有關(guān)管理專業(yè)方面的文獻(xiàn)翻譯

1 重 慶 理 工 大 學(xué) 文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯 二級學(xué)院 管理學(xué)院 譯 文 要 求 1、譯文內(nèi)容必須與課題（或?qū)I(yè)）內(nèi)容相關(guān)，并需注明詳細(xì)出處。 2、外文翻譯譯文不少于 2000 字；外文參考資料閱讀量至少 3 篇（相當(dāng) 2 于 10 萬外文字符以上）。 3、譯文原文（或復(fù)印件）應(yīng)附在譯文后備查。 譯 文 評 閱 導(dǎo)師評語 （應(yīng)根據(jù)學(xué)校“譯文要求”，對學(xué)生外文翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性、翻譯數(shù)量以及譯文的文字表述情況等作具體的評價(jià)） （要求手寫） 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日 關(guān)于當(dāng)前中國城市社區(qū)管理現(xiàn)狀的研究 摘要 :當(dāng) 中國城市社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)入 某一 階段 時(shí)， 積極推進(jìn)社區(qū)管理是一個(gè)不可避免的要求。目前 ,中國的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì) 正處于 全面發(fā)展 的時(shí)期 ,在城市社區(qū)的管理 方面 仍 不完善，有些問題 急需 解決。 本文 通過分析 中國城市社區(qū)管理當(dāng)前 所面 臨的 一些 問題 ,并 提出有關(guān)相應(yīng)的 對策以加強(qiáng)和完善 中國的 城市社區(qū)管理。 對中國城市社區(qū)管理實(shí)踐的層面 3 而言，這些建議 有一定的參考價(jià)值 。 關(guān)鍵詞： 社區(qū)，城市社區(qū)管理，對策 一、 引言 社區(qū)作為城市的一個(gè)基層組織，是城市的一個(gè)重要組成部分。隨著中國市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的快速發(fā)展和進(jìn)一步的深化改革，社區(qū)作為一個(gè)社會(huì)自治的基層組織，其獨(dú)特的社會(huì)功能和作用也越來越明顯。 社區(qū)管理 作為 城市管理的基 石，在 充分發(fā)揮社區(qū)群眾的力量 ,推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)共同進(jìn)步 方面 起著十分重要和不可替代的 作用。完善的社區(qū)管理也有助于 構(gòu)建和諧舒適的 生活 氣氛 ，進(jìn)一步 提高 人們的 生活 水平和 質(zhì)量 。 因此，通過提高社區(qū)管理水平來加強(qiáng)和改善城市的現(xiàn)代化管理，正日益成為一個(gè)重要的手段。 自從中國改革開放以來 ,社區(qū)管理越來越受到重視和關(guān)注，已經(jīng)是城市現(xiàn)代化管理的一個(gè)基本特征。 因此 ,在進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)城市現(xiàn)代化的過程中，我們必須積極轉(zhuǎn)變中心城市的管理方式，依照城市和地區(qū)的現(xiàn)代化水平分解城市管理的一些功能，通過社區(qū)管理這個(gè)平臺(tái)來提高城市的現(xiàn)代化管理水平。 所以 ， 如何改革舊的城市社區(qū)管理體制 ,建立一個(gè)新型的社區(qū)管理系統(tǒng)以滿足社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要 ,使社區(qū)充分發(fā)揮其特有的社會(huì)功能對于城市的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展 ,已 經(jīng)成為一項(xiàng)緊迫的任務(wù) 。 二、 當(dāng)前中國城市社區(qū)管理中存在的主要問題 目前 ,中國城市社區(qū)管理體制的改革 ,已經(jīng)有了初步效果。但從構(gòu)建新型社區(qū)管理系統(tǒng)的實(shí)踐中 ,我們?nèi)匀豢梢园l(fā)現(xiàn)一些存在于城市社區(qū)管理中的問題。 它們主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面： （ 1） 隨著“單位制”的消失，大量的城市工人和居民逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤吧鐣?huì)人”或者成為自由職業(yè)者加強(qiáng)了城市的流動(dòng)性。源自四面八方不斷增加的人口，使城市的人口結(jié)構(gòu)越來越復(fù)雜，從而導(dǎo)致社區(qū)管理也越來越困難。 （ 2） 失業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所帶來的自由就業(yè)導(dǎo)致的事實(shí)是 ： 在某些社區(qū) ，“ 貧窮階層 ” 是不斷出現(xiàn)和擴(kuò)大。 他們的社會(huì)保障 和 福利 ，例如 失業(yè)補(bǔ)償、醫(yī)療 津貼、 貧困家庭的兒童 教育 和社會(huì) 撫恤金 不能 得到有效地 保證。 （ 3） 市民參與社區(qū)管理的意識(shí)不足 。尤其缺乏 關(guān)于 社區(qū)建設(shè) 的理解。在社區(qū)日常事務(wù)的管理方面，參與度也不足。 4 （ 4） 社區(qū)管理的職能分工模糊。從橫向?qū)用婧涂v向?qū)用娴慕嵌瓤?，社區(qū)管理中存在著工作的不協(xié)調(diào)性?；鶎由鐓^(qū)組織的主體是相關(guān)的行政管理部門。他們把自己的精力和物質(zhì)資源都投入到各自的工作中，但卻不能相互合作和相互協(xié)調(diào)，從而導(dǎo)致管理力度的分散。 （ 5） 由于管理體制等各方面的原因， 社區(qū)居民委員 總是在 政府部門 的護(hù)航下，完善 自 身 的 建設(shè)和開展他們的工作 。因此，城市社區(qū) 要實(shí)現(xiàn)真正的自治， 仍然 會(huì) 有很長 很艱難的 路 要走 。 （ 6） 社會(huì)公共管理和服務(wù) 的作用并未 在日常生活中 充分發(fā)揮 出來 ，加上 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 發(fā)展的不健全， 沒有形成一個(gè)完整的體系。 社區(qū)管理 普遍存在著服務(wù)功能劣質(zhì)、地址布局不合理和不便于民的問題。 上述提及的一些問題已經(jīng)變成中國城市社區(qū)管理發(fā)展的障礙了。 三、 中國城市社區(qū)管理發(fā)展的對策 中央政府已經(jīng)為城市社區(qū)管理設(shè)定了相應(yīng)的目標(biāo)。要求如下： （ 1） 符合城市現(xiàn)代化的需要，加強(qiáng)社區(qū)黨的建設(shè)和居民自治組織的建設(shè)，基于情感的歸屬，構(gòu)建新的社區(qū)組 織體系。 （ 2） 為了滿足社區(qū)居民日益增長的物質(zhì)文化需要，以社區(qū)服務(wù)的擴(kuò)展為突破點(diǎn)，促進(jìn)社區(qū)服務(wù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化和現(xiàn)代化。 （ 3） 從根本上改革城市管理體制，建立符合社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的社區(qū)管理體制和運(yùn)行機(jī)制。 （ 4） 堅(jiān)持政府的指導(dǎo)和 公民 參與 的結(jié)合， 充分發(fā)揮社區(qū)的力量 ，合理分配 社區(qū)資源 ， 提高整個(gè)社區(qū)居民 的素質(zhì) 和社區(qū)的文明程度。與此同時(shí) ， 努力構(gòu)建新型現(xiàn)代化的社區(qū)。 為了達(dá)到 上述目標(biāo)的要求 ，提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議來解決中國城市社區(qū)管理發(fā)展過程中的相關(guān)的問題： 3.1嚴(yán)格依據(jù)民主的原則管理社區(qū) 建立最高權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu) 社區(qū)成員的代表 大會(huì)，它的成員有社區(qū)所有居民選舉產(chǎn)生。它是一個(gè)決策機(jī)構(gòu)，有權(quán)處理社區(qū)的重大事件，有決策和監(jiān)督的職能。 通過自薦或者民主推薦，選舉產(chǎn)生主席和社區(qū)居民委員會(huì)的成員。社區(qū)居民委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)管理社區(qū)具體事務(wù)，并受到社區(qū)成員代表大會(huì)的監(jiān)督。而社區(qū)的協(xié)商組織機(jī)構(gòu) 是由著名的人 5 物 ,全國人民代表大會(huì)、中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議全國委員會(huì)的成員 ,社區(qū)的 代表單位和居民 組成的 。通過談判議程， 民主監(jiān)督 ， 提出意見和建議，它能影響重大決策和管理活動(dòng) ； 另外， 社區(qū)也 應(yīng)該 設(shè)置一些詳細(xì) 的規(guī)章制度 來保障 處理事務(wù) 的 公開 性 、服務(wù) 的可信性 、 公眾的支持度 等等。當(dāng)條件 成熟的時(shí)候 ， 社區(qū)自治規(guī)則也應(yīng)該保證社區(qū)依法自治 的 健康運(yùn)行。 3.2完善社區(qū)組織管理的法律體系 （ 1） 建立 具有 法人資格的機(jī)構(gòu) ,比如 按照法律法規(guī)成立的 社區(qū)管理委員會(huì) ，并 給與 它相應(yīng)的權(quán)利和義務(wù) ,明確劃分它的行為與政府的界限。 （ 2） 通過法律法規(guī)成立 各種各樣的委員會(huì)或社區(qū)的行政機(jī)構(gòu) ,為了讓 社區(qū)充分發(fā)揮其有效作用 ， 使相應(yīng)的功能性組織行使權(quán)管理、檢查、監(jiān)督、懲罰 的權(quán)力。 （ 3）設(shè)置相應(yīng)組織的最大權(quán)限，通過法規(guī)使社區(qū)的各種組織相互牽制，并建工作的內(nèi)部和外部的監(jiān)控體系以確保維護(hù)大多數(shù)居民的利益。 3.3 提高居民的自我管理意識(shí) 的方法 政府應(yīng)該尊重 像居民委員會(huì)這樣的具有 法律 地位的 基層自治組織 ， 支持和保 障 居民他們的自治活動(dòng) 權(quán)力 ,引導(dǎo) 代表居民 討論 社區(qū)居民關(guān)心的 主題 ,并 加強(qiáng)民主決策的權(quán)利。 關(guān)于住宅區(qū)的建設(shè)等重大問題， 應(yīng)該提交給居民委員會(huì)或居民會(huì)議 進(jìn)行 討論 和執(zhí)行實(shí)施 。此外 ,政府應(yīng)該提高和加強(qiáng)社區(qū)的 職責(zé)，并逐漸將這些職責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)移給社區(qū) 。這不僅 能 增強(qiáng) 社區(qū)成員對社區(qū)事務(wù)的 注意力 程度，也能 減少 政府 不必要的負(fù)擔(dān)。 3.4積極促進(jìn)社會(huì)福利的社會(huì)化和培養(yǎng)社區(qū)的服務(wù)行業(yè) （ 1） 實(shí)現(xiàn)投資主體的多元化。采取國家 ,集體和個(gè)人 的 多渠道 投資 ,建立 一套擁有多種所有權(quán)形式的發(fā)展模 式。 （ 2） 實(shí)現(xiàn)服務(wù)對象 的公共化 。社區(qū)服務(wù) 行業(yè) 應(yīng)該面對所有社區(qū)居民和 不斷地 擴(kuò)大服務(wù)領(lǐng)域 ,服務(wù)范圍和覆蓋率。 （ 3） 實(shí)現(xiàn)多樣化的服務(wù)方法。以一個(gè)更具成本效益的方式開發(fā)服務(wù)設(shè)施和社區(qū)福利的網(wǎng)站 ,建立社區(qū)福利服務(wù)體系以滿足社區(qū)居民的多樣化需求。 3.5加強(qiáng)社區(qū)管理的人員隊(duì)伍建設(shè)以滿足城市現(xiàn)代化的需要 在城市社區(qū)的建設(shè)和管理 中， 人是最關(guān)鍵的 因 素。因此 ， 在推進(jìn) 城市社區(qū)管理 改革和 構(gòu)建 城市社區(qū)的管理模式 的過程中， 管理團(tuán)隊(duì)的建設(shè)是至關(guān)重要的。目前 ， 城市社區(qū)的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)與現(xiàn)代化的城市發(fā)展需求仍有 很 大的差距 。主要表現(xiàn)在以下 幾個(gè)方面 ： 年齡結(jié)構(gòu)、文化結(jié)構(gòu)、思想品質(zhì)、服務(wù)和協(xié)調(diào)的能力等。因此 ， 為了提高他們的 6 整體素質(zhì) ， 一方面 ， 要加強(qiáng) 現(xiàn)有管理人員的 專業(yè)培訓(xùn) ； 而另一方面 ， 我們 也可以通過引進(jìn)人才來 調(diào)整社區(qū)管理團(tuán)隊(duì) ，從而 確保社區(qū)管理 與城市的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相符合 。 四、結(jié)論 伴隨著 中國 整個(gè)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì) 的 穩(wěn)步發(fā)展 ,城市的現(xiàn)代化水平不斷提高。 根據(jù)民主原則， 城市社區(qū)的管理 在政府在采取 綜合協(xié)調(diào) 的基礎(chǔ)上，會(huì)逐漸形成 一 種 自助和自我管理 的 模式。這 種模式在未來的中國城市社區(qū)管理 將是一個(gè)必然的發(fā)展趨勢。 