外文翻譯--汽車的發(fā)展史

1 外文翻譯 Automobile history It is generally claimed that the first automobiles with gasoline powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously in 1886 by German inventors working independently: Carl Benz on 3 July 1886 in Mannheim, resp. Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart (also inventors of the first motor bike) and Austrian inventor Siegfried Marcus in Vienna. Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered； probably the most notable advances in steam power evolved in Birmingham, England by the Lunar Society. It was here that the term Horsepower was first used. It was in Birmingham also that the first four wheel petrol-driven automobiles were built in Britain in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester who also patented the disc brake in the city. Electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. In the United States, cars in the 1890s used ethanol, an alcohol fuel； petrol (called gasoline in the U.S. and Canada) and diesel engines were implemented later. Many U.S. farmers continued to make their own alcohol fuel in corn-alcohol stills until Prohibition criminalized the production of alcohol in 1919. Brazil is the only country which produces ethanol-running cars, since the late 1970s. Popularity Cugnots invention initially saw little application in his native France, and the center of innovation passed to Great Britain, where Richard Trevithick was running a steam-carriage in 1801. Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and improved speed and steering were developed. Some were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing laws that self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom must be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively killed road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century, as inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway 2 locomotives. The red flag law was not repealed until 1896. The many varieties of automobile racing collectively constitute one of the most popular categories of sport in the world. Today, the USA has more cars than any other nation. Though Japan is a leading nation in car manufacturing, the average Japanese citizen cannot afford the high costs of running a car in a country where parking space is scarce and fuel is very expensive. There are offers to get a new car for free or get paid to drive them in return for displaying advertisement on the cars, and hence only available to individuals of certain profiles. The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789； in 1804 Evans demonstrated his first successful self-propelled vehicle, which not only was the first automobile in the USA but was also the first amphibious vehicle, as his steam-powered vehicle was able to travel on wheels on land and via a paddle wheel in the water. About 1870 in Vienna, Siegfried Marcus put a gasoline engine on a simple handcart. On November 5, 1895, George B. Selden was granted a United States patent for a two-stroke automobile engine .This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the USA. A major breakthrough came with the historic drive of Berta Benz in 1888. Steam, electric, and gasoline powered autos competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. The large scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable automobiles was debuted by Oldsmobile in 1902, then greatly expanded by Henry Ford in the 1910s. Early automobiles were often referred to as horseless carriages, and did not stray far from the design of their predecessor. Through the period from 1900 to the mid 1920s, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to a huge (hundreds) number of small manufacturers all competing to gain the worlds attention. Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910-1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. By the 1930s, most of the technology used in automobiles had been invented, although it was often re-invented again at a later date and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by Andre Citron with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). After 1930, the number of 3 auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured. Since 1960, the number of manufacturers has remained virtually constant, and innovation slowed. For the most part, new automotive technology was a refinement on earlier work, though these refinements were sometimes so extensive as to render the original work nearly unrecognizable. The chief exception to this was electronic engine management, which entered into wide use in the 1960s, when electronic parts became cheap enough to be mass-produced and rugged enough to handle the harsh environment of an automobile. Developed by Bosch, these electronic systems have enabled automobiles to drastically reduce exhaust emissions while increasing efficiency and power. Model changeover and design change Cars are not merely continually perfected mechanical contrivances； since the 1920s nearly all have been mass-produced to meet a market, so marketing plans and manufacture to meet them have often dominated automobile design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one firm, so that buyers could move up as their fortunes improved. The makes shared parts with one another so that the larger production volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac； the LaSalle of the 1930s, sold by Cadillac, used the cheaper mechanical parts made by the Oldsmobile division. He also conceived of the notion of the yearly model change-over, which became a three-year cycle. In the second year of the cycle, the superficial appearance of the cars changed incidentally； for the third, major changes took place, e.g., the fender dies for the 1957 Chevrolet had to be modified to produce thin, pointed fins and squarish headlamp housings. In the next cycle, the doors, roof, trunk, and often the suspension would have to be redesigned. Factories and the yearly work schedule had to be specialized to accommodate these changeovers. Such a patterns became dominant for the Big Three automakers in the US, though European firms neither amalgamated nor could afford the changeover. After the 1950s, when American firms tackled the technical problems of high-compression V-8 engines, automatic transmissions, and air conditioners, investment shifted to meeting the market for non-technical matters. This was criticized as planned obsolescence, although by this it was 4 meant that the car would simply be made to go out of style rather than really being technically surpassed. For example, only those few American cars of the 1960s with front-wheel drive or a rear engine had a fully independent rear suspension because the Hotchkiss drive was cheaper, and people were used to it. Such malinvestment left American firms unprepared for the Oil Crisis of the 1970s and the rise of imported luxury cars in the 1980s. Regulation In almost every nation, laws have been enacted governing the operation of motor vehicles. Most of this legislation, including limits on allowable speed and other rules of the road, are designed to ensure the smooth flow of traffic and simultaneously protect the safety of vehicle occupants, cyclists, and pedestrians. In 1965, in California, legislation was introduced to regulate exhaust emissions, the first such legislation in the world. Answering this new interest in environmental and public safety issues, the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) both introduced legislation in 1968 which substantially altered the course of