高中英語句子成分基本句型精品課件.ppt

1、句 子 成 分 Members of a Sentence,*句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng),英語的基本成分有七種： _ _ _ 和_,主語(subject)、,謂語(predicate)、,表語(predicative)、,賓語(object)、,定語(attribute)、,狀語(adverbial),補(bǔ)語(complement),英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種 基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。,掌握這五種基本句型, 是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。,一: (主謂) 二: (主系表) 三: (主謂賓) 四: (主謂間賓直賓) 五: (主謂賓賓補(bǔ)),基本句型 一:(主謂),主語: 可以作主語的成

2、分有名詞, 主格代詞, 動(dòng)詞不定式, 動(dòng)名詞等等。主語一般在句首。,謂語: 謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成, 是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài) 變化的主角, 一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞 (vi.)沒有賓語, 形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。,如: We come.,(不及物動(dòng)詞),1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn), 即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞 都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞， 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀

3、語從句等。,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn): 句子謂語 動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思, 必須加上 一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合 謂語, 才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做 連系動(dòng)詞。,系動(dòng)詞分兩類: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情況; get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類, 表變化。 be 本身沒有什么意義, 只起連系主語和表語的 作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。,感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞: look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯(cuò), feel good/感覺好, smell bad/難聞,(是系動(dòng)詞)

4、 (表語),1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred.,*There be 結(jié)構(gòu): There be 表示存在有。 這里的there沒有實(shí)際意義, 不可與副詞 there那里混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞, 表示 “(存在)有某事物”。,試比較: There is a b

5、oy there. (那兒有一個(gè)男孩) 前一個(gè)there無實(shí)意, 后一個(gè)there為副詞那里。,基本句型 三: (主謂賓),此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都 具有實(shí)義, 都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作, 但不能 表達(dá)完整的意思, 必須跟有一個(gè)賓語, 即動(dòng)作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。 這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。,(及物動(dòng)詞)(賓語),1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. Hesaid“Good morning.” 5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken.,基本句型 四:

6、 (主謂間賓直賓),有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè) 指人(間接賓語); 一個(gè)指物(直接賓語)。,-Give me a cup of tea please. -Show this house to Mr. Smith. -Bring it to me, please.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2. Hebroughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was lat

7、e. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine.,基本句型 五: (主謂賓賓補(bǔ)),此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是: 動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞, 但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思, 必須加上 一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語, 才能使意思完整。,賓語補(bǔ)足語: 位于賓語之后對(duì)賓語作出說明的成分。 可以用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞, 形容詞, 不定式, 動(dòng)名詞, 分詞, 介詞短語等。,The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the s

8、tudents to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.,名詞/代詞賓格 + n./adj./ 介詞短語/ 動(dòng)詞不定式/分詞, (及物) (賓語) (賓補(bǔ)),1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2. Thissetthem thinking. 3. Theyfoundthe housedeserted. 4. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 5. I sawthemgetting on the bus.,a. b. c. d. e. ,1. Pleas tell us a

9、story. _ 2. She smiled. _ 3. I have a lot of work to do. _ 4. His job is to train swimmers. _ 5. He noticed a man enter the room. _ 6. Please look at the picture. _,d,a,e,b,e,c,但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣 簡(jiǎn)短, 除了基本句型的成分不變外, 通常 是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些 修飾語而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是 單詞 (adj./adv./num. 數(shù)詞)短語 (主要 是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語)。

10、我們稱之為: 定語、狀語 The little boy needs a blue pen.,一、 定語：,定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用 的詞、短語或句子, 譯為的。,定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。 復(fù)合不定代詞(something/nothing)之后； 不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時(shí)要放在 被修飾的成分后； 副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。,Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. The boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. The boy needs a ball pen. There is

11、 nothing to do today. The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy you will know is Tom.,二、狀語：,狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的 句子成分, 說明方式、因果、條件、時(shí)間、 地點(diǎn)、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。,-The boy needs a pen now. -The boy needs a pen very much.,可用作狀語的有副詞, 不定式, 分詞, 介詞短語, 從句等。,In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里, 男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點(diǎn)

12、狀語) Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母親面前, 湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子。(條件狀語) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天, 教室里沒有學(xué)生。 (時(shí)間狀語),介詞短語作狀語：,分詞(短語)作狀語：,He sits there, asking for a pen. 他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài)) Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè), 男孩需要一支筆。 (原因狀語) Frightened

13、, he sits there soundlessly. (因?yàn)?受了驚嚇, 他無聲地坐在那兒。 (原因狀語),The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語) To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想, 湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.,不定式作狀語：,狀語從句： 時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、 原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、 目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、 讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句,-We chatted as we wal

14、ked along. -Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.,三、同位語：,同位語 當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在 同等位置時(shí), 一個(gè)句子成分用來說明和解釋 另一個(gè)句子成分, 這個(gè)句子成分就叫做它的 同位語。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語, 都是指同一批“學(xué)生”) We all are students. (all是we的同位語, 都指同樣的“我們”),四、獨(dú)立成分：,與全句沒有語法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的 獨(dú)立成分。 感嘆詞: oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定詞:

15、yes 否定詞: no 稱呼語: 稱呼人的用語。 插入語: 一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 這個(gè)故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.,(一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school wan

16、t to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二) 挑出下列句中的表語 - The old man was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(三) 挑出下列句中的定語 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to swee

17、p the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily some

18、times. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,(五) 挑出下列句中的狀語 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast., With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,劃分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve g