建筑外文文獻(xiàn)(中英)

1、外文文獻(xiàn)：Construction of the competition and competition strategyEngineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and constr

2、uction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000, was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institutes Construc-tion 2000 Task Force- The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following, The

3、shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies. Financing options; the role of privatization, bui

4、ld-own-transfer projects, and the nature of project financing in future markets, Management, organization, and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment. Work force characteristics; futur

5、e availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels. Technological issues:how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages.Research Objectives and ScopeThis research projects goal is to collect information, to adapt to the 2000

6、 and the engineering construction after adjustment, formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend, to determine the impact of the indu

7、stry, and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management, organization structure, methods for future development direction.Research scope includes selected some of the company, the company

8、has interviewed expertise personnel. The staff professional wide range, including commercial buildings, public buildings, industrial infrastructure, infrastructure construction, power, light industry. The production process and space science.Engineering construction competitive characteristicsEngine

9、ering construction of competition because the following reasons in change features:In the 1980s, and plan in the 1990s, the implementation of the project construction are guided from contradictory situation, to cooperate.Should be in a positive view of the new company to enter the international mark

10、et, because of its construction increased global cooperation opportunities. Cooperation will make all the partners, because the American company benefit can be found in the country partner, likewise, foreign companies opportunities will break into the U.S. Market.Competitive strategyFuture strategyI

11、n 2000, the company will strive to do: Provide the highest quality service Can assume any part of the world In order to reduce the split ground and risk control Out in international market the most competitive priceIn order to achieve the ideal, engineering construction should be: Increase staff cap

12、ital investment The knowledge and improve labor technology level Have solid complete communications and transport infrastructure Concentrate on key research, product quality is guaranteed, fine, and arouse the enthusiasm of the workers, improve workers technology level.The 21st century is the main f

13、actor fractal ring will compete in the international market, including the integration of productivity, union salary to abate, reduce the power industry management and privatization.American company competition ability, largely depends on developing and effective use of technical innovation. America

14、n companies need not only use the technical innovation, domestic by other countries optimization improved technology. In the future will be popular technology innovation will not some big breakthrough, but the existing technology continuous improvements.British buildings company profileIn the early

15、1990s, the head of the flexible builders who dont make a building, but what else can do, making many buildings company suffered a serious blow the economic depression, experienced and excessive expansion of real estate industry also. But, when he saw them in the real estate industry (in the big mone

16、y, most of them in order to disencumber the bet down again in the real estate market.By Alan cosmas indicopleustes under the leadership of Mr. Shaw ai enjoy in the old field company Mercks reputation can earn cash on the balance sheet, and can keep the balance. However, in some areas of the world, t

17、he company also man a dilemma, especially in the United States, the change from a Louisiana oil and natural gas market of recession, it is especially outstanding in Britain, the commercial and industrial real estate market, the company is faced with a difficult situation, with profits. And it also b

18、ecame worse.The companys development, walid UK early 1990s third big house builders, probably because London suburb will have a copy from the era of George sell buildings of former prime minister Margaret thatcher and world-famous. The companys character, chairman of the unique Laurie walid from Mr

19、Often give iron lady public support. The approximate mythological blessing that he seemed destined to enjoy. In fact, the company also is different, the influence of the housing slump is strong in Laurie, under the leadership of the company now recover its stronger towards the financial status. Laur

20、ie retired charge again situation (1991 fall after his retirement he restored to the company recalled). As most of its business competitors, the industry in different market also suffered a serious blow, although the slump in 1993, the company is beginning to improve long-term credit rating IBCA ins

21、titution of the first buildings company business development for a while.John, the company is different, have very good to withstand the latest world construction difficulties. They have abundant capital, clearly recognized that they have greatly reduced the book value of the asset. For example, in

22、early 1990, they in real estate in the bank delimit lost 1 2m value. After that, they cut and labor. Despite their housing sales still quite good, but its profit is reduced. The company is in most lai attention is famous for its environmental problems.The status and the tower mike company walid spec

