黑龍江大學(xué)跨文化交際英語復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)(超全)

1、跨文化考試總結(jié)考試構(gòu)成：一、單選1*10=10分。（choosetheonethat）其中有一部分是書中的概念。二、判斷1*10=10分。（atrue,bfalse)課后習(xí)題第二大題，其中某些題是變動(dòng)的。要注重理解。三、搭配1*20=20分。matching四組搭配，概念的對(duì)應(yīng)，每一章課后的summary中的黑體字。四、閱讀理解1*20=20分。四篇。與課文中的專有詞有關(guān)。五、完型填空1*10=10分。六、案例分析3*5=15分。五個(gè)案例。書中案例有四個(gè)，課外一個(gè)。七、寫作15分。150+words?？梢詼?zhǔn)備一些跨文化、交際的文章。四十分鐘的寫作時(shí)間。8:008:40.作文提前收！注：前六大題

2、是客觀題即選擇，只有寫作是主觀題。課后題：（課后題第一第二大題老師也讓多多關(guān)注，我這里就不多寫啦，除了課后第一第二大題，我這里都全啦）1、p28p302、p58p613、p95p974、p124p1265、p159p1626、p194p1977、p237p2408、p270p2729、p304p306所有概念關(guān)鍵詞+考試范圍內(nèi)的case：chapter1culturekeywords(1)culture(fromintellectualperspective):cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachieveme

3、ntregardedcollectively”（從知性角度定義文化：作為整體的人類智力成就的藝術(shù)和其他表現(xiàn)。）(2)culture(fromanthropologicperspective):cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcult

4、ureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.（從人類學(xué)角度定義文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行為模式構(gòu)成，這些模式通過符號(hào)獲得并傳播，這些符號(hào)由人類群體的特別成就構(gòu)成，包括具體的人工制品。文化的基本核心由傳統(tǒng)思想和與其相關(guān)的價(jià)值觀構(gòu)成。）(3)culture(frompsychologicalperspective):cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofhemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother。

5、（從心理學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是使一個(gè)人類群體成員區(qū)別于其他人類群體的思維的總體規(guī)劃。）(4)culture(fromsocialogicalperspective):cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperceptionincludingbothverbalandnonverballanguage,attitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior.(從社會(huì)學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是一種可習(xí)得的、基于群體的認(rèn)知模式包括言語與非言語符號(hào)、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀、信仰和非信仰系統(tǒng)以及

6、行為。)(5)culture(frominterculturalcommunicationperspective):isthedepositofknowledge,experience,belief,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notionsoftime,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andartifactsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving.

7、（從跨文化交際學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是個(gè)人和群體在種族發(fā)展過程中所獲得的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、信仰、價(jià)值觀、行為、態(tài)度、階級(jí)、宗教、時(shí)間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術(shù)品的集合。）(6)cultureidentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.（文化身份：認(rèn)為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。）(7)subculture：referstoaculturethatexistswithindominantculture,andisoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicit

8、y,race,orgeographicregion.（亞文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其劃分通?；诮?jīng)濟(jì)地位、社會(huì)階層、民族、種族或地理區(qū)域。）subculturesexistwithindominantculture,andareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity,race,orgeographicregion.(8)co-culture:referstogroupsorsocialcommunitiesexhibitingcommunicationcharacteristics,perceptions,values,beliefs,an

9、dpracticesthataresignificantlydifferentenoughtodistinguishthemfromtheothergroups,communities,andthedominantculture.（共文化：指具有獨(dú)特的交際特征、感知特點(diǎn)、價(jià)值觀、信仰和行為，區(qū)別于其他群體、社團(tuán)以及主流文化的群體或社團(tuán)。）(9)subgroup:usuallydoesnotinvolvethesamelargenumberofpeopleandisnotnecessarilythoughtofasaccumulatingvaluesandpatternsofbehaviorov

10、ergenerationsinthesamewayasculturesdo.（亞群體：相對(duì)于亞文化和共文化群體，亞群體通常規(guī)模不大，也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價(jià)值觀念和行為模式。）case2:whitedresscaseanalysis:theindianwomenmightthinktheweddingceremonyisafuneraliftheyseethewesternbrideinwhitegown.thecasereflectsthesimilesandmetaphorsinthetext.cultureislikeaniceberg:wecanidentifythecolo

11、rofthedresswornbywomenindifferentcultures,butwedonotknowthevaluesunderneath.cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin:peopleweardressofdifferentcolorsfordifferentcontextbuttheyusuallytakeitforgrantedandneveraskwhy.(6)cultureidentity:referstoonessenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.（文化身份：認(rèn)為自己歸屬于

