英國建筑歷史文化

英國建筑文化

講師：胡江山1/50CONTENTS01020304英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture著名建筑物介紹及觀賞IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings英國建筑元素Britain

Architecturalelement2/50建筑是世界年鑒，當(dāng)歌曲和傳說已經(jīng)緘默，它依舊還在訴說。constructionistheworld'syearbook,whensongsandlegendshavebeensilent,itstillisinthetelling.英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)及歷史British

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HistoryCHAPTER013/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History■哥特式(Gothic)哥特式建筑起源于法國，英國哥特式建筑出現(xiàn)比法國稍晩，流行于12~16世紀(jì)。英國哥特時期世俗建筑成就很高。在哥特式建筑流行早期，封建主城星有很強防衛(wèi)性，城墻很厚，有許多塔樓和碉堡，墻內(nèi)還有高高核堡。15世紀(jì)以后，王權(quán)深入鞏固，城堡外墻開了窗戶，并更多地考慮居住舒適性。英國居民半木構(gòu)式住宅以木柱和木橫欄作為構(gòu)架，加有裝飾圖案，深色木梁柱與白墻相間，外觀活潑。GothicarchitectureoriginatedinFrance.BritishGothicarchitectureappearedslightlylaterthanFranceandwaspopularinthe12thand16thcenturies.TheachievementsofseculararchitectureintheBritishGothicperiodwerehigh.IntheearlydaysofGothicarchitecture,thefeudalcitystarswereverydefensive,thewallswerethick,thereweremanytowersandbunkers,andtherewerehighnuclearcastlesinsidethewalls.Afterthe15thcentury,thekingshipwasfurtherconsolidated,theouterwallsofthecastleopenedWindows,andmoreconsiderationwasgiventothecomfortofliving.Britishresidents'half-woodenhousesareframedwithwoodenpillarsandwoodenbars,decoratedwithdecorativepatterns,darkMuliangzhuandwhitewalls,andlivelyappearance.4/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History哥特式建筑5/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History■都鐸格調(diào)(Tudor)都鐸格調(diào)是中世紀(jì)后英國格調(diào)與文藝復(fù)興裝飾格調(diào)混合，在本世紀(jì)初最為流行，它“血統(tǒng)”是英國式，因而能夠看到另外許多英國格調(diào)建筑對它影響，如安妮女皇格調(diào)、史迪克格調(diào)等。整棟建筑極富裝飾趨味與田野情趣Tudorstyle(Tudor)

Tudorstyleisamixtureofpost-medievalBritishstyleandRenaissancedecorativestyle.Itwasmostpopularatthebeginningofthiscentury.Its"ancestry"isBritish,soitcanseetheinfluenceofmanyotherBritishstylebuildings.SuchasQueenAnnestyle,Shidikestyleandsoon.Thewholebuildingisverydecorativeandinteresting.6/50該格調(diào)建筑主要特征陡峭側(cè)山墻與另外一個或多個正立面陡峭山墻厔頂正交高大磚頭煙囪，頂上有若干小圓筒作煙囪冠高而狹長窗戶，玻瑞窗分成若干組，拱形門廊最顯著特點是細(xì)長裝飾條包要主要立面都鐸格調(diào)頓皇宮——英格蘭最大、最為壯觀都鐸式建筑7/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History■史迪克格調(diào)（Shidikestyle）史迪克格調(diào)是哥特式復(fù)興格調(diào)到安妮女皇格調(diào)之間過渡，它強調(diào)墻面整體裝飾性，而非局限門和窗或屋檐登出細(xì)節(jié)。史迪克格調(diào)在1878年很盛行，他造型非常漂亮，享受“木質(zhì)安妮女皇岡格雅號。TheShidikestyleisatransitionfromtheGothicRevivalstyletotheQueenAnnestyle.ItemphasizestheoveralldecorativenatureofthewallsratherthanthedetailsofthedoorsandWindowsoreaves.

