Anyonecanshowteamspiritjustbyshowing

supportforthegoal.

1.Whatisteamspirit?

2.Whichkindofteamspiritintiepassagedoyouhaveinyourgroupworkinclass?

3.Whatgoodeffectsdoesteamspiritcreate?

4.Wherecanteamspiritbebuik?

5.Whydoyouthinkteamspiritisimportant?(請(qǐng)自擬一句話作答)

理智使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)

I.Yes,itcan.

2.Ateacher.

3.BychattingonQQ.

4.Nearlyonethird.

5.SurfingtheInternetcanhelpopenoureyesandgetmoreknowledge.Butspendinglotsof

limeplayingcomputergamesisbadforus.

英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展變化

1.Four.

2.Agenda.

3.January20,2016.

4.FrenchandSpanish.

5.WeshouldreadEnglishwidely.

肢體語(yǔ)言

1.Bodylanguage.

2.Thesmile.

3.Byfrowning.

4.Togiveahugortostandtooclosetohimorher.

5.Thewaysofshowingfeelingswithbodylanguageandtheimpcitanccofusingit.

從失敗走向成功

1.Failurebecomeexperiencethatmeansgrowth.

2.Two.

3.Theylowerstandards./Bylowerings(andards./Tolowerstandards.

4.Toexperiencefailure.

5.Weshouldfaceitbravely.

水稻

1.CountrieslocatedinAsia,Africa,andSouthAmerica.

2.Over/Morethan7,000.

3.Thousandsofyearsago.

4.Theypoisonthem.

5.Becausetheyuseeverypartofthericeplant.

鉛筆的承諾

1.In2OO8./Hediditin2008.

2.Every90hours.

3.Hehadneverbeentoschoolbeforeandthatwas(herealityfor57millionchildrenaround(he

world.

4.Hedidthattoeducateeverychildortohelpchangetheworld.

5.Itisagoodorganizationbecauseitmakessureallchildrenhaveachanceforeducation.

培養(yǎng)自力更生的同學(xué)

i.Twoyearsago.

2.Theteachers.

3.Tomakestudentsgetclosertotheland,/Theywantedthestudentstogetclosertotheland.

4.TheyflewtoJapan./TheywenttoJapan./TheyvisitedJapan./Theywentabroad.

5.Yes,becausewecangetthespecialfarmingexperiencesandhavefun.

一-損俱損

1.Surprisedandfrightened.

2.Three.

3.Becausenoone/animalwouldhelpit.

4.Asnake.

5.Whenanyoneofusisintrouble,wemayallbeintrouble.

團(tuán)隊(duì)精神

1.(Teamspiritis/mcans)ihcwillingnessofpeopletoworktogetherandhelpeachotheras

partofateam.

2.Theconnectionbetweenateam/groupofpeople/students.

3.(Itcrcatcs)fricndshipandtrustbetweenpcoplc(whomaynotgetalongwhentheydon't

havesuchteamspirit.)

4.(Teamspiritcanhebuilt)anywhere/betweenfriends/betweencoworkers/betweentwo

peoplesittingnexttoeachother.

5.Ithelpsussucceedinourwork/studies/Ithelpsustoreachourgoal...

高考閱讀表達(dá)

Astudyofmorethanfivemillionbooks,bothfictionandncn-fiction,hasfoundamarked

declineintheuseofemotionalwordsovertime.TheresearchersfbimtheUniversityofBristol

usedGoogleNgramViewer,afacilityforfindingthefrequencyoftermsinscannedbooks,to

searchformorethan600particularwordsidentifiedasrepresentinganger,dislike,fear,joy,

sadnessandsurprise.

Theyfoundthatalmostallofthecategories(類別)showedadropinthese“moodwords”

overtime.Onlyinthecategoryoffearwasthereanincreaseinusage.

“Itisasteadyandcontinuousdecrease/'saidDrAlbertoAcerbi.Heassumed(hattheresult

mightbeexplainedbyachangein(hepositionoccupiedbylileraiurc,inacrowdedmedia

landscape.l4Onethingcouldbethatinparalleltobooksthe20thcenturysawthestartofother

media.Maybethesemedia—mevies,radio,drama—hadmoreemotionalcontentthanbooks.”