12、某一文化或民族群體的感覺。）case4:coconut-skating（用椰油保養(yǎng)地板的方法）caseanalysis:thecasereflectsthecharacteristicsofculture.wecantellfromthecasethatcultureispervasiveanditslearned.peoplemayinventdifferentwaysforthingsevenassimpleastheissueoffloormoping.thephilippinewomanmusthavelearnedthiswayofmoppingfromherownculture.c

13、hapter2communicationandinterculturalcommunicationkeywords(1)sender/source:asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.（信息發(fā)出者/信息源：信息發(fā)出者/信息源指?jìng)鬟f信息的人。）(2)message:amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反應(yīng)的任何信號(hào)。）(3)encoding:itreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoose

14、certainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.（編碼：編碼指信息發(fā)出者選擇言語或用非言語的方式發(fā)出有目的的信息的行為。）(4)channel/medium：itisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指發(fā)送信息的方法。）(5)receiver:areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.(信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。)(6)decoding:itisthea

15、ctivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語或符號(hào)信息意義的行為。）(7)feedback:theresponseofareceivertoasendersmessageiscalledfeedback.（反饋：反饋指信息接收者對(duì)信息源信息所做出的反應(yīng)。）(8)noise:itisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise

16、physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise.（干擾：干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語義干擾。）(9)context:acontextisthesettingorsituationwithinwhichcommunicationtakesplace,includingphysicalcontext,socialcontextandinterpersonalcontext.（語境：語境指交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境，包括自然語境，社會(huì)語境和人際語境。）(10)interculturalcommunication:i

17、tisthecommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.(跨文化交際：跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認(rèn)知和符號(hào)系統(tǒng)上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個(gè)交際事件。)(11)internationalcommunication:ittakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized.(國(guó)際交流

18、：國(guó)際交流是指發(fā)生在國(guó)家和政府之間而非發(fā)生在個(gè)人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。)(12)interracialcommunication:itoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(跨種族交際：跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來自不同的種族的交際。)(13)interethniccommunication:itisthecommunicationbetweenoramongpeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupsinacountryorcultur

19、e.（跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來自一個(gè)國(guó)家或文化內(nèi)部的不同民族群體的人們之間的交際。）(14)intraculturalcommunication:itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.（文化內(nèi)交際：文化內(nèi)交際是指同一文化內(nèi)部的成員之間的交際。）(15)communication:isderivedfromthelatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherpartorshareofyourthought

20、s,hopes,andknowledge.case12:whydontyoueatthepizza?thiscasecanreflecttheproblemsappearingduringinterculturalcommunicationandhowignoringculturaldifferencescanaffectcommunication.inmalaysia,wheremostpeoplearemuslims,peoplethinkthelefthandisusedonlyforcleaningthebodyandthusitisdirtyandcannotbeusedtopass

21、food.knowingnothingabouttheculturaldifference,theamericanstudentputshimselfinanembarrassingsituation.chapter3culturesinfluenceonperceptionkeywords(1)sensation:itistheneurologicalprocessbywhichpeoplebecomeawareoftheirenvironment.（感覺：感覺是人們意識(shí)到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。)(2)perception:itistheprocessbywhichwebecomeawareo

22、fobjects,events,andespeciallypeopleandtheirbehaviorsthroughourvarioussensesandinvolveshigher-ordercognitionintheinterpretationofthesensoryinformation.(知覺：知覺是一種人們通過各種感覺來覺察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過程。它是解釋感覺信息更為高階的認(rèn)知過程。)(3)selection:itisaprocessinwhichwescreenoutwhatweneedfromallthestimuliandinformationaroundus.（選

23、擇：選擇是從周圍選擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過程。)(4)organization:itistheprocessduringwhichweneedtoorganizeandimposestructureonwhatweobserveinameaningfulway.（組織：組織是把從周圍選擇的刺激信息，以一種有意義的方式整理，組合的過程。）(5)interpretation:itreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedataandissynonymouswithdecoding.（釋義：釋義是賦予感覺信息意義的過程，類似于解碼過程。）case16:differe

24、ntresponsestonoisethiscasecanreflectdifferentculturecangivedifferentinfluencesonhumansensation.notwoofpeoplecanassumethattheirsensationsarethesame,especiallywhentheycomefromdifferentcultures.differentsocialrealityandlivingconditionscanequipthemwithdifferentwaytosensetheworld.soitisverycommonforthemt