automotive development. Since the US market was the largest in the world (and California the largest market in the US), manufacturers worldwide were forced to adapt. For the first time, safety devices were mandatory, as were controls on harmful emissions. Prior to this legislation, even seat belts were considered extra-cost options by many manufacturers. Other countries followed by introducing their own safety and environmental legislation. In time, meeting regulations became the main challenge for the engineers designing new cars. In the decade from 1975 to 1985, the worlds manufacturers struggled to meet the new regulations, some producing substandard cars with reduced reliability as a result. However, by the end of this period, everyone had learned how to handle the newly regulated environment. The manufacturers discovered that safety and environmentalism sold cars, and some began introducing environmental and safety advances on their own initiative. Environmental improvements Among the first environmental advances are the so-called alternative fuels for the internal combustion engine, which have been around for many years. Early in automotive history, before gasoline was widely available at corner pumps, cars ran on many fuels, 5 including kerosene (paraffin) and coal gas. Alcohol fuels were used in racing cars before and just after World War II. Today, methanol and ethanol are used as petrol extenders in some countries, notably in Australia and the United States. In countries with warmer climates, such as Brazil, alcohol derived from sugar cane is often used as a substitute fuel. In many countries, plentiful supplies of natural gas have seen methane sold as compressed natural gas (CNG) and propane sold as liquified petroleum gas (LPG) alongside petrol and diesel fuels since the 1970s. While a standard automotive engine will run on these fuels with very low exhaust emissions, there are some performance differences, notably a loss of power due to the lower energy content of the alternative fuels. The need to equip filling stations and vehicles with pressurized vessels to hold these gaseous fuels and more stringent safety inspections, means that they are only economical when used for a long distance, or if there are installation incentives. They are most economical where petrol has high taxes and the alternative fuels do not. Alternative fuels and batteries With heavy taxes on fuel, particularly in Europe and tightening environmental laws, particularly in California, and the possibility of further restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions, work on alternative power systems for vehicles continues. Diesel-powered cars can run with little or no modification on 100% pure biodiesel, a fuel that can be made from vegetable oils. Many cars that currently use gasoline can run on ethanol, a fuel made from plant sugars. Most cars that are designed to run on gasoline are capable of running with 15% ethanol mixed in, and with a small amout of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. All petrol fueled cars can run on LPG. There has been some concern that the ethanol-gasoline mixtures prematurely wear down seals and gaskets. Further, the use of higher levels of alcohol require that the automobile carry/use twice as much. Therefore, if your vehicle is capable of 300 miles on a 15-gallon tank, the efficiency is reduced to approximately 150 miles. Of course, certain measures are available to increase this efficiency, such as different camshaft configurations, altering the timing/spark output of the ignition, or simply, using a larger fuel tank. Attempts at building viable battery-powered electric vehicles continued throughout the 1990s (notably General Motors with the EV1), but cost, speed and inadequate driving range 6 made them