遼寧省營口市高考英語 閱讀理解、短文填單詞類訓(xùn)練題（7）.doc

遼寧營口市2014高考英語閱讀理解、短文填單詞類訓(xùn)練題（7）及答案閱讀下列短文，按要求完成讀寫任務(wù)(江蘇卷)usually，when your teacher asks a question，there is only one correct answer.but there is one question that has millions of correct answers.that question is “whats your name？” everyone gives a different answer，but everyone is correct.have you ever wondered about peoples names？where do they come from？what do they mean?peoples first names，or given names，are chosen by their parents.sometimes the name of a grandparent or other member of the family is used.some parents choose the name of a wellknown person.a boy could be named george washington smith；a girl could be named helen keller jones.some people give their children names that mean good things.clara means “bright”；beatrice means “one who gives happiness”；donald means “world ruler”；leonard means “as brave as a lion”the earliest last names，or surnames，were taken from place names.a family with the name brook or brooks probably lived near brook(小溪)；someone who was called longstreet probably lived on a long，paved road.the greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.other early surnames came from peoples occupations.the most common occupational name is smith，which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals.in the past，smiths were very important workers in every town and village.some other occupational names are：carter a person who owned or drove a cart；pottera person who made pots and pans.the ancestors of the baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village.the carpenters greatgreatgreatgrandfather probably built houses and furniture.sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin，or their size，or their special abilities.when there were two men who were named john in the same village，the john with the gray hair probably became john gray.or the john was very tall could call himself john tallman.john fish was probably an excellent swimmer and john lightfoot was probably a fast runner or a good dancer.some family names were made by adding something to the fathers name.englishspeaking people added s or son.the johnsons are descendants of john；the roberts familys ancestor was robert.irish and scottish people added mac or mc or operhaps all of the macdonnells and the mcdonnells and the odonnells are descendants of the same donnell.以約30詞概括文章大意_.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案1which of the following aspects do the surnames in the passage not cover?aplaces where people lived.bpeoples characters.ctalents that people possessed.dpeoples occupations.2according to the passage，the ancestors of the potter family most probably _.aowned or drove a cartbmade things with metalscmade kitchen tools or containsdbuilt houses and furniture3suppose an english couple whose ancestors lived near a leafy forest wanted their newborn son to become a world leader，the baby might be named _.abeatrice smithbleonard cartercgeorge longstreet ddonald greenwood4the underlined word “descendants” in the last paragraph means a persons _.alater generations bfriends and relativesccolleagues and partners dlater sponsors參考答案【部分】peoples first names usually have special meanings and their last names always have something to do with their occupations，the places where they live，their ancestors or even their appearance.(30 words)【部分】1b2解析：從potter答案：c3解析：從donald答案：d4解析：詞義推測題。由some family names were made by adding something to the fathers name.englishspeaking people addedsson答案：a*結(jié)束【閱讀文章簡答題】解題步驟一、瀏覽試題，畫出試題關(guān)鍵詞通過讀題，畫出題目所需信息的關(guān)鍵詞，一可預(yù)測文章內(nèi)容，二便于在閱讀文章時(shí)有的放矢地查讀有效信息，節(jié)省閱讀時(shí)間。可結(jié)合四個(gè)小題所涉及的內(nèi)容來預(yù)測文章內(nèi)容，如此帶著預(yù)測，再結(jié)合尋找問題關(guān)鍵詞的目的去閱讀，自然就提高了閱讀效率。二、帶著問題速讀文章，根據(jù)試題關(guān)鍵詞定位答題信息在瀏覽試題、預(yù)測文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上速讀文章，其主要目的是為了找到答題所需信息，而所需信息肯定與試題關(guān)鍵詞有關(guān)，故可采用略讀閱讀法，即：緊扣關(guān)鍵詞，瀏覽全文，找出信息句。閱讀時(shí)，與關(guān)鍵詞無關(guān)的句子或段落要速讀，而與關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)處要細(xì)讀，因?yàn)樵囶}關(guān)鍵詞處不僅僅是答題的關(guān)鍵之處，也是揭示全文主題所在。三、推敲理解信息句，遣詞組句答問題做好閱讀簡答題此步是關(guān)鍵。因?yàn)槭茉~數(shù)限制，不能全部用原文信息句作答，而要深層次地推敲理解信息句，提煉概括出有針對(duì)性的語句作答。其主要方法有三：一是采用轉(zhuǎn)換詞性，采用代詞、單詞代短語，語句轉(zhuǎn)換，提煉主要信息舍棄次要信息等方法精簡語句；二是用概括性的語句歸納信息句；三是采用文章上下文中的有關(guān)提示語或信息句中的關(guān)鍵詞作答，即：盡量用短文中出現(xiàn)的詞組或短語，句子的用詞也應(yīng)以短文中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞為先。若必須要用自己的語言組織表達(dá)時(shí)，則要注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)的精煉、完整和時(shí)態(tài)的正確。【閱讀文章簡答題】解題技巧一、詞匯語義題 詞匯語義題目的在于考查考生轉(zhuǎn)述(paraphrase)或解釋(explain)某個(gè)詞或短語在特定場合下的特定含義的能力。其出題方式為：find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “.”重點(diǎn)考查動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞等實(shí)詞或動(dòng)詞短語?；卮鹪擃}時(shí)所用詞必須與問題中的原詞在詞性和詞的形式上均一致，如，要么都是動(dòng)詞，且都為動(dòng)詞過去式或動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞形式；要么都是名詞，且都用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。 解題時(shí)，要找出原詞在文章中的同義詞或近義代換詞，一要注意理解原詞在所在句的邏輯意義，如，解釋什么與什么之間的關(guān)系，修飾什么事物等；二要注意破折號(hào)、同位語從句、定語從句、插入語等具有解釋、說明作用的語言成分，以此推敲猜測原詞的意義，借此幫助尋找文中的代換詞。例如：2007年湖南高考英語卷第73題：find in the passage a word closest in meaning to the underlined word “angling”分析畫線詞所在句“it has drifted across the canadian arctic and is now angling toward siberia.”可知，angling在此陳述北磁極的現(xiàn)狀，說明北磁極與西伯利亞之間的關(guān)系，即：北磁極正朝西伯利亞方向“angling”。借此分析給予的提示，不難找到信息句“the north magnetic pole is moving due to natural changes in the earths magnetic field”和“the pole has been migrating at an average speed of about 10 kilometers per year”。由此推斷，angling意為“moving/migrating”。二、細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)問題 這類題所占比重最大，以how，what，why提問的問題為主。一般說來考生在文章中找到答案出處并不太難，難的是如何處理、轉(zhuǎn)換信息，從而歸納出問題的答案。因?yàn)楹喆痤}要求考生既要用最簡短的語言，又不能原封不動(dòng)地照搬原文的整句話。此外，在回答細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，一定要注意提問方式和答案的協(xié)調(diào)性。不同類型的問題要求有不同形式的回答，不能僅僅為了答案的簡潔而忽略了問題與回答在形式上的對(duì)應(yīng)。例如：就目的提問，就應(yīng)該用表示目的的用語作答，例如使用for短語、不定式短語；就原因提問，答案就應(yīng)當(dāng)用because of短語或 because從句，也可用不定式短語作答；就事件的可能性提問，答案通常用簡短而完整的簡單句；提問詞是what，多用名詞或名詞性短語、名詞性從句來回答，提問詞是how，則多用“by doing sth./by means of sth.”的形式回答。例如：2009年湖南高考英語卷第73題：what did grandfather do in hersheys factory？(回答詞數(shù)不超過12個(gè))是就事件的可能性提問，故可用簡單句作答為：he pushed the vats of warm chocolate to a storage area.2008年湖南高考英語卷第73題：what kind of tools are the sculptors not permitted to use？(回答詞數(shù)不超過6個(gè))根據(jù)第二段的有效信息句“the sculptors bring out their favorite tools that work best on hard iced snow，but they are not allowed to employ tools that use electricity.”用名詞性短語作答為：the tools that use electricity.2010年湖南高考英語卷第81題：what reaction does linda imagine the children will have？(no more than 5 words)，根據(jù)第一段 “l(fā)inda wakes up，and tries to imagine the wideeyed surprise of children in another household as they unwrap the presents she carefully chose for them.”可用簡單句作答為：they will feel greatly surprised。2011湖南高考英語卷第83題：what excuses did the author keep giving herself to stop？(no more than 9 words)，可根據(jù)第四段i kept giving myself the excuse to stop.no one would be disappointed.no one would even know.來確定答案為：no one would be disappointed or even know.2012年湖南高考英語卷第81題：why did the author apply everywhere that summer？(no more than 12 words)，根據(jù)第二段第二句“i wanted to save up money and buy my own car，so i applied everywhere i could that summer.”可知答案為：he wanted to save up money and buy his own car.湖南省2007年高考考試大綱英語科補(bǔ)充說明提供的閱讀簡答題樣題的75題：what is the villagers main purpose to rebuild their community？