Althoughbothjoyandsadnessfollowedthegeneraldownwardstrend,theresearch,

publishedinthejournalPLOSOne,foundthattheyalsoexhibitedanotherinterestingbehaviour：

theratio(比率)betweenthetwovariedgreatly,apparentlymirroringhistoricalevents.

DuringtheRoaringTwentiesthejoy-to-sadnessratioreachedapeakthatwouldnotoccur

againuntilbeforetherecentfinancialcrash.ButtheratioplungedattheheightoftheSecond

WorldWar.Nevertheless,theresearchersheldareservedopinionabouttheirclaimthattheirresult

reflectedwidersocialtrends.In(hepaper,theyevenargue(hatthereversecouldbetrue.

“Ithasbeensuggested,forexample,thatitwasthesuppression(壓抑)ofdesireinordinary

ElizabethanEnglishlifethatincreaseddemandforwriting*filledwithromanceandsex'...

perhaps.^^theyconclude,“songsandbooksmaynotreflect(herealpopulationanymorethan

catwalkmodelsreflecttheaveragebody.”

(Note：Answerthequestionsorcomplete(hestatementsinNOMORETHANTEN

WORDS.)

81.Astudyofmorethanfivemillionbooksindicatedadeclinein“inoodwords''overtimeexcept

82.AccordingtoDrAlbertoAcerbi,onereasonfbr(hedropof44moodwords”inbooksmaybe

that

83.Whatwerethetwoperiodswhenthejoy-to-sadnessratiowasatitshighest?

84.Whiletheresearchersfoundsomechangesintheuseof“moodwords'*inbooks,theywere

notsurethat.

81.inthecaiegoryoffear

82.theliterarypositionhaschangedinacrowdedmedialandscape/othermedia—movies,radio,

drama一

hadmoreemotionalcontent

83.DuringtheroaringTwentiesandbeforetherecentfinancialcrash.

84.(heirresearchresultreflectedwidersocialtrends/songsandbooksreflectedthereal

population

Whilecontactbetweenadolescents(betweentheagesoffifteenandnineteen)andtheirpeers

(同齡人)isauniversalchanicieristicofallcultures,ihenatureandihedegreeofsuchcontactvary

agreatdeal.InAmericancontemporarysociety,adolescentsspendmuchmoretimewithiheir

peersthanwithyoungerchildrenoradults.

Thispatternofagesegregation(隔離)inAmericansocietydidnotbecomeusualuntilthe

beginningoftheindustrializedsociety.Changesintheworkplaceseparatedchiidrenfromadults,

withadultsworkingandchildrenattendingschool.Thedramaticincreaseofmothersinthe

workplacehasfurthercontributed(othereductionintheamountoftimeadolescentsspendwith

adults.Schoolreformeffortsduringthenineteenthcentury,whichresultedinage-segregated

schoolsandgrades,havereducedtheamountoftimeadolescentsspendwithyoungerchildren.

Finally,thechangesinpopulationareconsideredafactor(hatmayhavecontributedtothe

emergenceofadolescentpeerculture.From1955tO1975,theadolescentpopulationincreased

dramatically,from11percenttO20.9percent.Thisincreaseinthenumberofadolescentsmightbe

acontributingfactortotheincreaseinadolescentpeercultureintermsofgrowthinsize.

Researchsupportstheviewthatadolescentsspendagreatdealoftimewiththeirpeers.Reed

Larsonandhiscolleaguesexaminedadolescents'dailyactivitiesandfoundthattheyspendmore

limetalkingtotheirfriendsthanengaginginanyotheractivity.Inatypicalweek,highschool

studentswillspendtwiceasmuchtimewiththeirpeersaswithadults.Thisgradualwithdrawal

fromadultsbeginsinearlyadolescence.Insixthgrade,adults(excludingparents)accountforonly

25percentofadolescentsocialnetworks.Anotherimportantcharacteristicofadolescentpeer

cultureisitsincreasinglyautonomous(白治的)function.Whilechildhoodpeergroupsare

conductedundertheclosesupervisionofparents,adolescentpeergroupstypicallymakeaneffort

toescapeadultsupervisionandusuallysucceedindoingso.

