初中英語知識要點(diǎn)匯總(一).doc

初中英語知識要點(diǎn)匯總（一）1.賓語從句：怎樣判斷出一個(gè)從句是賓語從句？ 在動詞后作賓語(動賓): Do you know where he comes from? 劃線部分是動詞know的賓語. .在有些接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞后作賓語: He asked me when we would leave. 此句中me與從句when-分別是ask的賓語。 在介詞后作賓語(介賓)：Lets talk about how we solve this problem. 在Im sorry, Im afraid, Im sure等結(jié)構(gòu)后的句子也被認(rèn)為是賓語從句. 賓語從句需注意的時(shí)態(tài)問題:主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)不同情況用不同時(shí)態(tài)。He says (that) he will have a walk soon. （soon指將來，從句用將來時(shí)） The teacher asks who is the cleverest in the school. （暗指目前誰最聰明，從句用現(xiàn)在時(shí)） I want to know who came here late this morning. （今早已過去，從句用過去時(shí)） 主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用過去時(shí)。 He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well. She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong. 無論主句是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句若表客觀真理，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.賓語從句無論有何引導(dǎo)詞，句子都要用陳述句語序。 Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you） Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)2.狀語從句：此處所說的狀語從句用法僅包括條件(if和unless引導(dǎo))狀語從句和時(shí)間(when等引導(dǎo),見下文)狀語從句。狀語從句需注意以下問題：主句若是一般將來時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動詞等，則if(如果), unless(除非)，when(當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候), as soon as(一就)，before, after, until, till, as(當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。You may take a rest when you finish doing your work. （主句有情態(tài)動詞）Could you look after my son after I leave home? （情態(tài)動詞could是為了讓語氣委婉，并不指過去時(shí)，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）1 I will go out as soon as it stops raining this afternoon. （主句是將來時(shí)） Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives. （主句是祈使句）而主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用表過去時(shí)的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)，如： I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars. When he got to the park, his classmates had left. My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定語從句：定語從句是指修飾前面名詞或代詞的句子。從句前面的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，從句中的引導(dǎo)詞叫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必須跟有名詞，既指人，也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí)，不可省略，作賓語時(shí)可省略。whom只指人，只作賓語。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”，when指“在那時(shí)”。 （以下所給例子凡斜體字部分均作定語從句。）She is a girl who / that is beautiful and kind-hearted. The girl who / that is tall is my sister.（以上關(guān)系詞作主語，不可省略。） She is a girl (who / whom / that) I know very well. （關(guān)系詞做know的賓語，可以省略。） That boy whose hair is very long is my brother. I own a bike whose price is high. (關(guān)系詞whose表所屬，后需接名詞。前句指人，譯為“這個(gè)孩子的”；后句指物，譯為“這個(gè)自行車的”。）I bought a watch (which / that) I paid 100 yuan for. （指物, 作pay的賓語，可以省略。）I prefer a place which / that is clean and quiet. （關(guān)系詞譯為“這個(gè)地方”，主語，不可?。㊣ prefer a place where I can live a quiet life. （關(guān)系詞譯為“在這個(gè)地方”，是地點(diǎn)副詞。）I shall never forget the day when a boy helped me find my dog. （“在這一天”，是時(shí)間副詞）4.wish和hope:wish既可接to do sth. 也可接sb + to do sth. 也可接that從句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao. I wish you to join my party this Sunday. I wish (that) I could be a scientist. （注：接that從句時(shí)，從句用虛擬語氣。）hope接to do sth. 或that從句. 但不接sb to do sth.I hope to receive a letter from you some day. I hope you will get well soon.I hope (that) everything goes well. （接從句時(shí)不用虛擬）5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work. (此句表達(dá)對對方為自己做了某事的感謝，后無補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。) Thanks to your suggestion, I didnt make such mistakes. (此句表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事，出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)26.感官動詞用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等詞，后接賓語，再接動詞原形或ing形式。前者表全過程，后者表正在進(jìn)行。句中有頻率詞時(shí)，以上的詞也常跟動詞原形。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡時(shí)有人正敲門) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (聽的是全過程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此處有頻率詞often) 若以上詞用于被動語態(tài)，后面原有動詞原形改為帶to不定式： We saw him go into the restaurant. He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. The boy is heard to cry every day.7.感官動詞用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可當(dāng)系動詞，后接形容詞。He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired. 這些動詞都不用于被動語態(tài)。如：The sweets are tasted sweet.是錯誤的。 注意：如果加介詞like, 則后不可接形容詞，而接名詞或代詞： He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea. It sounds like great fun. It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: find / think + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語。(代替賓從) 賓補(bǔ)有以下情況：.名詞短語 John found his son a clever boy. 形容詞短語 Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy. 有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式 I found it hard to fool the girl. find后也有v-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。I found him reading a book just now.9.would like / want / feel like: would like，和want類似：都可接名詞短語：I would like / want another three desks. 都可接帶to 不定式：I would like / want to go out for a walk. 都可接sb,然后再跟帶to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand. feel like: 后也可接名詞短語：Do you feel like some tea? 后若接動詞，須用動詞ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I dont feel like drinking tea. 【注：feel like常用于疑問句或否定句中?！?0.詞序易錯的短語：形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞，形容詞在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge? Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer. I want to go somewhere warm. else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，也放在后面。 What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room? Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?3 enough修飾形容詞和副詞，enough 放在后面。 This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work. He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog. She doesnt listen carefully enough. 11.對“評價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別：What do you think of ?= How do you like ? =How / What do you feel about?“你對怎么看？”(How?句中有l(wèi)ike，是動詞。) Whats the weather like in? = How is the weather in?“的天氣什么樣?”(What?句中有l(wèi)ike，是介詞，“像”。而How?句中無like.)12.take, cost, pay, spend區(qū)別：It + take + sb + some time + to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree. 物 + cost + sb + 錢： The bag cost me thirty yuan. 若cost后無sb, 則譯作“價(jià)錢是”： The bag costs 30 Yuan. 人+ pay + sb + 錢 + for sth： I