TheShidikestylewasverypopularin1878.Hewasverybeautifulandenjoyedthenicknameof"QueenAnneofWood".8/50該格調(diào)建筑主要特征它有兩種形態(tài)：正立面山墻；常作為城市住宅外墻常有木板包裹，水平及垂直方向都有木條鑲嵌屋檐外和進口門廊都有斜向木條架作為裝飾正立面為陡峭山墻，側(cè)向也有三角形山墻相交，山墻上有裝飾木架010203049/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History■安妮女皇(1702-1714)格調(diào)由英國建筑師蕭(Shaw1831-1912)推廣，但格調(diào)命名與安妮女皇統(tǒng)治并無多大關(guān)系。1874年第一棟美國安妮女皇格調(diào)避暑別墅問世于羅德島，因為格調(diào)獨特，加上鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)建立及印刷技術(shù)發(fā)展，這種格調(diào)在全美得到皆及。這種建筑有時整個建筑還配有一塔樓，儼然是一個世外桃源。它空間組合很復(fù)雜，并形成了古典、非對稱殖民復(fù)興和全盛期安妮女皇格調(diào)等流派，其簡化開式為維多利亞式

QueenAnne(1702-1714)style

ItwaspromotedbyBritisharchitectShaw1831-1912,butthenamingofthestyledidnothavemuchtodowithQueenAnne'srule.In1874,thefirstQueenAnnestylesummerhousewasintroducedinRhodeIsland.Duetoitsuniquestyle,theestablishmentofarailwaynetworkandthedevelopmentofprintingtechnologyhavemadethisstyleavailableintheUnitedStates.Thiskindofbuildingissometimesequippedwithatower,whichislikeaparadise.Itsspatialcombinationiscomplexandformsclassical,asymmetriccolonialrevivalandQueenAnne'sstyleduringitsheyday.ItssimplifiedopeningstyleisVictorian.10/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History安妮女皇格調(diào)11/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History■喬治亞格調(diào)(Georgian)歐洲各國文藝復(fù)興時期建筑格調(diào)(意大利在15世紀(jì)，法國在15世紀(jì)后葉，英國在16世紀(jì))是形成美國文藝復(fù)興深交背景，即使各國在文藝復(fù)興時期都滲透本國靈氣與思想，但有一點是共同，即對古典格調(diào)繼承與創(chuàng)新。在別墅格調(diào)表達上均具備對稱、平衡和細(xì)部裝飾精美等特點。在這一時期，西歐對美國別墅格調(diào)景響是顯著，也是在這一時期，歐洲開始逐步成為世界上經(jīng)濟、政治和文化方面最強大地域，屬于這一傳統(tǒng)格調(diào)有喬治亞格調(diào)、亞當(dāng)格調(diào)。英國別墅強調(diào)門廊裝飾性，比較“考究門面”。喬治亞格調(diào)在英國殖民國家中整整流行了一個世紀(jì)(18世紀(jì))，它是由意大利文藝復(fù)興格調(diào)傳入英國后派生出來，并秉承古典主義對稱與友好標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是對美國最有景一個格調(diào)。TheRenaissancearchitecturalstylesofEuropeancountries(Italyinthe15thcentury,Franceinthelate15thcentury,andBritaininthe16thcentury)formedthedeepbackgroundoftheAmericanRenaissance,althoughallcountriesinfiltratedtheirownspiritsandideasduringtheRenaissance.,Butthereisonethingincommon,thatis,theinheritanceandinnovationofclassicalstyle.Thestyleofthevillaischaracterizedbysymmetry,balanceandfinedecoration.Duringthisperiod,theWesternEuropeanlandscapeoftheAmericanvillastylewasobvious.ItwasalsoduringthisperiodthatEuropebegantograduallybecomethemostpowerfuleconomic,political,andculturalregionintheworld.ThestylethatbelongstothistraditionisGeorgianstyleandAdamstyle.TheBritishvillaemphasizesthedecorativenatureoftheporchandismore"cosmetic."TheGeorgianstylewaspopularintheBritishcolonialcountriesforacentury(18thcentury).ItwasderivedfromtheItalianRenaissancestyleandintroducedintotheUnitedKingdom.ItupholdstheprinciplesofclassicalsymmetryandharmonyandandisthemostinfluentialstyletoBritain.12/50英國傳統(tǒng)建筑格調(diào)歷史British