25、ohavetotallydifferentsensationseventowardsthesamecondition.inthiscase,thegermanprofessorandjapaneseprofessorhaveverydifferentresponsetothenoiseproducedbythesamemotorfortheheatingsystembecauseoftheirculturesandlivinghabits.chapter4interculturalcommunicationbarrierskeywords(1)anxiety:itoccursbecauseof

26、notknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbetotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.（焦慮：當(dāng)人們不知道如何迎合他人對(duì)自己的期待，過多的關(guān)注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生焦慮。）(2)uncertainty:itreferstoourcognitiveinabilitytoexplainourownorothersfeelingsandbehaviorsininteractionsbecauseofanambiguoussituationtha

27、tevokesanxiety.(不確定：不確定是指人們無法從認(rèn)知的角度去解釋交際活動(dòng)中自己或他人的感覺及行為，這種認(rèn)知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導(dǎo)致的。)(3)assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference:itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherpersonssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.（假定一致性：假定一致性是指認(rèn)為來自另一文

28、化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實(shí)上卻并非如此。）(4)ethnocentrism:itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofonesownculture.（種族或民主中心主義：是指從本國(guó)文化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出發(fā)，消極地審視另一文化。）(5)stereotypes:theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定勢(shì)：文化定勢(shì)指基于

29、明顯的或受到認(rèn)可的群體身份，對(duì)目標(biāo)群體中的個(gè)體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。）(6)prejudice:itreferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.（偏見：偏見是指對(duì)于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無端地憎惡和懷疑。）(7)racism:itreferstoanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsba

30、sedontheirrace.（種族主義：種族主義是指基于種族把性格特點(diǎn)或地位歸因于個(gè)人的任一政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。）case21:adanishwomaninnewyorkthiscasecanreflectassumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference.whencommunicatingwithpeoplefromanotherculture,oneislikelytoregardandtreatotherpeopleas“hispeople”andtoassumetheremustbeonlyonewayofdoingthings:thatis“hisway

31、”.inthiscase,thedanishwomanassumesthatherbehaviorofleavingthebabyalone,whichiscommonindenmark,isalsoappropriateinnewyork.here,sheassumeswhatissuitableinherowncultureisalsoindisputableinanotherculture.thatiswhythesmallconflicthappens.case23:girl-nessthiscasecanreflectoneofthetranslationproblems:thela

32、ckofconceptualequivalence,whichreferstoabstractideasthatmaynotexistinthesamefashionindifferentlanguages.differentculturesmayattachdifferentmeaningstothesamethingorperson.concerningthiscase,weshouldknowwhatyoungfemalescallthemselvesisverydifferentinchinafromthestates.inchina,girlmeanssomeonewhoisyoun

33、gandsingle.inaway,itmakesafemalesoundmoredesirabletobecalledagirlratherthanawoman.formostpeople,womanmeanssomeonewhoismarriedandwhoprobablyisnotyoung.infact,mostsinglechinesefemales,suchasuniversitystudents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalledwomen.whileinthewest,informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanyw

34、omanwhoispastpubertyawoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.thisterminologybecamewidespreadduringthewomensliberationmovementinthe1960s.thetermgirlissometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful.case24:anunfairdecisionthiscasere

35、flectsprejudice,whichinvolvesanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.inthiscase,mr.biasdecidedtoselectsomeoneelse,insteadofapplicantfromthecountrylevadel,fortheposition.thatisjustbecauseheholdsprejudicetowardspeoplefromthecountrylevadel.chapter5verbalinterculturalcommunicatio

36、nkeywords(1)verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.來自不同文化背景的人用言語進(jìn)行的交際即言語跨文化交際(2)dialectisaformoflanguagepeculiartoagroupofpeople,asdistinguishedfromtheliterarylanguageofthewholepeople.方言是某一群體特有的語言，與整個(gè)群體的言語不同。(3)sociole

37、ctreferstovariationintermsofsocialclassorstyle.（社會(huì)方言指由于社會(huì)階級(jí)或言語風(fēng)格不同而產(chǎn)生的方言。）(4)pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorlendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語言變體，指為貿(mào)易等目的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。(5)whenapidginlanguagebeginstoacquirenativespeakersandbecomesthepermanentlanguageofaregion,itisca

38、lledacreole.當(dāng)有人以洋涇浜為母語，并成為某一地區(qū)永久的語言是，它就成為克里奧耳語或混合語(6)linguafrancareferstoaspecificlanguagethatisusedasaninternationalmeansofcommunication.通用語指作為國(guó)際間交流手段的一種特殊語言。(7)tabooreferstoprohibitionofasetofbehaviorsthatshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyareoffensiveandimpolite.禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為。(8)euphemismistaboos