參考文獻(xiàn) 1 Study on Current Situation of Chinas Urban Community Management,Baoding, P.R.China,2005 International Conference on Public Administration 2Facilitating Community, Enabling Democracy: New Roles for Local Government Managers .John Nalbandian.Public Administration Review.Vol. 59, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1999), pp. 187-197 3David. H. The Future Role and Organization of Local Government. Birmingham: The Institute of Birmingham University, 1986: 89-90 4Mite Ethicon. The Spirit of Community: Rights, Responsibilities, and the Communitarian Agenda. New York: Crown Publishers Inc, 1993: 77-79 5Urban Aging Community Building Problems, Causes and Countermeasures: A Case Study of Beibei District, Chongqing, China,2011 International Conference on Public Administration Study on Current Situation of Chinas Urban Community Management Abstract :It is an inevitable demand for actively advancing community 7 management when Chinas urban social economy enters certain stage. At present, while Chinas social economy is all-round developing, there are still some urgent problems to be solved in urban communitys management. Based on the analysis of current problems faced by Chinas urban communities, this paper proposes some relevant countermeasures in order to strengthen and perfect the urban community management in China. The suggestions may be of certain reference value to the urban community management practice in China. Key words : Community, Urban community management, Countermeasure 1 Introduction A community is a cell and an important component of the city. With further deepening of the reform of urban economic system and the fast development of market economy of China, community, as a social autonomy organization at the basic level, its unique social function is becoming more and more prominent. Community management, the foundation of city management, plays an extremely important and irreplaceable function to give full play to the strength of the community masses, advancing the economic society to progress together, building harmonious and comfortable atmosphere and raising life quality of the people undoubtedly. Hence, the strengthening of urban modernization management that relies on community management is becoming an important means to improve the level of urban 8 modernization management. Since Chinas reform and opening-up, the community management was being more and more regarded as the important and basic characteristic of urban modernization management. So,we must shift down the center of city management progressively while continuing advancing city modernization, separate some functions of city management from city and district level in order to raise the level of modernization management of cities based on community management. So how to reform the old urban community management system and set up a new-type community management system in order to meet the developing needs of social economy and make the community give full play to its peculiar social function and establish a solid foundation for the further development of the cities, has already become an urgent task presently. 2 Main problems existed in current urban community management of China At present, the reform of urban community management system of China has already had preliminary effect, but from the practice of constructing new-type community management system, we could still find some problems in urban community management. They are mainly shown in the following aspects: (1) As system of unit fades, large quantities of urban workers or residents have already been transited to social people or freemen and the 9 urban mobility is strengthened, the population from other places increases, the urban population structure is more and more complicated and the difficulty of community management is increased day by day. (2) The risk of unemployment brought by free employment led to the fact that in some communities, “under-privileged stratum” is