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History喬治亞格調(diào)13/503.窗戶六對六標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分割，簡化了窗欞線腳處理，推拉窗普及。主要特征該格調(diào)建筑主要特征1.帕拉迪奧古典百分比，羅伯特·亞當(dāng)油漆金絲裝飾。2.門廊要素，門頭扇形窗，六嵌板標(biāo)準(zhǔn)門形式，廊檐下有長方形團排列，屋檐上有齒飾。4.歐式家裝傳統(tǒng)三段式墻面格調(diào)方式：墻裙、墻面、檐壁。。5.壁爐大約從這個時候起成為了裝飾重點。。14/50正如建筑能夠說是凝固音樂一樣，它也能夠說是一個空間音樂。Justlikearchitectureissolidificationofmusic,italsocansaythatmusicisakindofspace.英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitectureCHAPTER0215/50

就英國歷史而言,“18世紀(jì)”通常指1689-1815年這一百多年時間,1688“光榮革命”被認(rèn)為是一個新時代起點,而1815年反法戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束可算作是這個時代終止,英法兩國一百多年殖民爭霸告一段落,“日不落帝國”初見雛形。普通認(rèn)為,大約在19世紀(jì)中葉,英國完成大國崛起歷程,建立起世界霸權(quán),成為全球霸主。英國霸權(quán)建立,不但是依靠武力擴張過程,更主要是依據(jù)“制度創(chuàng)新”而引領(lǐng)世界時尚過程。在“漫長18世紀(jì)”,英國經(jīng)歷了由傳統(tǒng)社會向當(dāng)代社會轉(zhuǎn)型,在政治、經(jīng)濟、社會、外交、殖民及思想文化等領(lǐng)域均發(fā)生了深刻改變。AsfarasBritishhistoryisconcerned,"18thcentury"usuallyrefersto1689-1815.The1688"gloriousrevolution"isconsideredtobethebeginningofanewera,andtheendoftheanti-Francewarin1815canbecountedastheendofthisera.,ThecolonialhegemonyofBritainandFranceformorethanahundredyearshascometoanend.Itisgenerallybelievedthataroundthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Britaincompletedtheprocessoftheriseofgreatpowers,establishedworldhegemony,andbecameaglobalhegemon.TheestablishmentofBritishhegemonyisnotonlytheprocessofexpansionbyforce,butalsotheprocessofleadingtheworldtrendbasedon"institutionalinnovation".Inthe"long18thcentury",theUnitedKingdomexperiencedatransformationfromtraditionalsocietytomodernsociety,andprofoundchangestookplaceinpolitical,economic,social,diplomatic,colonial,ideologicalandculturalfields.英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture16/50

■外形對稱柱式：英國從中世紀(jì)向文藝復(fù)興過渡時期建筑格調(diào)是外形對稱柱式取得控制地位，水平分劃加強，外形簡練，窗子寬大，窗間墻很窄，幾乎只剩下—個壁柱皃度，外形上依然保留塔樓、雉堞，體形凸凹起伏；塞內(nèi)用深色木村護板，板上作淺浮雕，一些主要大廳用華麗鍾式屋架，由兩側(cè)向中央出，逐層升高，每級下有一個弧形撐托和一個下垂裝飾物。英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture17/50

■Symmetriccolumn:ThearchitecturalstyleofthetransitionfromtheMiddleAgestotheRenaissanceintheUnitedKingdomwasasymmetricalcolumnwithacontrolposition.Thehorizontaldivisionwasstrengthened,theappearancewassimple,thewindowswerewide,thewallsbetweenthewindowswerenarrow,andalmostonlythepillarswereleft.Thedegree,Theshapestillretainstowersandgongs,andtheshapeisundulating;Seineusesadeep-coloredwoodenvillageguardboardtomakeabas-reliefontheboard.Someimportanthallsuseagorgeousstylerooftogofromthecenterandrisestepbystep.Thereisanarc-shapedsupportandadroopingdecorationundereachlevel.英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture18/50■古典復(fù)興：英國建筑主要時尚是“古典復(fù)興”?！肮诺鋸?fù)興”是指古羅馬復(fù)興和古希臘復(fù)興。在這種時尚影下，英國建筑了一批著名古典建筑，為英國建筑發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)?！龈缣貜?fù)興：英國盛行另種時尚是浪漫主義建筑，又稱特復(fù)興，主要是在莊園府邸中復(fù)活中世紀(jì)建筑，模仿寨堡和哥特式教堂。英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture19/50■ClassicalRevival:ThemaintrendofBritisharchitectureis"classicalrevival.""ClassicalRevival"referstotheancientRomanRevivalandtheancientGreekRevival.Undertheshadowofthistrend,theUnitedKingdomhasbuiltagroupoffamousclassicalbuildings,layingthefoundationforthedevelopmentofBritisharchitecture.

■GothicRevival:AnotherpopulartrendintheUnitedKingdomistheRomanticArchitecture,alsoknownastheSpecialRevival.Itismainlytoresurrectmedievalarchitectureinthemanorhouse,imitatingtheZhaibaoandGothicchurches.

英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture20/50■折衷主義：在古典復(fù)興主義時尚流行同時，在英國又出現(xiàn)了建筑折衷主義，就是把古典復(fù)興。浪漫主義捏合在一起，填補古典主義和浪漫主義不足，這也稱集仿主義。

■東方情調(diào)：中國、印度、土耳其旳和拉伯建筑格調(diào)也被英國建筑所引用，在英國建筑中出現(xiàn)了東方情調(diào)”，引發(fā)了歐洲人對東方建筑喜爰和羨幕。英國建筑融合了世界國建筑格調(diào)，影響歐洲浪漫主義建筑格調(diào)發(fā)展過程。英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture21/50■Eclecticism:Whiletheclassicalrevivaltrendispopular,thereisalsoaneclecticismofarchitectureintheUnitedKingdom,whichistherevivalofclassical.Romanticismisputtogethertomakeupforthelimitationsofclassicismandromanticism.Thisisalsocalledemulation.■Easternsentiment:ThearchitecturalstylesofChina,India,Turkey,andRabearealsoquotedbyBritisharchitecture,andtheEasternsentimentappearsinBritisharchitecture,whichhascausedEuropeanstoloveandenvyEasternarchitecture.BritisharchitectureintegratesthearchitecturalstylesoftheworldandinfluencesthedevelopmentofEuropeanromanticarchitecturalstyles.英國傳統(tǒng)建筑歷史溯源HistoryOriginsofBritishTraditionalArchitecture22/50建筑學(xué)必須前進，不然就要枯死。建筑沒有終極，只有不停變革。architecturemustmoveforward,otherwisewilldie.buildingnoultimate,onlybyconstantlychange.英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

ArchitectureCHAPTER0323/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture圣保羅大教堂

Sallo

paulo

cathedral

圣保羅大教堂最早在604年建立，后經(jīng)屢次毀壞、重建，由英國著名設(shè)計大師和建筑家克托弗雷恩爵士(SirChristopher

Wren)在17世紀(jì)末完成這倫敦最偉大教堂設(shè)計，整整花了45年心血。圣保羅教堂另一個建筑特色，是少數(shù)設(shè)計、建筑分別僅由人完成，而非歷經(jīng)多位設(shè)計、建筑師教堂之一，當(dāng)前教堂內(nèi)還有一個雷恩墓碑，上書“

If

you

seek

hismonument,

just

look

around”。

1666年一場大火將原有一座哥特式大教堂毀于一旦?，F(xiàn)存建筑是英國著名設(shè)計大師和建筑家克托弗雷恩爵士營建。Sallo

paulo

cathedralwasfirstestablishedin604andwasdestroyedandrebuiltseveraltimes.ItwascompletedbythefamousBritishdesignmasterandarchitectureSirJiaketuofuleienattheendofthe17thcentury.Ittook45years.Hardwork.AnotherarchitecturalfeatureofSt.Paul'sChurchisthatafewdesignsandbuildingsareonlycompletedbypeople,ratherthanoneofthechurcheswithmultipledesignsandarchitects.Atpresent,thereisalsoatombstoneofRennesinthechurch,andthebook"Ifyouseekhismonment,justlookup."Afirein1666destroyedtheoriginalGothiccathedral.TheexistingbuildingwasbuiltbythefamousBritishdesignmasterandthebuildingSirJiaketuofuleien.24/50圣保羅大教堂