(回答詞數(shù)不超過6個(gè))。此題提問目的，可用不定式短語回答：to keep their culture alive./to save their way of life.三、主旨大意題 此類題常見的提問方式有：what is the main idea of the passage/text？what is the passage/text mainly about？what is the best title for this passage/text？回答這類題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住文章的主旨句。而文章的主旨句大多出現(xiàn)在三個(gè)位置：文章首句，一段末二段首轉(zhuǎn)折后的信息，文章末句。但考生應(yīng)注意不可照抄原句，而需重新歸納、組織、概括(有的只需稍作歸納或?qū)χ黝}句作適當(dāng)改寫即可)。主旨句為判斷句式，具有高度概括性。 其答案形式有兩種：簡單句式和詞組式(多為名詞詞組或動(dòng)詞詞組)。例如，2007年湖南高考英語卷第75題，全文主題句為首段中的“it has drifted across the canadian arctic and is now angling toward siberia.”，由下文語義邏輯關(guān)系可以推斷angling即為“移動(dòng)”之意，再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容稍加歸納，可以判斷答案為：the north magnetic pole is moving faster.答題形式為簡單句式。再如：請(qǐng)根據(jù)某文首句“one thing britain is famous for is pubs，and no trip to the uk would be complete without a visit to one of the thousands of pubs across the country.”回答問題：“what is the best title of the passage？(回答詞數(shù)不超過5個(gè))”。問題明顯是主旨題，直接對(duì)應(yīng)首句，該句是由系動(dòng)詞is構(gòu)成的判斷句，具有高度概括性，告訴讀者整篇文章在圍繞英國的pub進(jìn)行論述，由此判斷最佳標(biāo)題為：pubs in the uk。答案形式為名詞詞組式。四、邏輯推理題 邏輯推理題旨在考查考生根據(jù)已知信息進(jìn)行合理推斷的邏輯思維能力，要求根據(jù)字面意思，通過語篇邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)暗示，推敲作者態(tài)度，理解文章寓意后再作回答。提問方式通常為：why.？what can be inferred/concluded from.? what is the authors attitude toward.？what does the author use the examples of.to show?邏輯推理題要求考生在理解整體語篇的基礎(chǔ)上，掌握文章的真正內(nèi)涵，進(jìn)行合理的推斷。具體地說，要注意：要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)；要對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，通過分析、綜合、判斷等，進(jìn)行深層處理，符合邏輯地推理；要忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推斷，切忌主觀臆想，憑空想象，隨意揣測；要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握作者的寫作思路。例如，2008年湖南高考閱讀簡答題的75小題：why did team usa win the competition in 2006？(回答詞數(shù)不超過15個(gè))。文章只是在倒數(shù)第二段提到美國隊(duì)在2006年冰雕錦標(biāo)賽上榮獲冠軍，但未直接提到獲獎(jiǎng)原因，而需考生作一定的邏輯思維推理：既然美國隊(duì)的冰雕作品能獲獎(jiǎng)，自然是因?yàn)樵u(píng)委們認(rèn)為他們的作品是最好的。評(píng)委們又是根據(jù)什么確認(rèn)他們的作品是最好的呢？自然就想到了評(píng)獎(jiǎng)細(xì)則。而文章第四段的“the judges then vote on creativity，technical skills，and visual impact of the designs.”就提到了評(píng)獎(jiǎng)細(xì)則。由此可判斷作答為：because its sculpture was judged the best for creativity，technical skills and visual impact.再如2009年湖南高考閱讀簡答題的74小題：why didnt hershey fire grandfather？(回答詞數(shù)不超過10個(gè))，文中沒有直接用一個(gè)句子說出我爺爺保住工作的原因，而是通過最后一段hershey所說的話“its not your fault，son.i need to watch where im going.”來暗示hershey沒有解雇我爺爺?shù)脑蚴且驗(yàn)樗庾R(shí)到錯(cuò)在自己而不是爺爺，由此可判斷作答為because he realized it was his own fault./because he realized it was not grandfathers fault/mistake.*結(jié)束【閱讀文章簡答題】(四)(2012湖南瀏陽一中模擬)you have often heard it said，“dont sweat the small stuff.” when it comes to unnecessary worry，everything is small stuff；however，when it comes to paying attention to details in your business or personal life，there are no small things.one of my favorite titles for a book is elephants dont bite，which describes how big things are rarely what you have to worry about.its the small details that trick us into making a mistake.elephants dont bite，but mosquitoes always do.think of your last good experience in a restaurant or on a flight.if you really examine what made this a good experience，you will discover that it was，quite likely，a series of small things or even one small extra detail.the unexpected kind greeting or warm “thank you” makes all the difference in the world.when i look at the list of my favorite restaurants，one of the details that will get an establishment on the list is to know and remember my name.the waiter or host may have simply checked the notebook before greeting me by name.however，it really doesnt matter as much that they know my name as it