外文翻譯--機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

附錄 附錄 1 Mechanical products for modern design and development trend The rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting the needs of the design. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development. Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for the following four major types. 1, systematic design method Systematic design the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systems to achieve the task. Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods. The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative: (1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layout methods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operations control technology means a point of order. (2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of the product design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure. (3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage. As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods. 1.1 design elements of With five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described product solution that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods described product of the original understanding. 1.2 graphical modeling law Development of the design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function graphical modeling, as well as functional connections between the layers. Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achieve a different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling. The literature 11 semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing the design, said node components of the unit (such as the design tasks, functions, components Or processing equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to the definition of a specific structure can be described by the Relations between the definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract to concrete leap. 1.3 idea - design law Will be divided into product design concept and design in two stages. Concept stage of the task is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. Design stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage. The programme will be ideas for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of the physical connection between the definition of functional carrier, functional carrier and structural elements and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram). Programme of design is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all the functional carrier and structural elements, then all the quantitative description of structural elements and connecting pieces ( functional vector) the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of total design unit (GE), structure elements (KE), functional structure elements (FKE), connecting structure elements (VKE), Structural parts (KT), structural elements parts (KET) concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design expert intuitive way to design a formal Description of the formation of effective application of existing knowledge of methods, and applied to the idea and design stage. From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as functional), 2) find effects (referred to as the effect)； ) To find structure (referred to as the configuration of the Rules). And described by the following four strategies Mechanical Product concept stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered functional and effect and configuration rules. Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: effect and configuration rules (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wea lth of experience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: functional and effect, configuration rules are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function. 1.4 Matrix Design In the programme design process used in requirement - to logic tree ( or tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy the requirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to request - to logic tree establishment of a request - to association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the one-to-one. Kotaetal will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as a matrix and the equation of motion. 1.5 bond graph Law Will form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods. 2, modular design structure From the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cos t of new products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products (2) functional components (3) main function components (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT. Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial. Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . Chinas combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme. To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements. According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization. In the mechanical system design, features a module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition tablets of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. Structure to establish as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping algorithm. 3, based on knowledge of product design features Knowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aided design products. The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in the following few. 3.1 coding method According to campaign conversion feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a body system design expert system Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the expert systems reasoning mechanism, and for the four-position for the design of the machine. Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme. 3.2 knowledge of the law mixed The complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that objects properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that the treatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS and transmission structure design expert system GBSDES. 3.3 use of the knowledge-based development tool Coupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed a linear guide design expert system. 3.4 Design Law Directory Construction of the modules, functional element solution and institutions three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design and development of the knowledge base of design Aids. 3.5 Based on the example of the way In the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basic predicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selected programme, described by frame Project and various concept entity, through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With the horsepower to product design requirements. 4, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product 結(jié)構(gòu) . In the use of mathematical systems theory at the same time, consider the theory of systems engineering, product design technology and systems development methodology VDI2221, developed for use in the early design of multimedia software development system MUSE. Automatic teller machines in the design, the product of the entire development process summed up as product planning and development and production planning three stages, and made full use of existing CAD cutting-edge technology - virtual reality technology. 1) product planning - idea products. Its task is to identify the external characteristics of products, such as color, shape, surface quality, ergonomics and so on, and the initial idea of using 3D CAD model show, to establish the appearance of the product simple model, the model can be virtual Environment in the establishment, through the use of data cap and three-dimensional mouse, users can to a certain extent, participate in this environment, and can rapidly generate different shapes and colors. Three-dimensional model of detection is the basis for the effect of external shape, but also variable geometry shows that the basis for the design, while still in the process of developing all types of foundation. 2) development - design products. The main stage according to the synthesis principle, the three-dimensional model on the configuration and integration of the elements of the design elements according to the different objectives have different meanings: It is the basic elements, such as bolts, or wheel shaft connected, and so it can also be a composite Elements, such as mechanical, electrical, electronic components, technology or software to control the transmission system； can also be requested, features, shape, and so on. Will achieve the critical functions of the elements targeted to three-dimensional model, to the configuration of products (design model of the relationship between elements) analysis, product configuration analysis is integrated product planning and development an important result. 3) production planning - processing and assembling products. At this stage, the main exposition of the assembly process in the application of CAD technology, to use the computer image display of the elements in the appropriate location of the assembly process, that is revealed through virtual assembly model and shape the relationship between the assembly, which found that difficulties and problems And find a way to solve problems, and that will be integrated CAD technology applied to the three stages of product development, design can make the process of synthesis and analysis in the product planning and development and production planning to turn in a row Conduct. Therefore, it can be found earlier in various stages of the existing problems in product development in the process of continuous refinement and improvement. Chinas use of virtual reality technology is still in the design phase has just begun. Use object-oriented technology, focused on the timing of the bodies according to package design expert system, and help with the exchange of high-performance graphics and processing power of OpenGL technology, in the three-dimensional environment from all angles to the expert system to design programmes To observe, such as the movement of inter-agency status of the convergence of conflict and so on. Construction will be standard modules, the overall product structure and its manufacturing process and the preparation instructions (see Figure 1) known as rapid prototyping technology. Product development proposals in the process of rapid prototyping technology, multimedia and virtual expression and neural networks (used in various stages of the process necessary for the occasion) with applications. With that computer software and hardware of continuous improvement, as far as possible to multimedia graphics technology used in product development, such as 3-D graphics (three-dimensional model) to replace assembly, demolition and design of connectivity needed for the three-dimensional structure of imagination, and so on And so on. Intelligent use of CAD system SIGRAPH-DESIGN as a development platform, the product development process is divided into conceptual design, assembly design and part design, and technology-based design variables, the establishment of the Offset cam linkage of the conceptual model. From the literature on the research work, the concept model is in determining the body type, on the basis of comprehensive, software SIGRAPH-DESIGN With the variable design features so that the principle of the structure as the parameters change, and The concept of the model parameters will be passed on to the next level of assembly model, part design. 