如何做一個(gè)演講高手.ppt

Making Presentations,演 講,Purposes for making presentations,To demonstrate: a service, product, system. To create: an image, strategy. To entertain: colleagues, outside people. To sell: a concept, product, idea. To represent: a group, company, department. To promote: an attitude, a way of working. To suggest: a solution, a new concept.,演講是一個(gè)雙向溝通過程 圖4.1 演講過程,圖4.2 演講后的問題,圖4.3 演講反饋,內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)：,演講的要素 演講的結(jié)構(gòu) 演講的技巧,演 講,第一節(jié) 演講的要素,演講的三要素：信息、演講者、聽眾 一、信息 信息可以由演講者與聽眾共同分享。演講中的信息，主要是言語信息。 二、演講者 演講者是信息的發(fā)源地。演講者主要以言語傳遞信息，還用動(dòng)作、手勢、姿態(tài)、表情等傳遞非言語符號(hào)的輔助信息。,三、聽眾, 聽眾是什么人 目標(biāo)是什么 (一) 聽眾心理的四個(gè)特點(diǎn) 1聽眾對(duì)信息的接受具有選擇性 ； 2聽眾心理是獨(dú)立意識(shí)與從眾心理的矛盾統(tǒng)一； 3“名片”效應(yīng)與“自己人”效應(yīng)； 4首因效應(yīng)和近因效應(yīng)。,(二) 聽眾的構(gòu)成,Your superiors 上級(jí)聽眾 Your colleagues 同事聽眾 Your team 班組聽眾 A mixed audience 混合聽眾 A hostile audience 不友好的聽眾 An international audience 國際聽眾, 在演講的整個(gè)準(zhǔn)備過程中，演講者思想上要一直想著聽眾； 演講者要列出其對(duì)聽眾了解的清單 演講者可以假設(shè) 演講者要抓住并使聽眾保持對(duì)演講的興趣和想象力 演講者要對(duì)聽眾注意力進(jìn)行再刺激 聽眾容易記住結(jié)構(gòu)形式清楚并得到重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容 演講者通過聽眾的耳聞目睹進(jìn)入聽眾的記憶,（三）目標(biāo) 演講者應(yīng)當(dāng)能用一個(gè)短句寫下其演說的目標(biāo) 比如： “獲得對(duì)第34號(hào)項(xiàng)目的資金批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)定?！?“說服這位顧客購買我們一臺(tái)電腦?！?“告訴我的集體今年公司成果怎樣。我們?yōu)槭裁匆龅酶?。?然后演講者要判定他(她)是否要盡力向聽眾： 施加影響 告知情況 傳授知識(shí),Preparation checklist,Objectives: recheck that you have defined your objective correctly. Structure: does your presentation have a clearly identifiable structure? Content: is all said that needs saying? Sequence: is it logical? Are all links and summaries appropriate? Time: is sufficient time available for all you want to say? Balance: is each section weighted correctly? Check the priorities of your arguments and facts. Conclusion: does it make people sit up and agree with you? Is it punchy? Objectives: do all the above work towards achieving your objectives?,第二節(jié) 演講的結(jié)構(gòu),一、Structuring a presentation 演講的結(jié)構(gòu) An effective presentation structure includes: 1. Use an effective opening 開場白 2. Give a preview 主要論點(diǎn)的預(yù)覽 3. State your main points clearly 主要論點(diǎn)的嚴(yán)格界定 4. Use an effective closing 結(jié)束語,1. Use an effective opening 利用有效開場白 Goals 目的 Techniques 技巧 Use humor 運(yùn)用幽默 Refer to the unusual 談?wù)劮峭瑢こＶ?Refer to the familiar 談?wù)劥蠹叶际煜さ氖?Use audience motivation techniques 運(yùn)用鼓動(dòng)聽眾技巧,表4.1 開頭實(shí)例 例1：提問 “我想問一下在座的諸位，哪位知道過去24小時(shí)里在中國有多少孩子出生?” “我想知道，如果我告訴您，您的計(jì)算機(jī)在買進(jìn)時(shí)已經(jīng)過時(shí)，您有何感想?” 