39、linguisticcounterpartbecauseitsubstitutestheoffensiveanddisturbingvocabulary.委婉語是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語詞語。（9）jargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.行話指演變而來的專門的或科技詞匯，用以滿足特殊職業(yè)的特殊需要，例如醫(yī)藥和法律。case25:successstoryoneofthesourcesofth

40、efrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballyrelevant.inthiscase,marywasexpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.ms.goshima,however,wasuncomfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeveryindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestybeforerevealingt

41、heanswertothequestion.ifmaryhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallyheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallypayingattentionwhenitfinallycamebecauseshefeltthatms.goshimascommentswerentreallyrelevanttoherquery.chapter6nonverbalinterculturalcommunicationkeywords(1)nonverbalcommunication:itrefers

42、tothemessagessentwithoutusingwords.（非言語交際：不運(yùn)用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。)(2)proxemics:itreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.（時(shí)空行為：時(shí)空行為對(duì)空間關(guān)系的研究。）(3)kinesics:itreferstogestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,bodypositions,bodymovement,andformsofgreetingandtheirrelationtocommunication.（身勢(shì)語行為：身勢(shì)語（也稱體態(tài)語），指手勢(shì)、面目表情、眼神交

43、流、身體姿勢(shì)、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)和問候方式以及和他們與交際的關(guān)系。）(4)chronemics:itisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（時(shí)間行為：對(duì)于人們?nèi)绾卫斫夂屠脮r(shí)間的研究。）(5)paralanguage:itisthesetofaudiblesoundsthataccompanyorallanguagetoaugmentitsmeaning.（輔助語行為：為增強(qiáng)其含義，伴隨言語語言產(chǎn)生的可聽到的聲音符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。）(6)haptics:itreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.（觸覺行為：指

44、通過身體接觸來交流。）(7)chromatics:itreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesperceptions,behaviorsandimpressionsofothers.（色彩學(xué)：色彩學(xué)指對(duì)于影響人們認(rèn)知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。）(8)olfactics:itisthestudyofcommunicationviasmell.（氣味行為：研究氣味對(duì)于交流的影響的學(xué)科。）(9)oculesics:itisthestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyes.（目光語：對(duì)于由眼睛所傳達(dá)的信息的研究。不同的文化對(duì)

45、于交際時(shí)眼神的接觸有不同的要求。）(10)silencecuesaffectinterpersonalcommunicationbyprovidinganintervalinanongoinginteractionduringwhichtheparticipantshavetimetothink,checkorsuppressanemotion,encodealengthyresponse,orinaugurateanotherlineofthought.(11)attirereferstoclothingandphysicalappearance.italsoservesasnonverba

46、lsymbols.case33:areamericansindifferent?thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalcommunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalcommunication,especiallyfacialexpressiondifferaccordingtodifferentcultures.comparedtomostchinese,americansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialexpressionsintheirdailyli

47、ves,eventhoughtheyhavesomemisfortune.inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalcommunication,theamericanladytalkedaboutherfatherssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaytoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaytotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbythe

48、chinese.case36:dontputyourhandonmyarmthiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.differentcultureshaveverydifferentopinionsaboutanindividualsunconsciouslystructuringthemicrospaceimmediatelysurroundingthephysicalbody.someculturescanhaverelativelyclosedistancewhencommuni

49、catingwhileotherculturescannot.somewesternculturesconsiderbodytouchbetweenpeopleofthesamegendertobeculturaltabooandasymbolofbeinghomosexual.inthiscase,samisfromwesternculturesandknowsthesocialtabooofbodytouchveryclearly,sohewouldntletothersmisunderstandmarksclosebodydistanceandtouchwithhim,eventhoug

50、hmarkfromchiledoesntknowtheculturaltabooatall.chapter7culturalpatternskeywords(1)culturalpattern:sharedbeliefs,values,norms,andsocialpracticesthatarestableovertimeandthatleadtoroughlysimilarbehaviorsacrosssimilarsituationsareknownasculturalpatterns.(文化模式是指在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的共有的信仰、價(jià)值觀、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和社會(huì)實(shí)踐，這些文化模式在相似的情形下會(huì)使人產(chǎn)生相似

51、的行為。)(2)context：itistheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,andisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.（語境是指事件發(fā)生時(shí)周圍的信息，對(duì)事件的意義解讀具有重要參考價(jià)值。）(3)highcontextcommunication:isoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.（高語境交際是指在交際過程中大部分的信息靠交際人本身傳遞，只有少量信息被明確地用語言的形式傳遞。）(4)lowcontex