5, various design review and development trend To sum up, systematic design methods will be designed from the abstract to the concrete tasks (from the tasks and requirements designed to achieve the mandate of the programme or structure) division level, the preparation of each layer to achieve the goals and methods, easy-to-digest , From abstract to concrete floors will be organically linked to the systematic design process so that the design of laws to go by, there are ways to follow and easy to realize computer-aided design process. Modular design structure as a function of the realization of a module structure, through a combination of modular structure, the design of products. For specific types of machinery products, as part of its function more clear and relatively stable, the module structure of relatively easy, therefore, use of modular approach to design more appropriate. As between the entities and function is not one-to-one relationship, an entity can usually achieve a number of functions, a feature often through a number of entities can be achieved. Therefore, if the structure of modular design approach used in a general sense of product design, structure and the delineation of optional modules are more difficult and require designers to design a considerable wealth of experience and extensive knowledge of the multidisciplinary field. Mechanical design of products not normally used purely mathematical calculation methods, but also difficult to model a full description, but only under the formal characteristics of the product description, help design expert knowledge and experience for reasoning and decision-making. Therefore, to achieve the computer-aided design products, we must solve the computer storage and use of product design knowledge and design experts and other interested parties the question of decision-making, the resulting product characteristics of knowledge-based design. At present, the intelligent design approach is the use of 3D graphics software and virtual reality technology to design, intuitive and better development of the early users to a certain extent, directly involved in the design, but less systematically, and parts of the structure, Shape, size, location and reasonable identification, software requirements have a high degree of intelligence, or the designer has extensive experience in participation. It is worth mentioning is: the above-mentioned method is not completely isolated, there are all kinds of ways between certain degree of contact, such as the modular design of the structure, the structure of the module contains a systematic thinking, the establishment of products Features and design knowledge base and reasoning machine, usually used to be systematic and structural modular approach, in addition, products based on knowledge of the design features of the programme at the same time, one of the foundations of intelligent design. In the mechanical design of products, depending on specific features to achieve the common parts, components or modules of common institutions, and apply it to the level of systematic design of the specific design of the forthcoming structural modular approach into systematic design method , Can not only ensure that the design of standardized, but can also simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and quality, reduce design costs. The vigorous development of network technology, Collaborative Design and Manufacturing, as well as from the users functional requirements of product design processing assembly finished the realization of this parallel project possible. However, to achieve these goals one of the important prerequisites, product design is to achieve the effect of three-dimensional visualization. To this end, not only 3D graphics software, more and more intelligent design software used in product design, multimedia and virtual reality technology, ultra-media tools are also products of the programme design in Chuloufengmang. At present, Germany and other developed countries are concentrated on super-media technology research, product data exchange standards STEP, and virtual reality modeling language standard VRML (Intemet-based virtual environment on the standard exchange format) in product design applications. 6, electromechanical integration technology development trends and the status quo Machinery products in the computer-aided design is achieved, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of the design and manufacture of direction, as product design Computer Methods of a late start, has yet to mature, to achieve the above goals Design tools. The author believes that the integrated use of text in four types of design is an effective way to achieve this goal. Although the comprehensive use of these methods involve more areas, not only with the mechanical design of the field of knowledge, but also to systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory, computer hardware and software engineering, network technology and other areas of the field of knowledge, it is still Product design must work in the direction. Foreign research in this area has achieved initial success, my design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and measures should be taken. Modern science and technology continues to develop, a strong impetus to the different disciplines of cross-cutting and infiltration, resulting in the project areas and the transformation of the technological revolution. In the field of mechanical engineering, microelectronics and computer due to the rapid development of technology and industrial machinery to the infiltration formed by mechanical and electrical integration, so that the technical structure of industrial machinery, products, functions and composition, mode of production and management system has undergone enormous Changes in industrial production from the electric machinery into the mechanical and electrical integration, characteristics of the development stage. 1. Electromechanical integration Summary Electromechanical integration means that the winner of functional institutions, power features, information processing and control functions on the introduction of electronic technology, mechanical devices and electronic design software and integrated system posed by a generic term. So far, the development of electromechanical integration has become a new type of system has its own disciplines, not only with the development of science and technology, will also be given new content. But its basic characteristics can be summarized as: electrical and mechanical systems integration from the point of view, the integrated use of machinery technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensor monitoring and control technologies, power electronics technology, interface technology, Transform information technology and software programming technology, and other groups, according to the system and optimize the objective function of organizational goals, the rational allocation and distribution of various functional units, in multi-function, high-quality, high reliability, low power consumption in the sense of achieving specific functional value, And optimize the whole system of systems engineering technologies. The resulting functional systems, electromechanical integration into a system or electromechanical integration products. Therefore, mechatronics covered technical and products two aspects. However, electromechanical integration technology is based on the technical groups of a comprehensive organic integration of technology, rather than mechanical technology, microelectronic technology and other new technologies simple combination of patchwork. This is the integration of mechanical and electrical and mechanical and electrical machinery formed by electrification in the fundamental distinctio n between the concept. Mechanical engineering technology to have a purely technical development of electric machinery, is still the traditional machinery, its main function is still to replace and enlarge the physical. However, the development of the mechanical and electrical integration, which in addition to the microelectronics devices can replace some mechanical parts of the original features, but also to many new features such as automatic detection, automatic processing of information, automatically record shows, the automatic adjustment and control Automatic diagnosis and protection. That is, electromechanical integration products is not only the hands and limbs of the extension, or peoples minds and senses of the eyes, with intelligent features is the integration of mechanical and electrical and mechanical functions in the electrification of the essential differences between. 2. The development of mechanical and electrical integration The development of mechanical and electrical integration can be roughly divided into three stages. In the 1960s before the first phase, this phase known as the initial stage. During this period, people consciously or unconsciously, the use of electronic technology to improve the preliminary results of the performance of mechanical products. Especially during the Second World War, the war stimulated the machinery and electronic technology, the combination of these mechanical and electrical integration of military technology to civilian use after the war, the post-war economic recovery has played a positive role. At that time, research and development of the whole, still in their own state. Since then the development of electronic technology has not yet reached a certain level, mechanical technology and the integration of electronic technology also can not be extensive and in-depth development, has developed a large number of products can not promote. In the 70 to 80 years for the second phase, known as the vigorous development stage. During this period, computer technology, control technology, communications technology, electromechanical integration for the development laid a technological basis. Large-scale, ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and the rapid development of micro-computers, electrical and mechanical integration for the development of adequate material basis. This period is characterized by: mechatronics first term was generally accepted in Japan, about the 20th century to the late 1980s in the world within a broader recognition； electromechanical integration technologies and products has been tremendous development； countries are beginning Integration of mechanical and electrical technology and products give great attention and support. In the late 1990s, began electromechanical integration technology to the intelligent direction of the new stage, electromechanical integration into the in-depth development period. On the one hand, optical, communications technology, such as integration into the Electrical and Mechanical, Electrical and Mechanical micro-processing technology is integrated in the first leg Zhanlu, a micro-electromechanical integration and mechanical and electrical integration, and other new branch of the other on the mechanical and electrical systems integration Modeling design, analysis and integrated approach, electromechanical integration of the disciplinary system and development trends have carried out in-depth study. At the same time, artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology and other fields made tremendous progress, electromechanical integration technology to open up the development of the vast world. These studies will promote further integration of mechanical and electrical integrity of the establishment of the foundation and gradually form a complete scientific system. China is from the 20th century until the early 1980s in this respect research and application. The establishment of the State Council Leading Group and electromechanical integration of the technology as the 863 Program. In the development of 9th Five-Year Plan and the 2010 development program, give full consideration to the international community on the development of electromechanical integration technology trends and the impact this may have caused. Many universities, research institutions and some large and medium-sized enterprises on the development and application of technology to do a lot of work, not achieved certain results, but with Japan and other advanced countries there is still a considerable gap between the comparison. 3. Electromechanical integration of the development trend Electromechanical integration is set mechanical, electronic, optical, control, computer, information, and other multi-disciplinary cross-integrated, and its development and progress and to promote reliance on technology related to development and progress. Therefore, electromechanical integration of major development directions are as follows: Intelligent 3.1 Intelligent Mechatronics is the 21st century technological development an important direction of development. Artificial Intelligence in electromechanical integration builders of the growing attention, the robot and NC machine tools is an important application of the intelligent. Here the word intelligence is the description of the machine is in control theory on the basis of absorption of artificial intelligence, operations research, computer science, fuzzy math, psychology, physiology and chaotic dynamics, and other new ideas, new methods , The simulation of human intelligence, making it a judgement of reasoning, logical thinking and independent decision-making capacity in order to get more control objectives. It is true that the integration of mechanical and electrical products and people with exactly the same intelligence, it is impossible, is also unnecessary. However, high-performance, high-speed microprocessors to electromechanical integration products endowed with low intelligence or part of the smart people, it is entirely possible and necessary. 3.2 modular Modular is an important and arduous work. Because of mechanical and electrical products and the integration of many manufacturers, research and development interface with standard mechanical, electrical interface, dynamic interface, electromechanical integration of the environment interface products unit is a very complicated but it is very important matter. Set slowdown such as the development of smart governor, in one of the electrical power unit, with vision, image processing, identification and location, and other functions of the control unit, as well as to complete the typical operation of mechanical devices. In this way, can make use of standard cell rapid development of new products, but can also expand their production scale. This requires the development of standards for all components, modules and the matching interface. Because of a conflict of interest, the recent difficult the development of international or domestic standards in this area, but can set up some large enterprises gradually taking shape. Clearly, from the standardization of electrical products, serialization of the benefits be sure, both the standard mechanical and electrical integration of production units or enterprises on production of electromechanical integration products enterprises, large-scale electromechanical integration will bring about a better business Prospects. 3.3 Network In the 1990s, computer technology, such as the outstanding achievements of network technology. The rise of Internet technology and to the rapid development of science and technology, industrial production, political, military, education Yiju daily life of people Mody has brought great change. A variety of network will be the global economy, even into a production, competition between enterprises in globalization. Electromechanical integration of new products once developed, as long as its unique features, reliable, will soon be sold worldwide. As the popularity of Internet-based network of remote control and monitoring technology is rising, while the remote control device itself is electromechanical integration products. 3.4 miniaturization The rise in the miniaturization of the late 1980s, referring to the micro-electromechanical integration to the field of micro-machines and the trend of development. Foreign called MEMS (MEMS), refers to the geometric size of not more than 1 cm3 of electromechanical integration products to the micron, nanometer-level development. Micro-electro-mechanical integration products small size, low energy consumption, exercise flexibility in the biomedical, military, information has unparalleled advantages. Micro-electro-mechanical integration is the bottleneck of the development of micro-mechanical technology, micro-electromechanical integration products processing using sophisticated processing techniques, namely the ultra-precise technologies, including lithography and etching two categories. 3.5 Green The industry developed to peoples lives have brought tremendous changes. On the one hand, material wealth, comfortable life on the other hand, fewer resources, the ecological environment is seriously contaminated. Therefore, people called for the protection of environmental resources, return to nature. The concept of green products in this voice came into being under the green is the trend of the times. Green products in its design, manufacture, use and destruction of the life process, with specific environmental and human health requirements, the sound or harm the ecological environment is extremely small, high resource utilization. Green design integration of mechanical and electrical products, has ambitious future development. Electromechanical integration of green products is that, when not to use the ecological environment pollution, recycling of scrapped after. 3.6 systematic Systematic features of the system architecture is the further adoption of open and modalities of the bus architecture. System can be flexible configuration, and any combination of crop, while seeking to achieve more coordination and control subsystems and integrated management. The second performance is greatly enhanced communication features, in addition to the general RS232, there are RS485, DCS personification. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products and people pay more attention to the relationship between the mechanical and electrical integration of personalization has two implications. One is that the integration of mechanical and electrical products use the ultimate object is, how electromechanical integration products to the smart, emotional, human nature become increasingly important, especially for household robots, its level is high-level human-computer integration. Another is to imitate biological mechanism, developed all kinds of mechanical and electrical products to spend one. In fact, many electromechanical integration products are inspired by the animals developed the. 4. Closing remarks To sum up, the emergence of mechanical and electrical integration is not isolated, it is many of the crystallization of scientific and technological development, social development of the productive forces reached a certain stage of an inevitable requirement. Of course, electromechanical integration and related technologies there are many, and with the development of science and technology, technical The trend of mutual integration will become more apparent, electromechanical integration technology and broad development prospects will also be more bright. 附錄 2 機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而， 產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)繪圖、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見(jiàn)成效，而產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)初期方案的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的 發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類(lèi)型 。 1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。 系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于 70 年代由德國(guó)學(xué)者 Pahl 和 Beitz 教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國(guó)工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn) VDI2221“技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。 制定的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)程模式，基本上沿 用了德國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) VDI2221 的設(shè)計(jì)方式。除此之外，我國(guó)許多設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想，其中具有代表性的是： (1)將用戶(hù)需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的宏觀(guān)過(guò)程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶(hù)需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。 (2)將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具 體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 (3)將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題：一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分 (單元 )及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段 。 由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問(wèn)題的角度以及考慮問(wèn)題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。 1.1 設(shè)計(jì)元素法 用 五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素 (功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù) )描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國(guó)亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類(lèi)似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。 1.2 圖形建模法 研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)” KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接 。 將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用 Nijssen 信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語(yǔ)義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、 可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類(lèi)型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。 文獻(xiàn) 11將語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計(jì)工具，在其開(kāi)發(fā)的活性語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng) ASK中，采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線(xiàn)條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元 (如設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等 )，線(xiàn)條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的所有活動(dòng)和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計(jì)要求的定義到每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程由抽象到具體 的飛躍。 1.3 “構(gòu)思” “設(shè)計(jì)”法 將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段。“構(gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。 將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖 (機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖 )。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的 “功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件 (“功能載體” )的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。 Roper， H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元 (GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素 (KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素 (FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素 (VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件 (KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件 (KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡(jiǎn)圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家憑直覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。 從設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的觀(guān)點(diǎn) 出發(fā)，將明確了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)后的設(shè)計(jì)工作分為三步： 1) 獲取功能和功能結(jié)構(gòu) (簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“功能” )； 2) 尋找效應(yīng) (簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“效應(yīng)” )； 3) 尋找結(jié)構(gòu) (簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“構(gòu)形規(guī)則” )。并用下述四種策略描述機(jī)械產(chǎn)品構(gòu)思階段的工作流程：策略 1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應(yīng)”和“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個(gè)工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產(chǎn)生廣泛的原理解譜。策略 2：“效應(yīng)”與“構(gòu)形規(guī)則” (包括設(shè)計(jì)者創(chuàng)建的規(guī)則 )關(guān)聯(lián)，單獨(dú)考慮功能 (通常與設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)相關(guān) )。此時(shí)，辨別典型的構(gòu)形規(guī)則及其所屬效應(yīng)需要有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，產(chǎn)生的方案譜遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于策略 1 的方案譜。 策略 3：“功能”、“效應(yīng)”、“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”三者密切相關(guān)。適用于功能、效應(yīng)和構(gòu)形規(guī)則間沒(méi)有選擇余地、具有特殊要求的領(lǐng)域，如超小型機(jī)械、特大型機(jī)械、價(jià)值高的功能零件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略4：針對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)要求進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)化求解。該策略從已有的零件出發(fā)，通過(guò)零件間不同的排序和連接，獲得預(yù)期功能 。 1.4 矩陣設(shè)計(jì)法 在方案設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中采用“要求 功能”邏輯樹(shù) (“與或”樹(shù) )描述要求、功能之間的相互關(guān)系，得到滿(mǎn)足要求的功能設(shè)計(jì)解集，形成不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案。再根據(jù)“要求 功能”邏輯樹(shù)建立“要求 功能”關(guān) 聯(lián)矩陣，以描述滿(mǎn)足要求所需功能之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，表示出要求與功能間一一對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。 Kotaetal將矩陣作為機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，把機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)空間分解為功能子空間，每個(gè)子空間只表示方案設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)模塊，在抽象階段的高層，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模塊用運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣和一個(gè)可進(jìn)行操作的約束矢量表示；在抽象階段的低層，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)模塊被表示為參數(shù)矩陣和一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)方程。 1.5 鍵合圖法 將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類(lèi)型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模 型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動(dòng)生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案的方 法。 2、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化設(shè)計(jì)方法 從規(guī)劃產(chǎn)品的角度提出：定義設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)時(shí)以功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ)，引用已有的產(chǎn)品解 (如通用零件部件等 )描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，即分解任務(wù)時(shí)就考慮每個(gè)分任務(wù)是否存在對(duì)應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品解，這樣，能夠在產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃階段就消除設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)中可能存在的矛盾，早期預(yù)測(cè)生產(chǎn)能力、費(fèi)用，以及開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中計(jì)劃的可調(diào)整性，由此提高設(shè)計(jì)效率和設(shè)計(jì)的可靠性，同時(shí)也降低新產(chǎn)品的成本。 Feldmann 將描述設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)的 功能化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)分為四層， (1)產(chǎn)品 (2)功能組成 (3)主要功能組件 (4)功能元件。并采用面向應(yīng)用的結(jié)構(gòu)化特征目錄，對(duì)功能元件進(jìn)行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時(shí)研制出適合于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)早期和設(shè)計(jì)初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。 認(rèn)為專(zhuān)用機(jī)械中多數(shù)功能可以采用已有的產(chǎn)品解，而具有新型解的專(zhuān)用功能只是少數(shù)，因此，在專(zhuān)用機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中采用功能化的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)專(zhuān)用機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)、制造風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)十分有利。 提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，通過(guò)選擇和組合這些模塊化基 本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。理想的模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口 (聯(lián)接和配合部 )，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國(guó)結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和 CAD 技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計(jì)與組合設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級(jí)模塊化原理，將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級(jí)、部件級(jí)、組件級(jí)和元件級(jí)，并利用專(zhuān)家知識(shí)和 CAD 技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。 以設(shè)計(jì)為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具， 提出將設(shè)計(jì)的解元素進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄。并在解集設(shè)計(jì)目錄中列出評(píng)論每一個(gè)解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計(jì)工程師選擇解元素。 根據(jù)機(jī)械零部件的聯(lián)接特征，將其歸納成四種類(lèi)型： 1)元件間直接定位，并具 有自調(diào)整性的部件； 2) 結(jié)構(gòu)上具有共性的組合件； 3)具有嵌套式結(jié)構(gòu)及嵌套式元件的聯(lián)接 ； 4)具有模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)和模塊化元件的聯(lián)接。并采用準(zhǔn)符號(hào)表示典型元件和元件間的連接規(guī)則，由此實(shí)現(xiàn)元件間聯(lián)接的算法化和概念的可視化。 在進(jìn)行機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)中，用“功能建立”模塊對(duì)功能進(jìn)行分解，并規(guī)定功能 分解的最佳“?；背潭仁枪δ芘c機(jī)構(gòu)型式的一一對(duì)應(yīng)。“結(jié)構(gòu)建立”模塊則作為功能解的選擇對(duì)象以便于實(shí)現(xiàn)映射算法。 3、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)的設(shè)計(jì)方法 基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別的語(yǔ)言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲(chǔ)的領(lǐng)域知識(shí)和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)。 機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，必須研究 知識(shí)的自動(dòng)獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者針對(duì)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)的自動(dòng)化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。 