25/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture大英博物館

BritishMuseum

大英博物館又稱不列顛博物館，位于倫敦牛津大街北面大羅素廣場，是世界上歷史最悠久、規(guī)模最宏偉博物館之一。這座龐大古羅馬式建筑里珍藏文物和圖書資料是世界上任何一個博物館所不能比擬。大英博物館初創(chuàng)于1753年,1759年對外開放。現(xiàn)有房屋為19世紀(jì)中葉所建，共有100多個陳列室，面積6,7萬平方米。原來主要藏書，其后兼收歷史文物和各國古代藝術(shù)品，迄今共藏有展品400萬件。大英博物館整日無償開放。TheBritishMuseum,alsoknownastheBritishMuseum,islocatedinDaluosu,NorthofOxfordStreetinLondon.Itisoneoftheoldestandmostmagnificentmuseumsintheworld.ThetreasuresandbooksinthishugeancientRomanesquebuildingareunmatchedbyanymuseumintheworld.TheBritishMuseumwasfoundedin1753andopenedtothepublicin1759.Theexistinghouseswerebuiltinthemiddleofthe19thcenturyandhaveatotalofmorethan100showroomswithanareaof67,000squaremeters.Theoriginalmaincollectionofbooks,followedbyhistoricalrelicsandancientartworksofvariouscountries,hassofarcontainedatotalof4millionexhibits.TheBritishMuseumisopenalldayfreeofcharge.26/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture博物館鳥瞰圖博物館內(nèi)部圖27/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture白金漢宮

BuckinghamPalace白金漢宮是英國王宮，位于倫敦最高權(quán)利所在地——威斯敏特區(qū)。東接圣·詹姆斯公園，西臨海德公園，是英國王室生活和工作地方。王宮初建于1703年，白金漢公爵、若曼底公爵和約翰。謝菲爾德在這里建造了座公館，并以白金漢公爵名字命名。白金漢宮經(jīng)過屢次修建和擴展，現(xiàn)已成為一座規(guī)模雄偉三層長方形建筑。外國國家元首和政界首腦訪問英國時，女王就在宮院中陪同貴賓檢閱儀仗隊。白金漢宮前廣場中央屹立著有麗莎白二世高祖母維多利亞女王鍍金雕像紀(jì)念碑。BuckinghamPalaceistheroyalpalaceoftheUnitedKingdomandislocatedinWestminster,theseatofthehighestrightsinLondon.EastofSt.JamesPark,WestLinhaidePark,iswheretheBritishroyalfamilylivesandworks.Thepalacewasfirstbuiltin1703,theDukeofBuckingham,theDukeofJordanandJohn.SheffieldbuiltamansionhereandnameditaftertheDukeofBuckingham.BuckinghamPalacehasbeenbuiltandexpandedmanytimesandhasnowbecomeamagnificentthree-storyrectangularbuilding.WhenthefirstandpoliticalleadersvisitedtheUnitedKingdom,theQueenaccompaniedtheVIPguardsinthepalace.

InthemiddleofthesquareinfrontofBuckinghamPalacestandsthemonumenttothegildedstatueofQueenVictoria,thegreat-grandmotherofYoulishabai28/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture白金漢宮鳥瞰圖29/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture威斯敏斯特宮

PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宮又稱議會大廈（HousesofParliament）是英國議會（包含上議院和下議院）所在地。威斯敏斯特宮是哥特復(fù)興式建筑代表作之一，1987年被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。該建筑包含約1,100個獨立房間、100座樓梯和4.8公里長走廊。盡管今天宮殿基本上由19世紀(jì)重修而來，但依然保留了初建時許多歷史遺址，如威斯敏斯特廳（可追溯至1097年），今天用作重大公共慶典儀式，如國葬前陳列等。Weisiminsitegong,alsoknownastheHouseofParliament,ishometotheBritishParliament(includingtheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons).WeisiminsitegongisoneofthemasterpiecesofGothicRevivalarchitectureandwaslistedasaWorldCulturalHeritagein1987.Thebuildingincludesabout1,100separaterooms,100stairsand4.8kilometersofcorridors.Althoughtoday'spalaceswerebasicallyrebuiltfromthe19thcentury,manyhistoricalsites,suchastheWestminsterHall(datingbackto1097),werepreservedatthetimeoftheinitialconstruction.Todaytheyareusedasmajorpubliccelebrationceremonies,suchasbeforethestatefuneral.Displayandsoon.30/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture31/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture大本鐘BigBen英國倫敦著名古鐘或大本鐘，即咸斯敏斯特宮報時鐘在英國國會會議廳從屬鐘樓，建于1859年。安裝在西敏寺橋北議會大廈東側(cè)高95米鐘樓上，鐘樓四面圓形鐘盤，直徑為67米，是倫敦傳統(tǒng)地標(biāo)。ThefamousancientbellorBigBenclockinLondon,England,isthebelltowerattachedtotheBritishParliament'sconferencehallattheWestminsterPalace.Itwasbuiltin1859.Locatedonthe95-meter-highclocktowerontheEastsideoftheWestminsterBridgeNorthParliamentBuilding,theclocktowerhasacircularclocktrayonallfoursides,withadiameterof67meters.ItisatraditionallandmarkinLondon.32/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture33/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture倫敦塔橋

TowerBridge倫敦塔橋（TowerBridge），是一座上開懸索橋，位于英國倫敦，橫跨泰晤士河，因在倫敦塔（TowerofLondon）附近而得名，是從泰晤士河口算起第一座橋（泰晤士河上共建橋15座），也是倫敦象征。這是泰晤士河上很多橋梁中，位于最下游一座。塔橋以兩座塔做為基底，采取哥特式厚重格調(diào)設(shè)計。當(dāng)大型船只要經(jīng)過時，全長270公尺、重約1000噸橋身會慢慢打開成八“字狀。以前塔橋利用水壓以蒸汽做為開關(guān)動力,1976年起改用電動控制。TowerBridge,anuppersuspensionbridge,islocatedinLondon,England,acrosstheThames.ItisnamedaftertheTowerofLondonandisthefirstbridgefromthemouthoftheThames.(Thereare15bridgesontheThames),ItisalsoasymbolofLondon.ThisisoneofthemanybridgesontheThames,locatedatthebottomoftheriver.ThetowerbridgeisbasedontwotowersandisdesignedinGothicstyle.Whenalargeshippassesthrough,abridgewithatotallengthof270metersandaweightofabout1,000tonswillslowlyopenintoaneight-wordshape.Inthepast,thetowerbridgeusedwaterpressuretousesteamasthepowerswitch.Since1976,ithasswitchedtoelectriccontrol.34/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture35/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture倫敦眼

TheLondonEye“倫敦眼”是倫敦最吸引游人觀光點，坐落在倫敦泰晤士河畔，是當(dāng)初世界第一大摩天輪（以后有六個摩天輪超出了它），倫敦地標(biāo)。倫敦之眼創(chuàng)造者是馬克與巴菲而德這一對夫妻建筑師，在1993年首次提出這個構(gòu)想。倫敦眼是為了慶賀新千年而建造，它實在是個瘋狂城市創(chuàng)舉。一個摩天大轉(zhuǎn)盤，高達450英尺（135米），共有32個乘坐艙，全部設(shè)有空調(diào)并不能打開窗。到年，倫敦眼已接待游客近6千萬人次。

TheLondonEyeisLondon'smostattractivetouristattraction.ItislocatedonthebanksoftheThamesinLondon.Itwastheworld'slargestFerriswheel(latersixFerriswheelssurpassedit)andLondon'slandmark.ThecreatoroftheLondonEyewasacoupleofarchitects,MarkandBarfield,whofirstproposedthisideain1993.TheLondonEyewasbuilttocelebratethenewmillennium.Itisacrazyurbaninitiative.Askyscraper,upto450feet(135meters),has32cabins,allofwhichareair-conditionedandcannotopenwindows.By,theLondonEyehasreceivednearly60milliontourists.36/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture37/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture西敏寺

Agiletempleofwest雙塔聳立西敏寺，正面看起來非常壯觀。“西敏寺”一名源自西元970年，一群圣本篤教會修士在當(dāng)初倫敦市，、修建修道院教堂，從此留名至今。歷代國王加冕儀式、婚喪喜宴及國家大典等活動都是在這里舉行，甚至連王室墳?zāi)挂矌缀醵荚O(shè)在這里，另外，去多歷史上著名人物墓碑或紀(jì)念碑也設(shè)在教堂內(nèi).

ThetwintowersstandinWestminsterandthefrontlooksveryspectacular.Oneofthe"WestminsterAbbey"originatedin970AD.AgroupofmonksoftheSt.BenedictChurchbuiltamonasterychurchinLondonatthetimeandhassincebeennamed.Eventssuchasthecoronationceremony,weddingandfuneralceremonies,andnationalceremoniesofsuccessivekingswereheldhere.Eventheroyaltombswerealmostalllocatedhere.Inaddition,thetombstonesormonumentsoffamoushistoricalfigureswerealsolocatedinchurches.38/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture39/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture碎片大廈

TheShard碎片大廈是倫佐·皮亞諾設(shè)計位于倫敦泰晤士河南岸大廈，是全歐洲第二高大廈，僅次于莫斯科水星城。碎片大廈整體形態(tài)是下寬上窄，最終頂部塔尖漸漸消失在空中，就像高桅橫帆船桅桿。建筑形式以倫敦含有歷史性尖頂和桅桿為基礎(chǔ)而設(shè)計。大廈包含一個五星級酒店、十套單位售價約5000萬英鎊豪華公寓、三層餐廳以三層觀光區(qū)。這個極富表現(xiàn)力建筑立面由成角度窗玻璃組成，這種立面處理能夠讓建筑形式依據(jù)天氣和季節(jié)不一樣而發(fā)生改變。TheDebrisBuildingisabuildingdesignedbyRenzoPianoonthesouthbankoftheThamesinLondon.ItisthesecondtallestbuildinginEurope,secondonlytoMoscowStarCity.Theoverallshapeofthedebrisbuildingisnarrowandnarrow,andthetopspiregraduallydisappearsintotheair,justlikeGaoweihengfanchuan'smast.TheformofthebuildingisbasedonLondon'shistoricspiresandmasts.Thebuildingincludesafive-starhotel,tenluxuryapartmentspricedatabout50millionpounds,andathree-storyrestaurantwithathree-storysightseeingarea.Thefacadeofthisexpressivebuildingconsistsofangledwindowglass.Thisfacadecanchangetheformofthebuildingdependingontheweatherandtheseason.40/50英國著名建筑物介紹及觀賞

IntroductionandAppreciationofFamousBuildings

Architecture41/50建筑既是美學(xué)觀念表示，也是形象、價值和力量表示。architectureisboththeexpressionofaestheticconcepts,andimage,theembodimentofthevalueandstrength.英國建筑中元素

BritainArchitecturalelementCHAPTER0442/50傳統(tǒng)建筑語言和符號元素墻體：房子般由磚、木和鋼材等材料組成，少見鋼筋混凝士。墻體保暖性很好，主要因為三層墻面：外層紅磚、中層厚海綿或帶金屬隔熱層薄海綿、里層灰色磚

符號元素：英式別墅主要建筑結(jié)構(gòu)墻體為混凝土砌塊，線條簡練，色彩凝重。坡屋頂、老虎窗、女兒墻、陽光室等充分詮釋看英式建筑特有莊重古樸。雙坡陡屋面、深檐口、外露木、構(gòu)架、磚砌底腳等為英式建筑。建筑材料：選取手工打制