appearing and expanding constantly. Their social security and social welfares like unemployment compensation, medical treatment subsidiary, aids for education of poor familys children and social pension could not be assured efficiently. (3) Peoples consciousness of community is faint. They especially lack the understanding of community building and it is still insufficient for them to participate in the communitys affairs. (4) Functional demand is unclear in community management and it has caused incongruous work both on horizontal and vertical level. Communities at the basic level are directed by relevant administrative departments. They put their energy and material resources into their own work only but fail to cooperate and coordinate with each other. Therefore, it has led to the scattering of strength. (5) Community resident committees still have the tendency of administration in their self-building and carrying out of their work, so there is still a long way for them to go to be real autonomy. (6) The functions of social public management and public service are not 10 given a full play and the infrastructure does not form a complete set. The problems of inferior service function, the unreasonable overall arrangement in the site and incomplete handy service for the people still exist generally. Some above-mentioned problems have already become the obstacles for the development of urban community management of China. 3 Countermeasures for urban community management development of China The central government has set corresponding goals for urban community management as the follows. (1) Meeting the needs of urban modernization, strengthening the construction of party and residents autonomy organizations in communities, setting up new-type communities based on an emotion tie and structuring a new community organization system； (2) Regarding the community service expansion as the tap, promoting community service networking and industrialization in order to satisfy the increasing material and culture demands of community residents constantly； (3) Reforming urban management system at the basic level, setting up the community management system and operating mechanism in conformity with socialist market economy system； (4) Insisting the combination of governments guidance and participation of the society, giving full play to communitys strength, disposing community resources rationally, improving the whole quality of the community residents 11 and civilization degree of the community. Meanwhile, making great efforts to build the new-type modernized community. At the request of above-mentioned goals, suggestions should be put forward to some relevant problems of the development of urban community management in China: 3.1 Operating community according to the principle of democratic autonomy strictly Establish the highest authority- communitys members representative assembly which is elected directly by all residents of the community. It is a policy-making body of dealing with communitys great affairs and has the decision and supervision function. Produce the director and members of resident committee of the community by representative assembly via self-recommendation, democratic recommendation. The resident committee of the community is the organization which carries out communitys concrete affairs , responsible for and supervised by the communitys members representative assembly； Set up consultative organization of the community which is made up by the well-known