數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策外文翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

附   錄  Numerical control technology and equipment trend of development and countermeasure The equipment industry technical level and the modernized degree were deciding the entire national economy level and the modernized degree, the numerical control technology and the equipment are the development emerging high technology and new technology industry and the state-of-art industry (for example defense industry industries and so on information technology and industry, biological technology and industry, aviation, astronautics) enables the technology and the most basic equipment. Marx had said “each kind of economical time difference, does not lie in produces any, but how lies in produces, with any means of labor production”. The technique of manufacture and the equipment is the humanity produces active the most basic producer goods, but the numerical control technology also is advanced now the technique of manufacture and the equipment most core technology. Now the various countries manufacturing industry widely uses the numerical control technology, sharpens the manufacturing capacity and the level, enhances to the dynamic changeable market adaptiveness and competitive ability. In addition in the world various industries developed country also lists as the national strategic resources the numerical control technology and the numerical control equipment, not only takes the significant measure to develop own numerical control technology and the industry, moreover implements the blockade and the limit policy in “precise and advanced” the numerical control key technologies and the equipment aspect to our country. In brief, develops vigorously take the numerical control technology has become the world each developed country acceleration economy development as the core advanced technique of manufacture, enhances the comprehensive national strength and the national status important way.  The numerical control technology is carries on the control with the numerical information to the mechanical movement and the work process the technology, the numerical control equipment is take the numerical control technology as representative's new technology the integration of machinery product which forms to the traditional manufacture industry and the emerging manufacturing industry seepage, namely so-called digitized equipment, its technical scope cover very many domains: (1) machine manufacture technology； (2) information processing, processing, transmission technology； (3) automatic control technology； (4) servo actuates the technology； (5) sensor technology； (6) software technology and so on. 1 Development trend of a numerical control technology  The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equiping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus .   A high-speed , high finish machining technology and new trend equipped  The efficiency , quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed , high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP ) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.  In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of； In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles , walls . Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equiping the demand which has proposed high-speed , high precise and high flexibility.  1.2  Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes  Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged , the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds , is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.  At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks . So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5 ).  At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle , make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls . Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.  1.2 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently , openly , networkedlily  The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process q uality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically； Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feed forward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically automatically； The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.； There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.  1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard , normal setting-up  1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system  As noted previously, there are better common ability , flexibility , adaptability , expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. , European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.  1.4.2 About the numerical control standard  The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system , can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products , thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.  2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country  The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period " , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domestration arising tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the " Ninth Five-Year Plan Period " on the later stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period " of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage , made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for " the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular ).  3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country  3.1 Strategic consideration  Our country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try one's best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advancedly, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and " leave the core spaces ". We regard resource, environment, market as the cost, it is only an international " machining center " in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and " assemble the centre ", but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.  We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society； Secondly seen from national defence security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.  3.2 Development tactics  Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equiping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equiping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump  development of the equiping industry as the content of research and development.  Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe , digitized machinery of model , key industry key equipment ,etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability ； Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale ； Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up one's head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.  In equiping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard " drawing, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.  Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country , sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry.                                           數(shù)控技術(shù)和裝備發(fā)展趨勢及對策      裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度，數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)（如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)）的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過“各種經(jīng)濟(jì)時代的區(qū)別，不在于生產(chǎn)什么，而在于怎樣生產(chǎn)，用什么勞動資料生產(chǎn)”。制造 技術(shù)和裝備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料，而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當(dāng)今先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當(dāng)今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù)，以提高制造能力和水平，提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資，不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)，而且在“高精尖”數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政策?？傊?，大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家加速經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。  數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機(jī)械運 動和工作過程進(jìn)行控制的技術(shù)，數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備，其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域： (1)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)；(2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù)； (3)自動控制技術(shù)； (4)伺服驅(qū)動技術(shù)； (5)傳感器技術(shù)； (6)軟件技術(shù)等。  1 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢  數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化，使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征，而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大，他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè)（ IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等）的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作 用，因為這些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看，其主要研究熱點有以下幾個方面 1 4。  1.1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢  效率、質(zhì)量是先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率，提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次，縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為 5 大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一，國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會（ CIRP）將其確定為21 世紀(jì)的中心研究方向之一。  在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，年產(chǎn) 30 萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是 40秒 /輛，而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重 點問題之一；在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋，剛度很差，材料為鋁或鋁合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下，才能對這些筋、壁進(jìn)行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料“掏空”的方法來制造機(jī)翼、機(jī)身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝，使構(gòu)件的強(qiáng)度、剛度和可靠性得到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。  1.2  5 軸聯(lián)動加工和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床快速發(fā)展  采用 5 軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進(jìn)行切削，不僅光潔度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般 認(rèn)為， 1 臺 5 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的效率可以等于2 臺 3 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床，特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進(jìn)行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時， 5 軸聯(lián)動加工可比 3 軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因 5 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因，其價格要比 3 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機(jī)床高出數(shù)倍，加之編程技術(shù)難度較大，制約了 5 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床的發(fā)展。  當(dāng)前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn)，使得實現(xiàn) 5 軸聯(lián)動加工的復(fù)合主軸頭結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡化，其制造難度和成本大幅度降低，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的價格差距縮小。因此促進(jìn)了復(fù)合主軸頭類型 5 軸聯(lián)動機(jī)床和復(fù)合加工機(jī)床（含 5 面加工機(jī)床）的發(fā)展。  在 EMO2001 展會上， 新日本工機(jī)的 5 面加工機(jī)床采用復(fù)合主軸頭，可實現(xiàn) 4個垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得 5 面加工和 5 軸加工可在同一臺機(jī)床上實現(xiàn)，還可實現(xiàn)傾斜面和倒錐孔的加工。德國 DMG 公司展出 DMUVoution 系列加工中心，可在一次裝夾下 5 面加工和 5 軸聯(lián)動加工，可由 CNC 系統(tǒng)控制或CAD/CAM 直接或間接控制。  1.3 智能化、開放式、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為當(dāng)代數(shù)控系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的主要趨勢  21 世紀(jì)的數(shù)控裝