漢語長句高級教程.ppt

漢語長句英譯 漢語長句成因； 翻譯要點； 翻譯方法；,1 漢語長句的成因和特征,長句，指字數(shù)較多、結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜、含有多層意思的句子。 第一，句子包含很多轉(zhuǎn)折或附加成分，因而使句子的容量不斷擴大，結(jié)果形成一個內(nèi)容很復(fù)雜的句子，但它所要表達的中心思想仍然是一個。 英語長句宛如大樹，有樹干，有枝權(quán)，有樹葉。 而漢語句子一般簡短明快，結(jié)構(gòu)比較松散，主句與從句之間、從句與從句之間，缺乏應(yīng)有的連結(jié)，恰似一根春竹，一節(jié)之后又生一節(jié)，中間掐斷無傷大雅,第二，句子要表達的層次很多，從意思上看，這些層次都是平行的，但是又不能截然分開。,雖然他單身一人，又處在異鄉(xiāng)客地，但正如他的同事和學(xué)生描述的那樣，他為人愉快開朗，溫文爾雅，誠實謙虛。 Although alone in a new land，he was described by his fellow workers and students as cheerful，friendly，honest，and modest,2 漢語長句的翻譯要點,第一，把握好譯文的要點。首先要梳理漢語長句的結(jié)構(gòu)，拎出主干，確定主、從句，找出主語、謂語。 第二，安排譯文的框架結(jié)構(gòu)。 第三，形成準(zhǔn)確通順的譯文。措辭、詞序、連貫性、邏輯,在巴黎，名目繁多的酒會、冷餐會是廣交朋友的好機會。在這種場合陌生人相識，如果是亞洲人，他們往往開口之前先畢恭畢敬地用雙手把自己的名片呈遞給對方，這好像是不可缺少的禮節(jié)。然而，法國人一般卻都不大主動遞送名片。雙方見面寒喧幾句，甚至海闊天空地聊一番也就各自走開，只有當(dāng)雙方談話投機，希望繼續(xù)交往時，才會主動掏出名片。二話不說先遞名片反倒有些勉強。,In Paris，Cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friendsOn such occasions，strangers may get to know each otherIf they are Asians，they will，very respectfully and with both hands，present calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversations startsThis seems to be the required courtesy on their partHowever the French usually are not so ready with such a formalityBoth sides will greet each other and even chat casually about any topics and then excuse themselvesOnly when they find they like each other and hope to further the relationship，will they exchange cardsIt will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation gets under way,3 漢語長句的翻譯方法,1）斷句法 即把原文的一句話分成兩句或更多句來 譯。斷句可以在句首處、句中間或句尾處。,【1】總分復(fù)句 A先總說后分述： 父親畢竟比她多吃了幾年鹽，她的男朋友是什么樣的人父親一看就知道。 After all，father has eaten more salt than she over the yearsHe will be able to tell at a glance whether her boyfriend is a man of character,B先分述后總說：,另一種態(tài)度，學(xué)習(xí)的時候用腦筋想一下，學(xué)那些和我國情況適合的東西，即吸取對我們有益的經(jīng)驗，我們需要的是這樣一種態(tài)度。 The other attitude is to use our heads and learn those things which suit our conditions，namely the experience useful to usThat is the attitude we should adopt.,2 轉(zhuǎn)折復(fù)句,我在學(xué)堂里坐著，心里也悶，不如給他家放牛，倒快活些。 I feel sitting in school boring anywayId rather look after our neighbors buffaloes,3 內(nèi)容復(fù)雜的長句,中國學(xué)生很靈，一揮而就，洋教師閱后，評出了最佳作文一篇，學(xué)生們聽后大為不解，這種文章怎么能被評為“最佳”? His Chinese students，quick at writing，finished the homework at one go and turned it in in no timeHe went through the papers and picked the one that he thought the bestWhen he read it out to the students，they were generally perplexedOf all the comments，why did he like this one best?,4長句結(jié)尾部分是“反問”或“感嘆”分句。,年歲不好，柴米又貴；這幾件舊衣服和舊家具。當(dāng)?shù)漠?dāng)了，賣的賣了；只靠著我替人家做些針線活尋來的錢，怎么供得你讀書?(吳敬梓儒林外史) Times are hard，and fuel and rice are expensiveOur old clothes and our few sticks of furniture have been pawned or soldWe have nothing to live on but what I make by my sewingHow call I pay for your schooling?,5為了表達原句的強調(diào)語勢,我們的民族將再也不是一個被人侮辱的民族了，我們已經(jīng)站起來了。 Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliationWe have stood up,2) 合句法,1根據(jù)原文各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 在譯文的句與句之間加上連接詞語如and，while，for等 還是熱，心里可鎮(zhèn)定多了。涼風(fēng)，即使是一點點，給了人們許多希望。(老舍：駱駝祥子) It was still hot but everyone felt much better，for the breeze，though slight，brought them hope,2原文是并列句、排比句,The technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure，beautiful shape and various patternsThey are comfortable and convenient to carry 這種床墊工藝先進，結(jié)構(gòu)新穎，造型美觀，款式多樣，舒適大方，攜帶方便。,3)主從區(qū)分法,1表示原因或條件的部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于表示結(jié)果的部分. 他們患得患失，拒絕接受分配給他們的任務(wù)。 Swayed by consideration of gain and loss，they refused to accept the jobs assigned to them,2表示方式或狀態(tài)的部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于表示行為或動作的部分. 其后走過三個人，頭帶方巾，都有四五十歲光景，手搖白紙扇，緩步而來。(吳敬梓儒林外史) Behind him came three men in square caps，all some forty to fifty years oldFanning themselves with white paper fans， they advanced slowly,3表示方法和手段的部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于表示目的的部分,我們用自己動手的方法，達到了豐衣足食的目的。 By using our own hands we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”,4 屬于修飾或說明關(guān)系的分句或短語，一般應(yīng)譯作從屬部分.,這個戰(zhàn)爭，在東方歷史上是空前的，在世界歷史上也將是偉大的，全世界人民都關(guān)心這個戰(zhàn)爭。 The people of the whole world are attentively following this war，which has no precedent in the history of the East，and which will go down as a great war in world history too,5背景情況描述部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于結(jié)論部分,帝國主義國家對外侵略擴張，爭奪世界霸權(quán)，必然走向戰(zhàn)爭。 Engaged in aggression and expansion abroad in contending for world hegemony，the imperialist countries inevitably will go to war,6 否定或反說部分。一般應(yīng)從屬于肯定或正說部分,國際爭端應(yīng)在此基礎(chǔ)上予以解決，而不訴諸武力威脅。 (中美聯(lián)合公報) International disputes should be settled on this basis，without resorting to the use of threat or force,4)擴充法,1用集體名詞代替?zhèn)€體名詞。用擴充法使集體名詞個體化 甲班學(xué)習(xí)成績很好。 The students in Class A have won a brilliant academic record,2上文中未出現(xiàn)而在下文中出現(xiàn)的詞,讀后滿口生香，余味無窮，寫得一手好詞! After reading the ode，fragrance pervades the mouth and aftertaste remains ever palatableHow superbly written it was.,3 為使上下文連接緊湊，可增加一些銜接詞,努力學(xué)習(xí)罷，努力學(xué)習(xí)三年五載，你就會精通英語了。 Study hard! Study hard for three to five years! By that time you will be proficient in English,4為畫龍點睛，突出原文意思，增加相應(yīng)的物主代詞,清溪一曲，水淺魚梭，蛺蝶蹁躚，尋紅覓綠。風(fēng)光旖旎，筆拙難描! In the shallows of a rill shuttle shoals of fishesButterflies flit to and fro，hutting for red and greenThe scenic charms are beyond my clumsy description.,5 暗含某種意思而又必須譯出，這里主要涉及語意的擴充。,既發(fā)高燒，又抽搐不已，的確是很危險的。 The case in which the patient is running a high fever and suffering from convulsion has got into grave danger indeed,【6】中國特有的如新的政治詞匯、日常用語、中國俗語等，常用擴充法,三個代表 Three represents theory (The Party must always represent the requirements of the development of Chinas advanced productive forces，the orientation of the development of Chinas advanced culture，and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China),5) 轉(zhuǎn)句法,斷句是把原文中的從句拉出來翻譯成獨立的句子，而轉(zhuǎn)句法則是把原文中的一個詞或詞組拉出來翻譯成獨立的句子，這些詞或詞組在原語中作主語、定語、狀語、插入語、同位語等。,敵人的武力是不能征服我們的，這點已經(jīng)得到證明了。 It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms(形式主語轉(zhuǎn)句),6) 破折號法,1 原文重提前述詞時，破折號加在前述詞之前. 一是持之以恒，以勤補拙；一是不恥下問，虛心求教。這些就是克服學(xué)習(xí)中困難的法寶，我們應(yīng)該珍愛這兩個法寶。 One is combination of unswerving perseverance with assiduity making up deficiency in wisdom，the other is stooping with modesty to ask advice from the common run of peoplethese are magic weapons of conquering the difficulties in the way of studyWe must cherish both of them ,2如果原文主語和表語指的是同一內(nèi)容，而主語太長。表語很短。翻譯時可以主表倒置，并用破折號將過長的主語拆開翻譯,一切與環(huán)境科學(xué)有關(guān)的醫(yī)學(xué)(包括中醫(yī))、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)、地理學(xué)、物理學(xué)以及為環(huán)保服務(wù)的最新科學(xué)技術(shù)手段如污染監(jiān)控衛(wèi)星、激光、電子計算機、機器人、遙感等，都是我們學(xué)習(xí)的科目。 The subjects of our study are all those associated with environmental science medicine ( including traditional Chinese medicine)，chemistry，biology，geography，physics and the most uptodate means of science and technology serving the needs of environmental protectionpollution-monitoring satellite，laser，electronic computer, robot，remote sensing etc,3原文語氣有較大的轉(zhuǎn)折時,匡衡鑿壁偷光，王冕牛角掛書，車胤囊熒照誦，孫康映雪讀書。難道我們還怕什么學(xué)習(xí)中的困難嗎?世上無難事，只要肯登攀。 Kuang Heng read by light from a hole gouged through the wall；Wang Mian read，while grazing the cattle with his books hung on its