figures , deputies to the National Peoples Congress , members of the CPPCC National Committee , representatives of units and residents in the community.It could influence the great decisions and management activities through negotiation agenda, democratic supervision and putting forward the opinions and suggestions； In addition, the community should set up and amplify such several rules and 12 regulations as handling affairs publicly, service promise, examining appraisal through discussion, etc. When the condition is ripe, community autonomy rules should also be made so as to ensure the healthy operation of the community autonomy according to the law. 3.2 Perfect the legal system of communitys organizational management (1) Establish the status of legal person of newly-set-up decision organization like community management committee in the form of law and give it corresponding rights and obligations and delimit a boundary line between the behaviors of it and the government. (2) Provide all kinds of committees or executive bodies of the community with certain power through the regulations and rules, make corresponding functional organizations exercise power of management, examination, supervision, punishment in order to make the community give full play to its effects efficiently. (3) Establish the limits of functions and powers, and inter-reaction of all kinds of organizations in the community through the regulations； and set up the internal and external supervisory system of working to every organization in order to uphold the interests of most residents. 3.3 Improve the consciousness of self management of community residents The government should respect the legal statuses of such grassroots autonomy organizations as the resident committees, support and ensure the 13 residents to launch their autonomy activities, lead representatives of residents to discuss the topics that the residents care about and enforce democratic decision-making rights. The important issues related to the construction of residential block should be submitted to resident committees or residents meetings to be discussed and carried out in the community. In addition, the government should increase and strengthen the communitys functions and transfer the functions that could be grasped by the communities to them gradually. This will not only strengthen the degree of attentiveness to communitys affairs of community members but also reduce unnecessary burden of the government. 3.4Promote the socialization of community welfare actively and develop the service trade of the community (1) Implement the pluralism of investment subject. Take multi-channel of investment of the country, collective and personal and set up a development pattern of ownership form of many kinds. (2) Implement the public of the service object. The community service trade should face all community residents and expand the service field, the service range and coverage rate constantly. (3) Implement the diversification of serving method. Develop the service facility and site of community welfare in a more cost-effective manner and set up the service system of community welfare to meet the multi-levelly, diversified demands of community residents. 14 3.5 Strengthen the building of contingent of communitys management to meet the need of citys modernization In urban communitys construction and management, people are the most crucial element. So, during the process of advancing the reform of the urban community management and structur