3.1 編碼法 根據(jù)“運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換”功能 (簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)功能元 )將機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，并利用代碼描述功能元和機(jī)構(gòu)類(lèi)別，由此建立起“機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)”知識(shí)庫(kù)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，將二元邏輯推理與模糊綜合評(píng)判原理相結(jié)合，建立了該“專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)”的推理機(jī)制，并用于四工位專(zhuān)用機(jī)床的方案設(shè)計(jì)中。 利用生物進(jìn)化理論，通過(guò)自然選擇和有性繁殖使生物體得以演化的原理，在機(jī)構(gòu)方案設(shè) 計(jì)中，運(yùn)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖論方法將機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)為拓?fù)鋱D，再通過(guò)編碼技術(shù)，把機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)和性能轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體染色體的二進(jìn)制數(shù)串，并根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)要求編制適應(yīng)值，運(yùn)用生物進(jìn)化理論控制繁殖機(jī)制，通過(guò)選擇、交叉、突然變異等手段，淘汰適應(yīng)值低的不適應(yīng)個(gè)體，以極快的進(jìn)化過(guò)程得到適應(yīng)性最優(yōu)的個(gè)體，即最符合設(shè)計(jì)要求的機(jī)構(gòu)方案。 3.2 知識(shí)的混合型表達(dá)法 針對(duì)復(fù)雜機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計(jì)，采用混合型的知識(shí)表達(dá)方式描述設(shè)計(jì)中的各類(lèi)知識(shí)尤為適合，這一點(diǎn)已得到我國(guó)許多設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者的共識(shí)。 在研制復(fù)雜產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)智能決策支持系統(tǒng) DMDSS 中，將規(guī)則、框架、過(guò)程和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等知識(shí)表示方法有機(jī)地結(jié)合在一起，以適應(yīng)設(shè)計(jì)中不同類(lèi)型知識(shí)的描述。將多種單一的知識(shí)表達(dá)方法 (規(guī)則、框架和過(guò)程 )，按面向?qū)ο蟮木幊淘瓌t，用框架的槽表示對(duì)象的屬性，用規(guī)則表示對(duì)象的動(dòng)態(tài)特征，用過(guò)程表示知識(shí)的處理，組成一種混合型的知識(shí)表達(dá)型式，并成功地研制出“面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)控龍門(mén)銑床變速箱方案設(shè)計(jì)智能系統(tǒng) GBCDIS”和“變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng) GBSDES”。 3.3 利用基于知識(shí)的開(kāi)發(fā)工具 在聯(lián)軸器的 CAD 系統(tǒng)中，利用基于知識(shí) 的開(kāi)發(fā)工具 NEXPERT-OBJECT，借助于面向?qū)ο蟮姆椒?，?chuàng)建了面向?qū)ο蟮脑O(shè)計(jì)方法數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，為設(shè)計(jì)者進(jìn)行聯(lián)軸器的方案設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)提供了廣泛且可靠的設(shè)計(jì)方法譜。則利用 NEXPERT描述直線(xiàn)導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)中需要基于知識(shí)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容，由此尋求出基于知識(shí)的解，并開(kāi)發(fā)出直線(xiàn)導(dǎo)軌設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)。 3.4 設(shè)計(jì)目錄法 構(gòu)造了“功能模塊”、“功能元解”和“機(jī)構(gòu)組”三級(jí)遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計(jì)目錄，并將這三級(jí)遞進(jìn)式設(shè)計(jì)目錄作為機(jī)械傳動(dòng)原理方案智能設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)和開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的輔助工具。 3.5 基于實(shí)例的方法 在研制設(shè)計(jì)型專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的知識(shí)庫(kù)中，采用基本謂詞描述設(shè)計(jì)要求、設(shè)計(jì)條件和選取的方案，用框架結(jié)構(gòu)描述“工程實(shí)例”和各種“概念實(shí)體”，通過(guò)基于實(shí)例的推理技術(shù)產(chǎn)生候選解來(lái)配匹產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)要求。 4、智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法 智能化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計(jì)軟件和虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)、表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的構(gòu)思、描述 產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)。 在利用數(shù)學(xué)系統(tǒng)理論的同時(shí)，考慮了系統(tǒng)工程理論、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)方法學(xué) VDI2221，研制出適合于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)初期使 用的多媒體開(kāi)發(fā)系統(tǒng)軟件MUSE。 在進(jìn)行自動(dòng)取款機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，把產(chǎn)品的整個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程概括為“產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃”、“開(kāi)發(fā)”和“生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃”三個(gè)階段，并且充分利用了現(xiàn)有的 CAD 尖端技術(shù) 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)。 1) 產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃 構(gòu)思產(chǎn)品。其任務(wù)是確定產(chǎn)品的外部特性，如色彩、形狀、表面質(zhì)量、人機(jī)工程等等，并將最初的設(shè)想用 CAD 立體模型表示出，建立能夠體現(xiàn)整個(gè)產(chǎn)品外形的簡(jiǎn)單模型，該模型可以在虛擬環(huán)境中建立，借助于數(shù)據(jù)帽和三維鼠標(biāo)，用戶(hù)還可在一定程度上參與到這一環(huán)境中，并且能夠迅速地生成不同的造型和色彩。立體模型是檢測(cè)外部形狀效果的依據(jù) ，也是幾何圖形顯示設(shè)計(jì)變量的依據(jù)，同時(shí)還是開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中各類(lèi)分析的基礎(chǔ)。 2) 開(kāi)發(fā) 設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品。該階段主要根據(jù)“系統(tǒng)合成”原理，在立體模型上配置和集成解元素，解元素根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)的不同有不同的含義：可以是基本元素，如螺栓、軸或輪轂聯(lián)接等；也可以是復(fù)合元素，如機(jī)、電、電子部件、控制技術(shù)或軟件組成的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；還可以是要求、特性、形狀等等。將實(shí)現(xiàn)功能的關(guān)鍵性解元素配置到立體模型上之后，即可對(duì)產(chǎn)品的配置 (設(shè)計(jì)模型中解元素間的關(guān)系 )進(jìn)行分析，產(chǎn)品配置分析是綜合“產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃”和“開(kāi)發(fā)”結(jié)果的重要手段。 3) 生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃 加工和裝配 產(chǎn)品。在這一階段中，主要論述了裝配過(guò)程中 CAD 技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，提出用計(jì)算機(jī)圖像顯示解元素在相應(yīng)位置的裝配過(guò)程，即通過(guò)虛擬裝配模型揭示造形和裝配間的關(guān)系，由此發(fā)現(xiàn)難點(diǎn)和問(wèn)題，并找出解決問(wèn)題的方法，并認(rèn)為將 CAD 技術(shù)綜合應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的三個(gè)階段，可以使設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程的綜合與分析在“產(chǎn)品規(guī)劃”、“開(kāi)發(fā)”和“生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃”中連續(xù)地交替進(jìn)行。因此，可以較早地發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)階段中存在的問(wèn)題，使產(chǎn)品在開(kāi)發(fā)進(jìn)程中不斷地細(xì)化和完善。 我國(guó)利用虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)還處于剛剛起步階段。利用面向?qū)ο蟮募夹g(shù)，重點(diǎn)研究了按時(shí)序合成的機(jī)構(gòu)組合方案設(shè)計(jì) 專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)，并借助于具有高性能圖形和交換處理能力的 OpenGL技術(shù)，在三維環(huán)境中從各個(gè)角度對(duì)專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)出的方案進(jìn)行觀(guān)察，如運(yùn)動(dòng)中機(jī)構(gòu)間的銜接狀況是否產(chǎn)生沖突等等。 將構(gòu)造標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊、產(chǎn)品整體構(gòu)造及其制造工藝和使用說(shuō)明的擬訂 (見(jiàn)圖 1