23、ial form bright contrast, in 1993, their credit rating agency reduced by IBCA. This company in the 1980s most time trying to prove to the world that they are the UKs biggest builders, the information being understanding, and either, but hopefully it never happened. They suffer from cope with high gr

24、owth rate cuts, to build houses. But the company is still tower mike Britains biggest construction and building materials group company. October 1992, they closed the real estate business, and this is the will of the seven business to three (building, quarrying and residential building) part of the

25、plan. Michael essien, Somerville, resistant to fly, the groups President, in the company after 22 years in the spring of 1992, sit on the seat of the hot ass. People think that the housing problem of exposure, this position has arrived at the point, which including several on a companys balance shee

26、t of the large-scale joint enterprise, joint enterprise business, actually makes corporation debts machine more.Taylor wood of real estate industry recession Royce unpleasant experiences embodied in 1992, when the estate of autumn is Daniel Peter HeJi sudden resignation, it also happens in its prede

27、cessor, Peter trillion resigned after all shocked by only a few months. Home, then reverse, Taylor wood Rolls-Royce announced due to bad management, caused severe losses. Although construction contracting business increasingly important status in a recession, but company two-thirds of income from th

28、is business is. However, the company has a huge investment assets securities, rental income more than 5 year 2000 million pounds. The company has no longer conduct risky business projects, at least until the situation in better later.Eastern European architectural market competition situation analys

29、isAt present, the economic reforms of the eastern Europe, thus caused confusion of these areas of business activities with the new economic system. Experts say, analyzed from a long-term perspective, using the market economic policy will bring a more stable, and more favorable economic environment.

30、The reform of political economy in eastern Europe will be for those who are willing to invest in this area of the company to create a lot of money but market. If you keep the momentum, before long, eastern Europe 5640 billion dollars each year for the construction of international construction marke

31、t will be more than one-third of the market. This area is open to the world situation inaugurated a new construction.The object of studyThe goal is to establish a framework, and international engineering and construction company may formulate feasible strategy, and to evaluate the. The framework has

32、 been introduced for the project construction company outside the eastern area in the construction business is very helpful. In order to measure the market opportunities and challenges, we sent the questionnaires and interviews, the individual to identify important success factors or aspects. Thus i

33、llustrates construction company in determining their strategy must possess the characteristics. Through the research of strategic framework has been set up in this area by an actual construction, an international engineering and construction company is considering to undertake the engineering, to te

34、st this strategic framework in specific market environment effect.The research methodsBy reference to the literature, questionnaire issued a personal interview, and the research target has been achieved. This research using data from the worlds major construction company. Including 13 U.S. companies

35、, two south Korean companies.Questionnaires to collect data compiled for investigation and ensure the consistency of the content. The problem, not the way people wont produce a certain criteria. Free to answer this question, ask questions in order to guarantee the unfavorable and overmuch. Participa

36、te in the companys answer to the question, questionnaire involving the problems in three aspects: (1) the eastern architecture market opportunities and challenges, (2) the construction of key factors YangChengGong city, (3) to determine the strategic framework, construction industry should make adju

37、stments. Each main parts attached to a set of problems under which the object of study, make clear further.Interview based on construction engineering company voluntary under the condition of the study of the company, in answerThe telephone interviews survey or separate. For these companies how to b

38、uild and use their own in this area is a strategic framework, if the researchers believe that the method is feasible, and they put main skills assembly written. By visiting personnel to answer questions, what is eastern architecture market success factor ? The important factor in his company is a po

39、sitive or negative impact? What effect? Researchers also collected from international architectural engineering, as well as a lesson in later in the project of measures have been taken.The future trend of real estate investmentHousing has been the most important in the modern life of demand. Familie

40、s with more spacious and comfortable housing demand has increased, and hope to have more disposable income in the house. As a result, households residential become very expensive. In addition, the new population statistics show that currently existing housing needs to sell the house of points, recre

41、ational property and retiree community. Commercial and industrial real estate investment is also very good. In order to judge what real estate market within the scope of comparative spruce, analyzed the market is very important. However, many investment prospects are very optimistic.The feasibility

42、of the economy, the future of the investment real estate showing strong. But in general economic conditions, also do not exclude it low period. If investors can develop a safety strategy, so they will get considerable income. These strategies including effective operation and management, analyzes th

43、e problem, real estate and correct treatment, the contradiction between the owner and the occupiers and understand the role of investment and investment project, the influence of the government in property.The real estate investor can dominate the market this problem with real estate income has more

44、 than ordinary shares, the problem is an old problem. Actually no reason to believe that an investor can use the same market information and analytical skills in long-term operation can obtain excess profit. However, using internal message, data analysis and complex analysis method, so investors wil

45、l probably make a better choice than its competitors. According to the real estate market, real estate investment process for investment and reduce costs and obtain good results provide the opportunity of investors.We know lucky or luck may produce short-term abnormal returns. We even have a few peo

46、ple because of good news to avoid seek more expensive and succeed. Although a few of these people, they have intuition according to the real estate investment process. If you have the talent, dont study also to investment.The types of real estate investment in real estate investment is residence tho

47、ugh relatively common form, and some properties of future investors have quite attractive. In each of the different fields during, and residential areas including real estate, commercial real estate, industrial real estate, agriculture, such as golf, and real estate and other special purposes. Altho

48、ugh effective analysis skills necessary to investment projects with enlarged and complex and increasing, but the basic skills and real estate investment process remains unchanged.But the real income in accordance with the income level can rent levels and geographical location and according to the cl

49、assification. The position of urban real estate value economic influence the effect of economic environment, so the analysis is very important. However, some places of the land clearly more suitable for specific purposes. For example, in the development of new urban residential area, the land may be

50、 too expensive, is not suitable for the development of low density garden project.Because it is so hard to use accurate way to predict future events, forecast and actual differences between the results may cause some serious problems. Overestimates rent rate or future price, low operation cost estim

51、ates, or to determine equipment renewal fee will cause serious cash flow problems. Fail to fulfill debt obligations or real estate tax lien may be compelled to cancel. All these things are closely related with investors.中文譯文：建筑業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)策略美國(guó)的工程建筑公司幾十年來一直控制著國(guó)際建筑市場(chǎng)，但近來世界上發(fā)生的事件改變了它的主導(dǎo)地位。為了調(diào)查今后十年對(duì)工程建筑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)產(chǎn)生影

52、響的推動(dòng)力及趨勢(shì)，由建筑工業(yè)研究院的2000年建筑特別工作組：發(fā)起一項(xiàng)稱為“2000年建筑市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)分析”的研究項(xiàng)目。該研究項(xiàng)目考察了一些影響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的因素，包括下列方面： 企業(yè)能力塑造：采用縱向聯(lián)合，橫向發(fā)展的方法，提高企業(yè)的綜合能力。擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)地，這種做法包括被海外的聯(lián)合企業(yè)收購(gòu)或被其合并，或是由美國(guó)公司收購(gòu)?fù)鈬?guó)公司。 籌措資金的選擇方法：私有化作用，建筑權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)讓項(xiàng)目，未來市場(chǎng)中工程籌資特征。 管理、組織及結(jié)構(gòu)：未來的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理及組織方法、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、組織技巧要有利于引導(dǎo)職員在世界競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中發(fā)揮作用。 勞力特征：未來具有專業(yè)水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情況 技術(shù)問題：技術(shù)將如何影響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，如何用

53、來彌補(bǔ)勞力不足的缺陷。研究目標(biāo)及范圍這一研究項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是收集信息，使之為適應(yīng)2000年及以后的工程建筑業(yè)在調(diào)整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼見，并制定出2000年工程建筑業(yè)的可能的發(fā)展計(jì)劃。這項(xiàng)研究回顧了工程建筑業(yè)的歷史過程，審視了當(dāng)前的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，以確定影響該工業(yè)未來的推動(dòng)力，與該工業(yè)相關(guān)的有重塑企業(yè)能力，私有化及籌措資金方法的潛在作用以及經(jīng)營(yíng)管理、組織方法、公司結(jié)構(gòu)方面的未來發(fā)展方向。研究范圍包括選定一些公司，采訪這些公司有專業(yè)特長(zhǎng)的人員。這些人員的專業(yè)涉及面很廣，包括商業(yè)建筑，重工業(yè)建筑，公共事業(yè)設(shè)施建設(shè)，基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)輕工業(yè)建筑，電力，生產(chǎn)程序以及航天科學(xué)。工程建筑業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)特性工程建筑業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)特

54、征由于下列原因在變動(dòng)：80年代發(fā)生的事件，以及計(jì)劃在90年代實(shí)施的項(xiàng)目，正在引導(dǎo)建筑業(yè)擺脫相互對(duì)立的局面，轉(zhuǎn)向相互合作。應(yīng)該以積極的眼光看待新的公司進(jìn)入國(guó)際工程建筑市場(chǎng)，因?yàn)樗黾恿巳蚝献鞯臋C(jī)遇。合作關(guān)系會(huì)使所有的伙伴受益，這是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)公司可以在合作伙伴的國(guó)家找到機(jī)遇，同樣，外國(guó)公司也會(huì)打入美國(guó)市場(chǎng)。未來的戰(zhàn)略到2000年，美國(guó)的公司將努力做到： 提供最高質(zhì)量的服務(wù) 可以承擔(dān)世界任何一個(gè)地方的工程施工 另劈蹊徑，以降低并控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 拿出參與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)最有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一理想，工程建筑業(yè)必須增加人員資本投資 提高勞力的知識(shí)及技術(shù)水平 具備堅(jiān)實(shí)完備的通訊及運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 集中精力搞重點(diǎn)研究，

55、產(chǎn)品優(yōu)良，質(zhì)量有保障，并注意激發(fā)工人們的積極性，提高工人的技術(shù)水平。二十一世紀(jì)形響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的主要因素將包括一體化的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，供過于求的生產(chǎn)力，工會(huì)確定工資的權(quán)力減弱，減少對(duì)工業(yè)的管理及私有化的實(shí)現(xiàn)。美國(guó)公司的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，很大程度上取決于大力開展并有效地利用技術(shù)革新。美國(guó)公司不僅需要利用國(guó)內(nèi)的技術(shù)革新，還要利用其他國(guó)家優(yōu)化改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)。在未來將流行的技術(shù)革新將不是一些大的技術(shù)突破，而是對(duì)現(xiàn)存技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn)。英國(guó)建筑公司概況90年代初，頭腦靈活的建筑商們除了不搞建筑，別的什么營(yíng)生可能都干，許多建筑公司遭受過經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的嚴(yán)重打擊，經(jīng)歷了與過度膨脹的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)同樣的厄運(yùn)。但是，當(dāng)看到他們的難兄難弟們?cè)诜康禺a(chǎn)業(yè)方

56、面大把大把地賺錢時(shí)，他們中的大部分人為了擺脫困境又把賭注重重地壓在房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)市場(chǎng)上。由阿蘭考克肖先生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能掙現(xiàn)錢的盛譽(yù)，并能保持資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表平衡。不過，在世界上其他的一些地區(qū)，這家公司也陷人一片困境之中，尤其是在美國(guó)，由于路易斯安那州石油和天然氣市場(chǎng)的不景氣，這一情況尤其突出，在英國(guó)的商業(yè)和工業(yè)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)方面這家公司也面臨困境，利潤(rùn)隨之而暴跌。而且情況還有變得更糟的危險(xiǎn)。瓦利特發(fā)展公司，這個(gè)英國(guó)90年代初期第三大房屋建筑商，可能是因?yàn)閷惗亟紖^(qū)都爾威一處仿喬治時(shí)代建筑物出售給了前首相撒切爾夫人而舉世聞名。該公司的性格獨(dú)特的主席勞利瓦利特先生經(jīng)常得益于“鐵夫人”給予他的公

57、開支持。這種近似神話般的福氣使他似乎注定還要享受一陣子。事實(shí)上，瓦利特公司也受到房產(chǎn)業(yè)不景氣的影響，只是在勞利的強(qiáng)有力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，該公司現(xiàn)在又朝著恢復(fù)其更強(qiáng)勁的金融地位邁進(jìn)。勞利退休后又重新執(zhí)掌局面（1991年秋他退休后為救活該公司又被召回）。正像它的大多數(shù)經(jīng)營(yíng)對(duì)手一樣，瓦利特公司在房產(chǎn)業(yè)市場(chǎng)也遭受了暴跌的嚴(yán)重打擊，雖然在1993年初，該公司成為被IBCA機(jī)構(gòu)提高長(zhǎng)期信用等級(jí)的第一家建筑公司時(shí)業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展了一陣子。約翰萊英公司的情況則不同，已很好地經(jīng)受住了最近世界建筑業(yè)方面困難的沖擊。他們具有雄厚的資本，還清醒地認(rèn)識(shí)到他們不得不大幅度降低資產(chǎn)的帳面價(jià)值。例如，早在1990年，他們就在地產(chǎn)銀行中劃減了

58、1 200萬(wàn)英鎊的價(jià)值。在此之后，他們又削減了26的勞動(dòng)力。盡管他們的住房銷售情況目前依然相當(dāng)良好，但其贏利卻減少了。萊英公司還以最關(guān)注環(huán)境問題而聞名于世。塔邁克公司的狀況與瓦利特形成了鮮明的對(duì)比，在1993年初，他們的信用等級(jí)被IBCA機(jī)構(gòu)降低了。該公司在80年代大部分時(shí)間里試圖向世人證明他們是英國(guó)最大的建筑商，結(jié)果信息一旦被人了解后，又后悔不迭，倒但愿此事從沒發(fā)生過。他們苦于應(yīng)付高的增長(zhǎng)速度，不得不大幅度削減住房建造業(yè)務(wù)。不過塔邁克公司目前仍然是英國(guó)最大的建筑和建材集團(tuán)公司。1992年10月，他們關(guān)閉了房地產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，這是將其目前的七個(gè)經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)裁減到三個(gè)（建筑、采石和住宅建造）的計(jì)劃的一部分。

59、耐維爾辛蠅斯，這位集團(tuán)公司的總裁，在該公司供職22年后，于1992年春坐上了目前這把燙屁股的交椅。人們認(rèn)為，隨著房地產(chǎn)向題的曝光，這一位置已到了岌岌可危的地步，這其中包括數(shù)個(gè)在公司資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表外的大型聯(lián)合企業(yè)，而這些聯(lián)合企業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)的開展，實(shí)際上會(huì)使集團(tuán)公司的債臺(tái)更加高筑。泰勒伍德勞斯的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)衰退的不愉快經(jīng)歷集中體現(xiàn)在1992年的秋季，當(dāng)時(shí)其房地產(chǎn)都以理彼得赫基突然辭職，這事也就發(fā)生在其前任彼得兆提出辭呈引起眾人震驚之后僅幾個(gè)月。屋漏偏逢連陰雨，隨后，泰勒伍德勞斯宣布由于經(jīng)營(yíng)不善，造成了嚴(yán)重的虧損。雖然建筑承包業(yè)務(wù)的重要地位正日益衰退，但公司三分之二的收益仍來自這部分業(yè)務(wù)。不過，該公司擁有巨額投資資產(chǎn)有價(jià)證券，每年租金收益超過5 000萬(wàn)