uneconomical. Battery powered cars have used lead-acid batteries which are greatly damaged in their recharge capacity if discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis and NiMH batteries. Current research and development is centered on hybrid vehicles that use both electric power and internal combustion. Other alternatives being explored, involve methane and hydrogen-burning vehicles using fuel cells, and even the stored energy of compressed air (see Air Engine). Safety Accidents seem as old as automobile vehicles themselves. Joseph Cugnot crashed his steam-powered Fardier against a wall in 1770. The first recorded automobile fatality was Bridget Driscoll on August 17, 1896 in London and the first in the United States was Henry Bliss on September 13, 1899 in New York City. Every year more than a million people are killed and about 50 million people are wounded in traffic (according to WHO estimates), either by crashing into something, or by being crashed into. Cars also cause innumerable injuries and deaths among millions of animals (see roadkill). Major factors in accidents include driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, inattentive driving, overtired driving, road hazards such as snow, potholes and animals, and reckless driving. Special safety features have been built into cars for years, some for the safety of cars occupants only, some for the safety of others. Cars have two basic safety problems: They have human drivers who make mistakes, and the wheels lose traction near a half gravity of deceleration. Automated control has been seriously proposed, and successfully prototyped. Shoulder-belted passengers could tolerate a 32G emergency stop (reducing the safe intervehicle gap 64-fold) if high-speed roads incorporated a steel rail for emergency braking. Both safety modifications of the roadway are thought to be too expensive by most funding authorities, although these modifications would dramatically increase the number of vehicles that could safely use a high-speed highway. Early safety research focused on increasing the reliability of brakes, and reducing the flammability of fuel systems. For example, modern engine compartments are open at the bottom so that fuel vapors, which are heavier than air, drain to the open air. Brakes are hydraulic so that failures are slow leaks, rather than an abrupt cable-parting. Systematic research on crash safety started in 1958 at Ford Motor Company. Since then, most research has focused on absorbing external crash energy with crushable panels, and reducing the 7 motion of human bodies in the passenger compartment. There are standard tests for safety in new automobiles, like the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests There are also tests run by organizations backed by the insurance industry . Despite technological advances, the death toll of car accidents remains high: about 40,000 people die every year in the US, a number which increases annually in line with rising population and increased travel (although the rate per capita and per mile travelled decreases steadily), with similar trends in Europe. The death toll is expected to nearly double worldwide by 2020. A much higher number of accidents result in injury or permanent disability. Automobile manufacture The automobile usually by the engine, the chassis, the automobile body, the electrical equipment four partial hosts becomes The engine function is causes for into fuel burning to send out the power. The majority automobile all uses the reciprocation internal-combustion reciprocating engine, it generally is by the organism, the crank link motion gear, the carburetor construction, the supplies is, Cooling system, Lubrication system, Ignition system (gasoline engine uses), Starting system and so on partially is composed. The chassis accepts the engine the power, causes the automobile to have the movement, and guarantee automobile according to pilots operation normal speed. The chassis by following partially is composed： Transmission system bequeaths the engine power actuates the wheel. Transmission system including part and so on coupling, transmission gearbox, drive shaft, driving axle The travel is each always becomes the automobile and the part company becomes an individual and plays the supporting role to the entire vehicle, guarantees the automobile normal speed. The travel is including the frame, Front Axis, the driving axle shell, the wheel (changes wheel and actuation wheel), hanging Frame (front hanging Frame and latter hanging Frame) and so on the part Revolves Direction system guaranteed the automobile can defer to the direction travel which the pilot chooses, is composed by the belt steering wheel diverter and the steering drive. Applies the brake to equip causes the automobile to decelerate or to stop, after and guaranteed the pilot departs the automobile to be able reliably stop. Each automobile applies 8 the brake the equipment all to include certain mutually independent braking system, each braking system all by energizes the installment, the control device, the transmission device and the brake is composed. The automobile body is a place which the pilot works, also is loads the passenger and the cargo place. The automobile body should provide the convenience for the pilot the operating condition, as well as provides the comfortable safe and secure environment for the passenger or the guarantee cargo is perfect. Typical freight vehicle automobile body including vehicle in front of part and so on workpiece, cab, compartment. The electrical equipment by the power pack, the engine starting system and Ignition system, the automobile illumination and the signaller and so on is composed. In addition, more and more installs on the modern automobile with each kind of electronic installation: The microprocessor, the central computer system and each kind of artificial intelligence installment and so on, remarkably enhanced the automobile performance In order to satisfy the different operation requirements, the automobile overall structure and the arrangement pattern may be different. And each always becomes the relative position according to the engine the difference, the modern automobile arrangement pattern usually has the following several kinds The engine postpositioned rear wheel drive (RR) - is at present is big, the medium passenger train is in vogue with the arrangement pattern, has reduces the room internal noise, is advantageous to merit and so on automobile body interior arrangement. The minority miniature popularization passenger vehicle also uses this kind of pattern In the engine sets at the rear wheel drive (MR) - is the arrangement pattern which the present majority Movement Pattern passenger vehicle and the formula car uses. Because these vehicle types all use the power and the size very big engine, engine arrangement in front of pilots seat and rear axle of car is advantageous to obtains best axis Holland to assign and to enhance the automobile the performance. In addition, certain is big, the medium passenger train also uses this kind of arrangement pattern, the horizontal engine which provides installs in the underfloor. The entire wheel actuation (nWD) - is the cross-country vehicle unique pattern, usual engine pretage, has the transfer case in the transmission gearbox breech loading in order to separately transports the power to the complete wheel on. 譯文 9 汽車的發(fā)展史 它一般被要求 1886 年 , 第一汽車與汽油供給動力的內燃機幾乎同時被完成了由German 發(fā)明者獨立地服務 : 卡爾苯在 1886 年 7 月 3 日在曼海姆 , resp 。 Gottlieb Daimler 和 Wilhelm Maybach 在斯圖加特 (還發(fā)明者第一馬達自行車 ) 并且奧地利發(fā)明者 Siegfried Marcus 在維也納。 供給蒸汽動力的自走車構想了在 18 世紀晚期。 Nicolas 約瑟夫 Cugnot 成功地展示了這樣一輛車早在 1769 年。第一車是蒸汽引擎供給動力 ； 最著名的前進在蒸汽生產額大概演變了在伯明翰 , 英國由月球社會。這里是 , 期限馬力第一次被使用了。并且是在伯明翰 1895 年 , 第一四輛輪子汽油被駕駛的汽車被制造了在不列顛由并且給予專利盤式制動器在城市的 Frederick 威廉 Lanchester 。電車由很小數量的制造商生產了。在美國 , 汽車在 19 世紀 90 年代使用了對氨基苯甲酸二 , 酒精燃料 ； 汽油(叫做汽油在美國和加拿大 ) 并且柴油引擎以后被實施了。許多美國農夫繼續(xù)做他們自己的酒精燃料在玉米酒精平靜 1919 年直到禁止 criminalized 酒精的生產。巴西是生產對氨基苯甲酸二跑的汽車的唯一的國家 , 從 70 年代晚期。 大眾化 Cugnot 的發(fā)明最初地看了少許應用在他的當地法國 , 并且創(chuàng)新的中心通過了對英國 , 1801 年理查 Trevithick 跑一個蒸汽支架。這樣車象手閘、多速度傳輸、和改善的速度和指點被開發(fā)了是正在流行一度 , 和下十年如此創(chuàng)新。一些是商業(yè)成功的在提供大規(guī) 模運輸 , 直到后退反對這些大迅速車導致通過法律自走車在公開路在英國必須被人類在之前徒步揮動一面紅旗和吹墊鐵。這有效地殺害了路自動發(fā)展在英國為大多數 19 世紀的剩余 , 因為發(fā)明者和工程師轉移了他們的努力到改善在鐵路機車里。紅旗法律未被撤銷直到 1896 年。 汽車許多品種集體賽跑構成體育的當中一個最普遍的類別在世界上。今天 , 美國有更多汽車比其他國家。雖然日本是一個主導的國家在汽車制造業(yè) , 一般的日本公民無法買得起跑一輛汽車的高費用在停車位是缺乏的國家并且燃料是非常昂貴的。 有提議上一輛新汽車為自由或得到報酬駕 駛他們以換取顯示廣告在汽車 , 和因此只可利用到某些外形個體。 創(chuàng)新 1789 年第一汽車專利在美國被授予了 Oliver Evans； 1804 年 Evans 被展示他的第一輛成功的自走車 , 不僅是第一汽車在美國但和他的供給蒸汽動力的車能旅行在輪子在土地并且是第一兩棲車 , 并且通過槳轉動水。 10 大約 1870 年在維也納 , Siegfried Marcus 把汽油發(fā)動機放在一簡單的 handcart 上。 在 1895 年 11月 5 日 , 喬治 B. Selden 被授予了美國專利為專利做更多妨害比鼓勵汽車發(fā)展在美國的 二沖程汽車引擎 。 1888 年主要突破來了以 Berta 苯歷史的驅動。蒸 , 電 , 并且汽油供給動力的汽車爭奪數十年 , 用汽油內燃機達到優(yōu)勢在 1910s 大規(guī)模 , 1902 年生產線制造業(yè)付得起的汽車由 Oldsmobile debuted, 由 Henry Ford 很大地然后擴展在 1910s. 早期的汽車 horseless 支架的經常指 , 和沒有迷路離他們的前輩很遠的地方設計。通過期間從 1900 年對中間 20 年代 , 汽車技術的發(fā)展是迅速 , 適當一部分對小制造商的一個巨大的 (上百 ) 數字所有競爭獲取世界的 注意。關鍵發(fā)展包括電燃燒和電自動起動裝置 (兩個由查爾斯 Kettering, 1910-1911 為Cadillac Motor Company), 獨立懸浮 , 和四輪閘。 在 30 年代以前 , 大多數技術被使用在汽車里發(fā)明了 , 雖然它再經常被重創(chuàng)了在以后的日子和相信了對別人。例如 , 1934 年前輪驅動由 Andre Citro5en 再介紹以牽引 Avant 的發(fā)射 , 雖然看起來幾年及早在路汽車里由 Alvis 和繩子做 , 并且在賽車里由米勒 (和可以出現早在 1897) 。在 1930 年以后 , 汽車制造廠的數量尖 銳下降了作為產業(yè) 鞏固和成熟。自 1960 年以來 , 制造商的數量依然是實際上恒定 , 和創(chuàng)新減慢。很大程度上 , 新 汽車技術是提煉在更加早期的工作 , 雖然這些提煉是有時很廣泛的至于使原始的工作幾乎無法認出。這的首要例外是電子引擎管理 , 加入寬用途在 60 年代 , 當電子零件變得足夠便宜被大量生產和足夠堅固性處理汽車的苛刻的環(huán)境。由Bosch 顯現出 , 這些電子系統(tǒng)使汽車猛烈地減少尾氣放射當增加效率和力量。 式樣轉換和設計變動 汽車不是僅僅連續(xù)地被完善的機械設計 ； 從 20 年代幾乎所有被大量生產遇見市場 , 因 此營銷計劃和制造遇見他們經?？刂屏似囋O計。這是建立汽車不同的牌子想法由你生產牢固的 Alfred P. Sloan, 以便買家能 搬走 當他們的時運改善了。牌子互相分享了零件以便更大的生產容量導致低成本為各價格范圍。例如 , 在 50 年代 , 薛佛列汽車與 Pontiac 分享了敞篷、門、屋頂 , 和窗口 ； 30 年代的 LaSalle, 乘卡迪拉克賣 , 使用了更加便宜的機械零件由 Oldsmobile 分裂做。 他并且設想了逐年式樣轉換的概念 , 成為 3 年的周期。在周期的第二該年 , 汽車的表面出現改變了附帶 ； 為三 , 主要變動發(fā)生了 , 即 , 防御者模子為 1957 年薛佛列汽車必須被修改引起稀薄 , 針對性的飛翅和似方形的前燈住房。在下個周期 , 門、屋頂、樹干 , 和懸浮經常會必須被再設計。工廠和逐年工作計劃必須被專門研究容納這11 些轉換。 樣式變得統(tǒng)治為大三個汽車制造者在美國 , 雖然歐洲人變牢固不混合亦不能買得起轉換。在 50 年代以后 , 當美國企業(yè)應付了高壓縮 V-8 引擎、自動傳輸 , 和空調的技術問題 , 投資轉移了到遇見市場為非技術性的事態(tài)。這作為 計劃的廢棄被批評了 , 雖然由這它意味汽車簡單地會被制作出去樣式而不是技術上 真正地被超過了。例如 , 唯一 60 年代的那些少量美國汽車與前輪驅動或一個后方引擎有充分地獨立后方懸浮因為 Hotchkiss 驅動更加便宜 , 并且人們被用于它。這樣的 malinvestment 把美國企業(yè)留在無準備為 70 年代和進口的豪華汽車的上升的石油危機在 80 年代。 章程 在幾乎每個國家 , 法律被頒布了治理機動車的操作。大多數這立法 , 包括極限在允許的速度和路的其它規(guī)則 , 被設計保證交通流暢流程和同時保護車居住者、騎自行車者 , 和步行者安全。 1965 年 , 在加利福尼亞 , 立法被介紹調控尾氣放射 , 一 這樣的立法在世界上?；卮疬@新興趣在環(huán)境和公共安全問題上 , 運輸部 (小點 ) 并且環(huán)境保護代辦處 (EPA) 兩個介紹了立法在 1968 極大地修改汽車發(fā)展路線。因為美國市場是最大的在世界 (和加利福尼亞最大的市場在美國 ), 制造商全世界被迫適應。第一次 , 保險裝置象控制在有害的放射是必須的 , 。在這立法之前 , 甚而安全帶由許多制造者認為額外費用選擇。其它國家被介紹隨后了而來他們自己的安全和環(huán)境立法。及時 , 遇見章程成為了主要挑戰(zhàn)為工程師設計新汽車。在十年從 1975 年到 1985 年 , 世界的制造者奮斗遇見新章程 , 一些生產的不標準的汽車以被減少的可靠性結果。但是 , 在這個期間以前 , 大家學會了怎么處理最近被調控的環(huán)境。制造商發(fā)現 , 安全和環(huán)境決定一切論賣了汽車 , 并且一些開始了介紹環(huán)境和安全前進在他們自己的主動性。 環(huán)境改善 在第一環(huán)境前進之中是所謂的供選擇的燃料為內燃機 , 是許多年。及早在汽車歷史上 , 在汽油廣泛是可利用的在壁角泵浦之前 , 汽車運行了在許多燃料 , 包括煤油(石蠟 ) 并且煤炭氣體。酒精燃料被使用了在賽車里在和在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后之前。今天 , 甲醇和對氨基苯甲酸二被使用當汽油增量劑在一些國家 , 著名地在 澳洲和美國。在國家以更加溫暖的氣候 , 譬如巴西 , 酒精從甘蔗被獲得經常被使用作為替補燃料。 在許多國家 , 天然氣豐富的供應看見了甲烷銷售作為壓縮的天然氣 (CNG) 并且丙烷銷售作為液化石油氣 (LPG) 沿著汽油和柴油燃料從 70 年代。當一個標準汽車引擎將跑在這些燃料以非常低尾氣放射 , 有一些表現區(qū)別 , 著名地損失力量由于供選擇的12 燃料的更低的能量內含。需要裝備加油站和車以被加壓的船舉行這些氣體燃料和更加嚴密的安全檢查 , 意味 , 他們是只經濟的當使用為長途 , 或如果有設施刺激。他們是最經濟的汽油有高稅收的地方并 且供選擇的燃料不。 供選擇的燃料和