例2：事實(shí)陳述 “今天，我們市又有30個(gè)孩子的父親因工去世這類死亡本可得到預(yù)防!” 例3：提及 “今天，這里的每一位都記得，當(dāng)我們聽到唐山大地震時(shí)的震驚和悲痛?！?例4：主題 “我今晚要給您講述令人激動(dòng)振奮的xR5多用程序，然后告訴您這種電腦將如何改變您的經(jīng)商方式。” 例5：引用 “一位偉人說：每個(gè)人的經(jīng)歷遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過他的想像范圍。不過，正是經(jīng)驗(yàn)而不是想象，才影響人的行為。” 例6: 感染情緒 “好心的人們，您只要掏五毛線，就可以使這個(gè)孩子活下去，直到下年的收獲季節(jié)，那時(shí)他就可以養(yǎng)活自己。”,2. Give a preview 預(yù)覽主要的論點(diǎn) 3. State your main points clearly 明確闡述主要論點(diǎn) Follow your preview 嚴(yán)格遵循演講預(yù)覽 Limit your main points 限制主要論點(diǎn)的個(gè)數(shù) Use explicit transitions 使用清晰的承接詞 Provide internal summaries 做階段性小結(jié) 4. Use an effective closing 使用有效的結(jié)束語 Give a summary 做個(gè)總結(jié) Refer to the opening 前后呼應(yīng) End with the action steps 以行動(dòng)方案結(jié)尾 Refer to audience benefits 談?wù)剬?duì)聽眾的好處,表4.2 結(jié)尾實(shí)例 例1：提問 “所以，女士們，先生們，我要提請(qǐng)諸位思考一一如果有人告訴您，您正在受到這種疾病的困繞，您有何感想?” 例2：提示 “今天，在我們的節(jié)目里，我要使您認(rèn)識(shí)到，我們需要有更強(qiáng)更專業(yè)化的經(jīng)銷活動(dòng)。而實(shí)際上，通過向您展示一個(gè)等待我們未開發(fā)的巨大市場，我想我已實(shí)現(xiàn)了目標(biāo)?！?例3：行動(dòng) “我的建議已告訴諸位。時(shí)間已刻不容緩。如果我們想避免災(zāi)難，那就必須立即行動(dòng)。要想保證公司未來的繁榮，希望各位不要再遲疑，行動(dòng)起來!” 例4：選擇 “在我看來，我們有三種選擇：或者接受工會(huì)最后通牒；或者爭取時(shí)間考慮我們的立場；或者采取最后行動(dòng)?！?例5：灌輸憂患 “所以，女士們，先生們，如果我們不能在下季度將銷售額提高10，并保持這一增長水平一兩年，那么我們公司將面臨倒閉的危險(xiǎn)。 ”,二、Questions and answers 問答過程 1. When to take questions 何時(shí)接受提問 Questions after the presentation 演講后提問 Questions during the presentation 演講過程中提問 2. How to take questions 如何接受提問 Prepare in advance 作好事前準(zhǔn)備 Show your understanding 表示出對(duì)聽眾的理解 Stick to your objective and your organization 按照自已的目標(biāo)和計(jì)劃行事 Keep everyone involved 讓每個(gè)人都參與,3. What to say if you dont know the answer 不知道答案時(shí)應(yīng)該說些什么 If you dont know 如果對(duì)答案一無所知 If you need some time to think 如果需要時(shí)間思考 4. How to answer difficult questions 如何回答難以回答的問題 Confusing questions 含義不明確的問題 Controlling questions 具有控制權(quán)的問題 Hostile questions 不友善的問題,三、Special speaking situations 一些特殊的講話場合 1. Manuscript speaking 照講稿講話 Use “spoken style” 使講稿“口語化” Write and edit 撰寫與編輯 Prepare the manuscript 講話稿的準(zhǔn)備 2. Impromptu speaking 即席講話 Anticipate 事先預(yù)料 Keep your remarks short 發(fā)言要簡短 Organize as well as you can 盡量有條理 Relate to experience 與你的經(jīng)驗(yàn)拉上關(guān)系,3. Team presentations 團(tuán)隊(duì)演講 Organize as a whole 從整體出發(fā)進(jìn)行組織 Provide content transitions between speakers 不同演講人之間要有承上啟下的轉(zhuǎn)折 Use visual aids consistently 使用統(tǒng)一一致的視聽輔助工具 Rehearse and deliver as a group 作為集體進(jìn)行試講和實(shí)際演講 Answer questions consistently 協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一地回答問題 4. Media and telecommunications 通過傳播媒體和遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備演講 Preparing in advance 作好事前準(zhǔn)備 Using audio devices 使用音響設(shè)備 Being on camera 面對(duì)攝像機(jī),EXERCISE:,Prepare a short presentation to last five minutes. Your audience are your classmates, and the subject matter is about something that you have a deep interest in or about which you hold a strong conviction.,第三節(jié) 演講語言的運(yùn)用技巧 一、語言表達(dá)的三個(gè)基本要求, 準(zhǔn)確精煉 上口入耳 形象生動(dòng) （如“望梅止渴”） 比喻 （林肯的著名演講裂開的屋子） 引用 設(shè)問 反問 排比,The use of your voice,Is your voice boring? Do you speak in a monotone, or vary your pitch? Is the speed of your delivery constant? Varied? Do you drop your voice at the end of a sentence? Is your breathing right? Do you run out of breath in the middle of a sentence? (Ita probably too long then!) How do you make a point or emphasize a key issue? Do you raise your voice? Do you speak more slowly? More quickly? Do you repeat it? Do you use long words? Short words? Long sentences? Why? When? Are your words within the vocabulary of your audience? Do they understand you? After your next presentation, ask a friend in the audience for constructive feedback on the above points.,二、有聲語言的運(yùn)用技巧,聲音 重音 “我請(qǐng)你吃餃子” “我的貓坐在席子上” “我沒說他偷了我的書” 吐字,二、有聲語言的運(yùn)用技巧,語氣語調(diào) 愛的感情：“氣徐聲柔”，漫和感 憎的感情：“氣促聲硬”，擠壓感 悲的感情：“氣沉聲緩”，遲滯感 喜的感情：“氣滿聲高”，跳躍感 懼的感情：“氣提聲凝”，緊縮感 急的感情：“氣短聲促”，緊迫感 怒的感情：“氣粗聲重”，震動(dòng)感 疑的感情：“氣細(xì)聲粘”，躊躇感,二、有聲語言的運(yùn)用技巧,停頓 語法停頓 邏輯停頓 “養(yǎng)豬大如山老鼠頭頭死” 我們的目的一定要達(dá)到 我們的目的一定能夠達(dá)到 心理停頓 節(jié)奏（輕快型，持重型，高揚(yáng)型，復(fù)合型）,Your body language,Do you talk to the audience, or to the screen behind you? Do you actively seek eye contact with specific members of the audience? Do you sweep over them or fix them beadily in the eye? Do you know who the decision makers are, and speak primarily to them? Do you tend to concentrate on looking to the right or left, to the front or back of the audience? Are your gestures congruent with your message? Too exaggerated? Are you too stiff? Do you have any distracting mannerisms? Are your movements simple? Or do you pace like a caged tiger? Are you natural? Are you yourself? Do you create barriers between you and your audience?,三、身體語言的運(yùn)用技巧： 表情眼神 看著聽眾說話 與聽眾的目光進(jìn)行實(shí)在性接觸 多種眼神并用 身體姿態(tài)、手勢,演說技能自我評(píng)估,評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 非常不同意非常不符合(1分) 不同意/不符合(2分) 比較不同意比較