(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANEIGHT

WORDS.)

81."Thispatternofagesegregation"referstothephenomenonthatadolescentssegregate

themselvesfrom

82.Besideschangesintheworkplace.aretheothertwofactorscontributing

toadolescentpeerculture.

83.Whendoadolescentsstarttospendlesstimewithadults?

84.Howdoadolescentpeergroupsdifferfromchildhoodpeergroups?

81.youngerchildrenandadults

82.schoolreformeffortsandthechangesinpopulation

83.Inearlyadolescence

84.Theyhavelessclosesupervisionofparents./Theymanagetoescapeadult

supervisionJTheyareincreasinglyautonomous.

Youthsporthasthepotentialtoaccomplishthreeimportantobjectivesinchildren's

development.First,sportprogramscanprovideyouthwithopportunitiestobephysicallyactive,

whichcanleadtoimprovedphysicalhealth.Second,youth-sportprogramshavelongbeen

consideredimportanttoyouth'spsychosocialdevelopment,providingopportunitiestolearn

importantlifeskillssuchascooperation,discipline,leadership,andself-control.Third,

youth-sportprogramsarecriticalforthelearningofmotorskills(運(yùn)動(dòng)技thesemotorskills

serveasafoundationforfuturenationalsportstarsandrecreationaladult-spoilparticipants.When

coachesdevelopactivitiesforyouthpracticesandwhensportorganizationsdesignyouth-sport

programs,theymustconsiderthsimplicationsofdeliberateplayanddeliberatepractice.

ResearchfromTelama(2006)statesthatregularparticipationindeliberateplayordeliberate

practiceactivitiesduringchildhoodandyouth(agesninetocightc-jn)increasesthelikelihoodof

participationinsportsduringadulthoodbysixtimesforbothmalesandfemales.Cote(2002)

definesdeliberateplayactivitiesinsportasthosedesignedtomaximizeenjoyment.These

activitiesarcregulatedbyflexiblerulesadaptedfromstandardizedsportrulesandaresetupby

thechildrenorbyaninvolvedadult.Childrentypicallychangerulestofindapointwheretheir

gameissimilartotheactualsportbutstillallowsforplayattheirlevel.Forexample,childrenmay

changesoccerandbasketballrulestosuit(heirneedsandenvironment(e.g.inthestreet,ona

playingfieldorinsomeone'sbackyard).Wheninvolvedindeliberateplayactivities,childrenare

lessconcernedwiththeoutcomeoftheiroutcomeoftheirbehavior(whethertheywinorlose)

thanwiththebehavior(havingfun).

Ontheotherhand,Ericsson(1993)suggeststhatthemosteffsetivelearningoccursthrough

involvementinhighlystructuredactivitiesdefinedasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepractice

activitiesrequireeffort,producenoimmediaterewards,andaremotivatedbythegoalof

improvingperformanceratherthanthegoalofenjoyment.Whenindividualsareinvolvedin

deliberateplay,theyexperimen；withdifferentcombinationsofbehaviors,butnotnecessarilyin

themosteffectivewaytoimproveperformance.Incontrast,whenindividualsarcinvolvedin

deliberatepractice,theyexhibitbehaviorfocusedonimprovingpertbrmancebythemosteffective

meansavailable.Forexample,thebackhandskillsintenniscouldbelearnedandimprovedover

timebyplayingmatchesorbycreatingfunpracticesituations.However,playerscouldmore

effectivelyimprovetheirbackhandperformancebypracticingdrillsthatmightbeconsideredless

enjoyable.Althoughthedrillsusedindeliberatepracticemightnotbethemostenjoyable,they

mightbethemostrelevanttoimprovingperformance.

78.Besidesthelearningofnictorskills,whataretheothertwoimportantobjectivesofyouth

sport?

79.Ifchildrenparticipateindeliberateplayordeliberatepracticeactivities,theyaremorelikelyto

80.Indeliberateplayactivities,whatdochildrendotomaximizeenjoyment?

81.Incontrasttodeliberateplay,deliberatepracticeisaimedat.

78.Improvedphysicalhealthandpsychosocialdevelopment.

79.participateinsports